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Potency of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Indomethacin in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats: Roles of TNF- α, IL-10, iNOS, MMP-9, and TGF- β1. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6665601. [PMID: 33884000 PMCID: PMC8041526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6665601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune syndrome affecting joint spaces, leading to the disabled state. Currently, there is no optimal therapy for RA except for systemic immunosuppressants that have variable undesirable effects after long-term use. Hence, the need for other treatment modalities has emerged in an attempt to develop a treating agent that is effective but without bad effects. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) may be an alternative medicine since they may differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues including bone and cartilage. Indomethacin (IMC) could be suggested as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antirheumatic potential agent against the course of RA since it possesses significant palliative effects and antipyretic properties. Therefore, our target of this study was to explore and compare the effect of BM-MSCs (1 × 106 cells/rat at the 1st, 6th, 12th, and 18th days) and IMC (2 mg/kg b.w./day for 3 weeks) either alone or in combination on arthritic rats. The model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL/rat CFA into the footpad of the right hind paw. The BM-MSC intravenous injection and IMC oral administration significantly reduced the elevated right hind leg paw diameter and circumference, serum anti-CCP, and ankle joint articular tissue expressions of TNF-α, iNOS, MMP-9, and TGF-β1 while they significantly increased the lowered articular IL-10 expression in CFA-induced arthritic rats. The combinatory effect of the two treatments was the most potent. In conclusion, the treatment of RA with BM-MSCs and IMC together is more effective than the treatment with either BM-MSCs or IMC. The Th1 cytokine (TNF-α), Th2 cytokine (IL-10), iNOS, MMP-9, and TGF-β1 are important targets for mediating the antiarthritic effects of BM-MSCs and IMC in CFA-induced arthritis in rats.
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Nagai N, Sakamoto R, Yamamoto S, Deguchi S, Otake H, Tanino T. Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204990. [PMID: 31600995 PMCID: PMC6834168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indomethacin (IMC)-induced gastrointestinal (GI) injuries are more common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients than in other IMC users, and the overexpression of nitric oxide (NO) via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is related to the seriousness of IMC-induced GI injuries. However, sufficient strategies to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries have not yet been established. In this study, we designed dispersions of rebamipide (RBM) solid nanocrystals (particle size: 30–190 nm) by a bead mill method (RBM-NDs), and investigated whether the oral administration of RBM-NDs is useful to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries. The RBM nanocrystals were spherical and had a solubility 4.71-fold greater than dispersions of traditional RBM powder (RBM-TDs). In addition, the RBM-NDs were stable for 1 month after preparation. The RBM contents in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum of rats orally administered RBM-NDs were significantly higher than in rats administered RBM-TDs. Moreover, the oral administration of RBM-NDs decreased the NO levels via iNOS and area of the GI lesions in IMC-stimulated RA (adjuvant-induced arthritis rat) rats in comparison with the oral administration of RBM-TDs. Thus, we show that the oral administration of RBM-NDs provides a high drug supply to the GI mucosa, resulting in a therapeutic effect on IMC-induced GI injuries. Solid nanocrystalline RBM preparations may offer effective therapy for RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Saori Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Tadatoshi Tanino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-Cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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Combination with l-Menthol Enhances Transdermal Penetration of Indomethacin Solid Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153644. [PMID: 31349657 PMCID: PMC6695644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study designed the transdermal formulations containing indomethacin (IMC)—1% IMC was crushed with 0.5% methylcellulose and 5% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin by the bead mill method, and the milled IMC was gelled with or without 2% l-menthol (a permeation enhancer) by Carbopol® 934 (without menthol, N-IMC gel; with menthol, N-IMC/MT gel). In addition, the drug release, skin penetration and percutaneous absorption of the N-IMC/MT gel were investigated. The particle sizes of N-IMC gel were approximately 50–200 nm, and the combination with l-menthol did not affect the particle characterization of the transdermal formulations. In an in vitro experiment using a Franz diffusion cell, the skin penetration in N-IMC/MT gel was enhanced than the N-IMC gel, and the percutaneous absorption (AUC) from the N-IMC/MT gel was 2-fold higher than the N-IMC gel. On the other hand, the skin penetration from the N-IMC/MT gel was remarkably attenuated at a 4 °C condition, a temperature that inhibits all energy-dependent endocytosis. In conclusion, this study designed transdermal formulations containing IMC solid nanoparticles and l-menthol, and found that the combination with l-menthol enhanced the skin penetration of the IMC solid nanoparticles. In addition, the energy-dependency of the skin penetration of IMC solid nanoparticles was demonstrated. These findings suggest the utility of a transdermal drug delivery system to provide the easy application of solid nanoparticles (SNPs).
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Lebda MA, El-Far AH, Noreldin AE, Elewa YHA, Al Jaouni SK, Mousa SA. Protective Effects of Miswak ( Salvadora persica) against Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6703296. [PMID: 30116487 PMCID: PMC6079327 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6703296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric ulcers are among the most broadly perceived illnesses affecting individuals. Alcohol consumption is the main cause of gastric ulceration. This study assessed the protective effects of Salvadora persica (SP) extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and elucidated the conceivable underlying mechanisms involved. For this purpose, 40 rats were allotted into 4 equal groups (control, ethanol- (EtOH-) treated, and SP-treated "SP200 and SP400" groups). The control and EtOH-treated groups were given phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and both the SP200 and SP400 groups were given SP extract dissolved in PBS at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w., respectively. All treatments were given orally for 7 constitutive days. On the 8th day, all rats were fasted for 24 h followed by oral gavage of PBS in the control group and chilled absolute ethanol solution (5 ml/kg b.w.) in the EtOH- and SP-treated groups to induce gastric lesions. One hour later, the rats were sacrificed and the stomachs were harvested. Gross and microscopic examinations of the EtOH-treated group showed severe gastric hemorrhagic necrosis, submucosal edema, destruction of epithelial cells, and reduced glycoprotein content at the mucus surface. These pathological lesions were defeated by SP extract treatment. Administration of SP extract modulated the oxidative stress and augmented the antioxidant defenses. The elevated ethanol-expressed tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) genes, as well as bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were diminished in the SP-treated group. Curiously, SP extract upregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene expression comparable to that of the EtOH-treated rats. Aggregately, SP exerted antiulcer activities in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rat models via modulation of oxidant/antioxidant status, mitigation of proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis, as well as remodeling of both NOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Lebda
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Yaser H. A. Elewa
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital and Scientific Chair of Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Li W, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang H, He Z, Zhi W, Liu F, Niu X. Gastroprotective effect of esculin on ethanol-induced gastric lesion in mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:174-184. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Zehong He
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Wenbing Zhi
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
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Song JW, Seo CS, Kim TI, Moon OS, Won YS, Son HY, Son JK, Kwon HJ. Protective Effects of Manassantin A against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 39:221-9. [PMID: 26632199 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Manassantin A, a neolignan isolated from Saururus chinensis, is a major phytochemical compound that has various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, neuroleptic, and human acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitory activities. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of manassantin A against ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. Gastric injury was induced by intragastric administration of 5 mL/kg body weight of absolute ethanol to each rat. The positive control group and the manassantin A group were given oral doses of omeprazole (20 mg/kg) or manassantin A (15 mg/kg), respectively, 1 h prior to the administration of absolute ethanol. Our examinations revealed that manassantin A pretreatment reduced ethanol-induced hemorrhage, hyperemia, and epithelial cell loss in the gastric mucosa. Manassantin A pretreatment also attenuated the increased lipid peroxidation associated with ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions, increased the mucosal glutathione (GSH) content, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β were clearly decreased in the manassantin A-pretreated group. In addition, manassantin A pretreatment enhanced the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reduced the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overproduction and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate that manassantin A protects the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced acute gastric injury, and suggest that these protective effects might be associated with COX/PGE2 stimulation, inhibition of iNOS production and NF-κB activation, and improvements in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Song
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University
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Nagai N, Yoshioka C, Tanino T, Ito Y, Okamoto N, Shimomura Y. Enhanced Production of Nitric Oxide Leads to ATP Collapse in the Retinas of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats, a Model of Human Diabetes. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:532-42. [PMID: 25941754 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by hyperglycemia using the retina of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats (OLETF rats), and investigated the relationship between ATP contents and NO production in the retinas of OLETF rats. METHODS Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats (LETO rats, normal rats) and OLETF rats (model rat for diabetes mellitus) aged 60 weeks of age were used. Plasma glucose (Glu) levels were determined using an Accutrend GCT System, and NO levels were measured by the microdialysis method as nitrite ([Formula: see text]). Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity was measured using a Mitochondrial Isolation Kit and Cytochrome c Oxidase Assay Kit, and ATP levels were determined using a Sigma ATP Bioluminescent Assay Kit and a luminometer AB-2200. RESULTS [Formula: see text] levels in the retinas of OLETF rats were significantly higher than in LETO rats, and the [Formula: see text] levels in the retinas of 60-week-old OLETF rats increased with increasing Glu. CCO activity in the retinas of OLETF rats showed no significant difference from that in LETO rats; however, ATP levels in the retinas of OLETF rats were significantly lower than those in LETO rats. The oral administration of aminoguanidine or disulfiram, an iNOS inhibitor, attenuated the decrease in ATP levels in the retinas of 60-week-old OELTF rats. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that NO production via iNOS in the retinas of 60-week-old OLETF rats is caused by hyperglycemia, and that NO causes a decrease in ATP contents in the retinas of 60-week-old OELTF rats. It is possible that the low ATP contents caused by NO may affect the normal functioning of the retina in OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Kinki University , Higashi-Osaka, Osaka , Japan and
| | - Chiaki Yoshioka
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Kinki University , Higashi-Osaka, Osaka , Japan and
| | - Tadatoshi Tanino
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Kinki University , Higashi-Osaka, Osaka , Japan and
| | - Yoshimasa Ito
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Kinki University , Higashi-Osaka, Osaka , Japan and
| | - Norio Okamoto
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Kinki University Osaka-Sayama , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimomura
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Kinki University Osaka-Sayama , Osaka , Japan
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Nagai N, Ito Y. Effect of solid nanoparticle of indomethacin on therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in adjuvant-induced arthritis rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1109-18. [PMID: 24989003 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We designed new oral formulations containing indomethacin (IMC) solid nanoparticles, and investigate their usefulness by evaluating bioavailability and gastrointestinal lesions. The IMC solid nanoparticles were prepared using methylcellulose (MC), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and the bead mill method, and high quality dispersions containing 1.0% IMC nanoparticles were prepared (IMC(nano), particle size: 76 ± 58 nm, means ± S.D.). The fate of serum IMC and the induction of paw edema in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats receiving low-doses IMC(nano) (0.4 mg/kg) were similar to those following the administration of a therapeutic dose of conventional IMC prepared with MC and HPβCD (conventional IMC, 2 mg/kg), and the bioavailability in 0.4 mg/kg IMC(nano) was 5.3-fold higher in comparison with that in 2 mg/kg conventional IMC. IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions in AA rats administered IMC(nano) (8 mg/kg), in consideration of bioavailability, were significantly less than for conventional IMC (40 mg/kg). On the other hand, the toxicity caused by conventional IMC and IMC(nano) was similar in Caco-2 cells. It is possible that the oral administration of IMC solid nanoparticles will show increased effectiveness in treating RA without causing IMC-induced gastrointestinal lesions, since the bioavailability is higher than that of conventional IMC. An oral drug delivery system using drug nanoparticles may expand the usage of NSAIDs for therapy in the inflammatory field.
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Nagai N, Yoshioka C, Ito Y. Topical Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis by Gel Ointments containing Indomethacin Nanoparticles in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rat. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:337-46. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nagai N, Tanino T, Ito Y. Excessive Interleukin 18 Relate the Aggravation of Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Ulcerogenic Lesions in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1580-90. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nagai N, Ito Y, Tanino T. Effect of High Glucose Levels on Amyloid β Production in Retinas of Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:601-10. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Protective effect of tetrahydrocoptisine against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Madalosso RC, Oliveira GC, Martins MT, Vieira AED, Barbosa J, Caliari MV, Castilho RO, Tagliati CA. Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pav. as a gastroprotective agent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:772-779. [PMID: 22178179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz and Pav. (Myrtaceae) is a native edible species found in the Amazon Rainforest, commonly known as gabiroba. In Brazil, Campomanesia species are frequently used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study performed phytochemical analyses and determined both the in vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Campomanesia lineatifolia leaves (EEC) as well as its ethyl acetate fraction (EAFC). In this analysis, quercetin was used as a positive control. Gastroprotective activity was also investigated at different oral doses in two experimental models in rats - gastric lesion induced by ethanol and gastric lesion induced by indomethacin. In this analysis, cimetidine and sucralfate were used as positive controls. The area of gastric lesion underwent macroscopic and histomorphometric evaluations, while the mucus content was estimated by applying the periodic acid-Schiff stain. Oral acute toxicity was also assessed. RESULTS Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Catechin and quercitrin were isolated by bioguided chromatographic fractionation of EAFC. EEC and EAFC presented in vitro antioxidant activity. The oral administration of EEC and EAFC at doses 100-400 mg/kg (ethanol model) and at doses of 400-1200 mg/kg (indomethacin model) proved to be effective in preventing gastric ulcerations in rats. Pretreatment with EAFC (400mg/kg) significantly increased the gastric mucus content in the ethanol model. No animals died during the acute oral toxicology test. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm the Brazilian ethnopharmacological use of Campomanesia lineatifolia as a gastroprotective agent and indicate that the anti-ulcer effect is most likely mediated by scavenging free radicals due to the polyphenol content and, at least in part, by increasing the mucus secretion and the mucosal defense. In addition, EEC and EAFC were found to be safe when applied to a 2000 mg/kg single oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Madalosso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Nagai N, Murao T, Ito Y, Okamoto N, Okamura H. Involvement of Interleukin 18 in Lens Opacification of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats, a Model of Human Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:497-506. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.549602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Musumba C, Pritchard DM, Pirmohamed M. Review article: cellular and molecular mechanisms of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30:517-31. [PMID: 19575764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most prescribed drugs worldwide and have now probably overtaken Helicobacter pylori as the most common cause of gastrointestinal injury in Western countries. Further understanding of the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced ulcers is important to enable the development of novel and effective preventive strategies. AIMS To provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of NSAID-induced ulcers. METHODS A Medline search was performed to identify relevant literature using search terms including 'nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, pathogenesis, pharmacogenetics'. RESULTS The mechanisms of NSAID-induced ulcers can be divided into topical and systemic effects and the latter may be prostaglandin-dependent (through COX inhibition) or prostaglandin-independent. Genetic factors may play an important role in determining individual predisposition. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers is complex and multifactorial. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have highlighted the importance of various prostaglandin-independent mechanisms. Pharmacogenetic studies may provide further insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of NSAID-induced ulcers and help identify patients at increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Musumba
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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