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Kojic acid applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:582-593. [PMID: 30537675 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color disorders can be caused by various factors, such as excessive exposure to sunlight, aging and hormonal imbalance during pregnancy, or taking some medications. Kojic acid (KA) is a natural metabolite produced by fungi that has the ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity in synthesis of melanin. The major applications of KA and its derivatives in medicine are based on their biocompatibility, antimicrobial and antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-speck, anti-parasitic, and pesticidal and insecticidal properties. In addition, KA and its derivatives are used as anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, radio protective and skin-lightening agent in skin creams, lotions, soaps, and dental care products. KA has the ability to act as a UV protector, suppressor of hyperpigmentation in human and restrainer of melanin formation, due to its tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Also, KA could be developed as a chemo sensitizer to enhance efficacy of commercial antifungal drugs or fungicides. In general, KA and its derivatives have wide applications in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Da Costa JP, Rodrigues APD, Farias LHS, Frade PCR, Da Silva BJM, Do Nascimento JLM, Silva EO. Biological effects of kojic acid on human monocytes in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:100-106. [PMID: 29477469 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are mononuclear phagocytes in peripheral blood that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages play a specific role in the inflammatory process and are essential for the innate response. Given the important role of monocytes/macrophages in the immune response, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of kojic acid (KA), a natural product of certain fungal species, on human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Purified monocytes isolated from human blood were incubated with KA (50 μg/mL for 48 h) and analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Host cell cytotoxicity was measured by the colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. KA treatment induced morphological alterations in monocytes, such as increased cell size, as well as numerous cellular projections. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed increased labeling of cell surface EMR1-F4/80 but decreased labeling of CD11b and CD14. KA also promoted increased IL-6 cytokine production but did not cause cytotoxic effects in monocytes. In conclusion, our results show that KA promotes the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and can act as an immunomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josineide P Da Costa
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Belém, Pará, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique S Farias
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina R Frade
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Martins Da Silva
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Belém, Pará, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz M Do Nascimento
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Neurochemistry Molecular and Cellular, Belém, Pará, Brazil; Neuroscience Research Group, University CEUMA, São Luís, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT - NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edilene O Silva
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Belém, Pará, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hamama WS, Ibrahim ME, Ghaith EA, Zoorob HH. Peculiar reaction behavior of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one toward various reagents: Molecular modeling studies and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1276190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S. Hamama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona E. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eslam A. Ghaith
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanafi H. Zoorob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Ogiwara Y, Sugiura M, Watanabe K, Tawara J, Endo E, Maruyama H, Tsuji S, Matsue K, Yamada H, Wako Y, Kawasako K. Evaluation of the repeated-dose liver, bone marrow and peripheral blood micronucleus and comet assays using kojic acid. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 780-781:111-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodrigues APD, Farias LHS, Carvalho ASC, Santos AS, do Nascimento JLM, Silva EO. A novel function for kojic acid, a secondary metabolite from Aspergillus fungi, as antileishmanial agent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91259. [PMID: 24621481 PMCID: PMC3951352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kojic acid (KA) is a fungal metabolite used as a topical treatment skin-whitening cosmetic agent for melasma in humans; however its potential as an anti-leishmanial agent is unknown. Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for Leishmaniasis. However, the drugs available are expensive, invasive, require long-term treatment and have severe side effects. Thus, the development of new effective leishmanicidal agents is a necessity. In this study we investigated the anti-leishmanial effect of KA on L. amazonensis, following in vitro and in vivo infections. KA (50 μg/mL) was found to decrease the growth by 62% (IC50 34 μg/mL) and 79% (IC50 27.84 μg/mL) of promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of KA-treated amastigotes showed the presence of vesicles bodies into the flagellar pocket, and an intense intracellular vacuolization and swelling of the mitochondrion. During the in vitro interaction of parasites and the host cell, KA reverses the superoxide anions (O2-) inhibitory mechanism promoted by parasite. In addition, 4 weeks after KA-topical formulation treatment of infected animals, a healing process was observed with a high production of collagen fibers and a decrease in parasite burden. Thus, these results demonstrated the great potential of KA as an anti-leishmanial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula D. Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique S. Farias
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sérgio C. Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Laboratório de Investigação Sistemática em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alberdan S. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Laboratório de Investigação Sistemática em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Luiz M. do Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edilene O. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kojic acid, a secondary metabolite from Aspergillus sp., acts as an inducer of macrophage activation. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:335-43. [PMID: 21044044 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
KA (kojic acid) is a secondary metabolite isolated from Aspergillus fungi that has demonstrated skin whitening, antioxidant and antitumour properties among others. However, limited information is available regarding its effects on macrophages, the major cell involved in cell defence. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether KA affects functional properties related to macrophage activation, such as phagocytosis and spreading ability over a substrate. Treatment of resident macrophages with 50 μg/ml KA for 1 h induced both morphological and physiological alterations in cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed enhanced cell spreading and an increase in cell surface exposure, associated with a rearrangement of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments. KA also potentiated phagocytosis by macrophages, as demonstrated by the increase in phagocytic activity towards yeast, when compared to untreated cells. KA increased the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), but not NO (nitric oxide) production. Three tests were used to assess cell viability; MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], NR (neutral red) uptake and PI (propidium iodide) exclusion test, which showed that macrophages maintain their viability following KA treatment. Results indicate that KA can modulate macrophage activation through cytoskeleton rearrangement, increase cell surface exposure, enhance the phagocytic process and ROS production. The study demonstrates a new role for KA as a macrophage activator.
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Final report of the safety assessment of Kojic acid as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2011; 29:244S-73. [PMID: 21164073 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810385956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid functions as an antioxidant in cosmetic products. Kojic acid was not a toxicant in acute, chronic, reproductive, and genotoxicity studies. While some animal data suggested tumor promotion and weak carcinogenicity, kojic acid is slowly absorbed into the circulation from human skin and likely would not reach the threshold at which these effects were seen. The available human sensitization data supported the safety of kojic acid at a use concentration of 2% in leave-on cosmetics. Kojic acid depigmented black guinea pig skin at a concentration of 4%, but this effect was not seen at 1%. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that the 2 end points of concern, dermal sensitization and skin lightening, would not be seen at use concentrations below 1%; therefore, this ingredient is safe for use in cosmetic products up to that level.
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Ota Y, Imai T, Onose JI, Takami S, Cho YM, Hirose M, Nishikawa A. A 55-week chronic toxicity study of dietary administered kojic acid (KA) in male F344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:305-13. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ota
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Toshio Imai
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Jun-ichi Onose
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Shigeaki Takami
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Masao Hirose
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
- Present address: Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan
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Nawarak J, Huang-Liu R, Kao SH, Liao HH, Sinchaikul S, Chen ST, Cheng SL. Proteomics analysis of kojic acid treated A375 human malignant melanoma cells. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3737-46. [PMID: 18630942 DOI: 10.1021/pr7008737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicogenomics of kojic acid treated A375 human malignant melanoma cells has been elucidated, the proteomics of cellular response is still poorly understood. We performed proteomic analysis to investigate the anticancer effect of kojic acid on protein expression profile in A375 cells. A375 cells were treated with kojic acid at 8 microg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h. With the use of 2-D PAGE and MALDI-Q-TOF MS and MS/MS analyses, proteomic profiles of A375 cells between control and kojic acid treatment were compared, and 30 differentially expressed proteins, containing 2 up-regulated proteins and 28 down-regulated proteins, were identified. Among these proteins, 17 isoforms of 5 identical proteins were observed and 11 chaperone proteins showed the high proportion of protein spots with 36.7% of total proteins. Bioinformatic tools were used to search for protein function and prediction of protein interaction. Sixteen differentially expressed proteins exhibited interaction network linked to the downstream regulations of p53 tumor suppressor and cell apoptosis, which may lead to suppress the melanogenesis and tumorigenesis of kojic acid treated A375 cells. In addition, GRP75, VIME and 2AAA were validated by Western blot analysis, whereas GRP75, 2AAA, HS90B, ENPL and KPYM were validated by RT-PCR. Therefore, these proteins play the important roles in cancer progression and may be potential biomarkers that are useful for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of malignant melanoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Nawarak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Köhrle J. Environment and endocrinology: The case of thyroidology. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2008; 69:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Higa Y, Kawabe M, Nabae K, Toda Y, Kitamoto S, Hara T, Tanaka N, Kariya K, Takahashi M. KOJIC ACID -ABSENCE OF TUMOR-INITIATING ACTIVITY IN RAT LIVER, AND OF CARCINOGENIC AND PHOTO-GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL IN MOUSE SKIN. J Toxicol Sci 2007; 32:143-59. [PMID: 17538239 DOI: 10.2131/jts.32.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid (KA) has been widely used as a quasi-drug ingredient. Possible promotion activity of KA was suggested on livers of mouse and rat by findings obtained in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies performed thus far. Therefore, in order to examine safety as a quasi-drug ingredient, we investigated the presence of initiation activity in rat liver and the photo-genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in mouse skin. In medium-term carcinogenesis test in rats, 2.0% KA was orally given to F344/DuCrj rats for 4 weeks of the initiation period, followed by the combination of partial hepatectomy and treatment with a hepatocarcinogenesis promoter, phenobarbital (PB). As a result, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci of 0.2 mm or more in diameter in the KA group, which is usually used in determination of pre-cancerous lesions, did not increase significantly in both numbers and areas compared with those of the non-initiated controls. In the concurrent analysis, however, numbers of GST-P-positive foci of two cells or more and 0.1 mm or more in diameter increased slightly, and possible weak initiation activity of KA was equivocal. However, considering the known fact that KA exerts promotion activity in the liver of F344 rats by long-term dietary administration, it was suggested that the observed slight increase of the numbers of GST-P-positive foci in rat liver was the effect of promotion activity of KA rather than the initiation activity. In DNA adducts formation assay in a rat liver, no clear adducts derived from KA were detected in male F344/DuCrj rats administered 0.5% or 2% KA orally, and KA was considered not to form DNA adducts in rat liver. In the in vitro photo-reverse mutation assay with bacteria, KA exerted weak photo-mutagenicity. Furthermore, in chromosome aberration study in Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU cells) with UV irradiation, KA induced chromosome aberration at high-dose (1.4 mg/mL) treatment with UV irradiation, but was negative without UV irradiation. However, in the in vivo photo-micronucleus study in mouse, in which 1.0 or 3.0% KA containing cream was applied twice to the back of the animals with a 24-hr interval, KA did not induce micronuclei in mouse epidermal cells. Based on these results, it is considered that the risk of KA to exert photo-carcinogenicity is quite low in the skin. In skin carcinogenesis bioassay for initiation-promotion potential, 3.0% KA cream formulation was applied to the back of the mouse for 1 week (once a day, total 7 times) and for 19 weeks (5 times a week, total 95 times) during the initiation and the promotion stages, respectively. No skin nodules were observed in any animal skins formed due to KA treatment given in either stage. Therefore, KA is considered not to possess initiation nor promotion activity of skin carcinogenesis. Furthermore, from the above findings, it is suggested that KA is virtually safe as a quasi-drug ingredient.
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