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Suzuki S, Gi M, Komiya M, Obikane A, Vachiraarunwong A, Fujioka M, Kakehashi A, Totsuka Y, Wanibuchi H. Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved in the Development of Bladder Toxicity following Exposure to Occupational Bladder Cancer Causative Chemicals Using DNA Adductome Analysis. Biomolecules 2023; 14:36. [PMID: 38254636 PMCID: PMC10813811 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to aromatic amines (AAs) is an important risk factor for urinary bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of AAs and analyze the carcinogenic mechanisms in rat bladder by comprehensive analysis of DNA adducts (DNA adductome). DNA was extracted from the bladder epithelia of rats treated with AAs, including acetoacet-o-toluidine (AAOT) and o-toluidine (OTD), and adductome analysis was performed. Principal component analysis-discriminant analysis revealed that OTD and AAOT observed in urinary bladder hyperplasia could be clearly separated from the controls and other AAs. After confirming the intensity of each adduct, four adducts were screened as having characteristics of the OTD/AAOT treatment. Comparing with the in-house DNA adduct database, three of four candidates were identified as oxidative DNA adducts, including 8-OH-dG, based on mass fragmentation together with high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) spectrometry data. Therefore, findings suggested that oxidative stress may be involved in the toxicity of rat bladder epithelium exposed to AAs. Consequently, the administration of apocynin, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, in six-week-old rats fed with 0.6% OTD in their diet resulted in simple hyperplastic lesions in the bladder that were suppressed by apocynin. The labeling indices of Ki67, γ-H2AX, and 8-OHdG were significantly decreased in an apocynin concentration-dependent manner. These findings indicate that oxidative stress may have contributed to the development of urinary cancer induced by OTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masami Komiya
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan;
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Asuka Obikane
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan;
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (M.G.); (A.V.); (M.F.); (A.K.)
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2
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Okeke ES, Okagu IU, Okoye CO, Ezeorba TPC. The use of calcium carbide in food and fruit ripening: potential mechanisms of toxicity to humans and future prospects. Toxicology 2022; 468:153112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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3
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Suzuki S, Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Gi M, Kato H, Naiki T, Naiki-Ito A, Wanibuchi H, Takahashi S. Cell proliferation of rat bladder urothelium induced by nicotine is suppressed by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. Toxicol Lett 2021; 336:32-38. [PMID: 33176187 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for human cancers including urinary bladder carcinoma. In a previous study, nicotine enhanced rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis in a two-stage carcinogenesis model. Nicotine also induced cytotoxicity in the bladder urothelium in a short-term study. In the present study, male rats were treated with nicotine (40 ppm) in drinking water co-administered with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (0, 250 or 750 mg/kg) in diet for 4 weeks. The apocynin treatment induced no clinical toxic effects. Reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by apocynin was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of 8-OHdG in the bladder urothelium. Incidences of simple hyperplasia, cell proliferation and apoptosis were reduced by apocynin treatment in the bladder urothelium. However, despite reduction of cell proliferation (labeling index), apocynin did not affect the incidence of simple hyperplasia, apoptosis, or ROS generation in the kidney pelvis urothelium, in addition to 8-OHdG positivity induced by nicotine being lower. In vitro, apocynin (500 μM) reduced ROS generation, but induced cell proliferation in bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and UMUC3 cells). These data suggest that oxidative stress may play a role in the cell proliferation of the bladder urothelium induced by nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA; Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Karen L Pennington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198- 6849, USA
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Taku Naiki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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4
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Suzuki S, Gi M, Toyoda T, Kato H, Naiki-Ito A, Kakehashi A, Ogawa K, Takahashi S, Wanibuchi H. Role of γ-H2AX as a biomarker for detection of bladder carcinogens in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:279-285. [PMID: 33239845 PMCID: PMC7677623 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (γ-H2AX) is known to be induced by direct DNA damage or cellular metabolic imbalances and malfunctions. Previous studies have reported that γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker for early detection of genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of γ-H2AX as a biomarker for detection of non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats. Six-week-old male F344 rats were treated with 15 different chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that all three genotoxic bladder carcinogens and six out of seven non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens significantly increased γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium of rats. In addition, four out of five rat bladder noncarcinogens did not increase γ-H2AX formation in the bladder urothelium regardless of genotoxicity. These results suggest that γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker for detection of both genotoxic and non-genotoxic bladder carcinogens in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City
University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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5
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Ye Y, Gaugler B, Mohty M, Malard F. Old dog, new trick: Trivalent arsenic as an immunomodulatory drug. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2199-2214. [PMID: 32022256 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is recently found to be an immunomodulatory agent. As(III) has therapeutic potential in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in vivo. In vitro, it selectively induces apoptosis of immune cells due to different sensitivity. At a non-toxic level, As(III) shows its multifaceted nature by inducing either pro- or anti-inflammatory functions of immune subsets. These effects are exerted by either As(III)-protein interactions or as a consequence of As(III)-induced homeostasis imbalance. The immunomodulatory properties also show synergistic effects of As(III) with cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the immunomodulatory effects of As(III), focusing on the effects of As(III) on immune subsets in vitro, on mouse models of immune-related diseases, and the role of As(III) in cancer immunotherapy. Updates of the mechanisms of action, the pioneer clinical trials, dosing, and adverse events of therapeutic As(III) are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florent Malard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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6
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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7
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Fuji S, Suzuki S, Naiki-Ito A, Kato H, Hayakawa M, Yamashita Y, Kuno T, Takahashi S. The NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Apocynin Suppresses Preneoplastic Liver Foci of Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:544-550. [PMID: 28573935 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317710013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been revealed to be important factors for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Therefore, we focused on an ROS-generating protein, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and evaluated whether its inhibitor, apocynin, could suppress hepatocarcinogenesis in a medium-term rat liver bioassay. The number and size of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci were significantly reduced by apocynin in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction of ROS generation by apocynin was confirmed by dihydroethidium staining. Apocynin treatment also significantly reduced Ki-67 positivity, downregulated cyclooxygenase 2, and suppressed the activation of the c-Myc pathway. Meanwhile, ROS generation was not different between GST-P-positive foci and surrounding GST-P-negative areas of the liver. In conclusion, the present data suggest that apocynin possesses a potential antihepatocarcinogenic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fuji
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,2 Pathology Division, Nagoya City East Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Hayakawa
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoriko Yamashita
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- 1 Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Khairul I, Wang QQ, Jiang YH, Wang C, Naranmandura H. Metabolism, toxicity and anticancer activities of arsenic compounds. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23905-23926. [PMID: 28108741 PMCID: PMC5410354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of studies indicated that inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites have paradoxical effects, namely, carcinogenic and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies have shown that long term exposure to arsenic can increase the risk of cancers of lung, skin or bladder in man, which is probably associated with the arsenic metabolism. In fact, the enzymatic conversion of inorganic arsenic by Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) to mono- and dimethylated arsenic species has long been considered as a major route for detoxification. However, several studies have also indicated that biomethylation of inorganic arsenic, particularly the production of trivalent methylated metabolites, is a process that activates arsenic as a toxin and a carcinogen. On the other hand, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently been recognized as one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of APL. However, elaboration of the cytotoxic mechanisms of arsenic and its methylated metabolites in eradicating cancer is sorely lacking. To provide a deeper understanding of the toxicity and carcinogenicity along with them use of arsenic in chemotherapy, caution is required considering the poor understanding of its various mechanisms of exerting toxicity. Thereby, in this review, we have focused on arsenic metabolic pathway, the roles of the methylated arsenic metabolites in toxicity and in the therapeutic efficacy for the treatments of solid tumors, APL and/or non-APL malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Khairul
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Cohen SM, Chowdhury A, Arnold LL. Inorganic arsenic: A non-genotoxic carcinogen. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:28-37. [PMID: 28007178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic induces a variety of toxicities including cancer. The mode of action for cancer and non-cancer effects involves the metabolic generation of trivalent arsenicals and their reaction with sulfhydryl groups within critical proteins in various cell types which leads to the biological response. In epithelial cells, the response is cell death with consequent regenerative proliferation. If this continues for a long period of time, it can result in an increased risk of cancer. Arsenicals do not react with DNA. There is evidence for indirect genotoxicity in various in vitro and in vivo systems, but these involve exposures at cytotoxic concentrations and are not the basis for cancer development. The resulting markers of genotoxicity could readily be due to the cytotoxicity rather than an effect on the DNA itself. Evidence for genotoxicity in humans has involved detection of chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes and micronucleus formation in lymphocytes, buccal mucosal cells, and exfoliated urothelial cells in the urine. Numerous difficulties have been identified in the interpretation of such results, including inadequate assessment of exposure to arsenic, measurement of micronuclei, and potential confounding factors such as tobacco exposure, folate deficiency, and others. Overall, the data strongly supports a non-linear dose response for the effects of inorganic arsenic. In various in vitro and in vivo models and in human epidemiology studies there appears to be a threshold for biological responses, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA.
| | - Aparajita Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
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10
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Huang YC, Yu HS, Chai CY. Roles of oxidative stress and the ERK1/2, PTEN and p70S6K signaling pathways in arsenite-induced autophagy. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:172-81. [PMID: 26432159 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that arsenite induces oxidative stress and modifies cellular function via phosphorylation of proteins and inhibition of DNA repair enzymes. Autophagy, which has multiple physiological and pathological roles in cellular function, is initiated by oxidative stress and is regulated by the signaling pathways of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and extracellular signaling-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) that play important roles in oncogenesis. However, the effects of arsenite-induced oxidative stress on autophagy and on expression of related proteins are not fully understood. This study found that cells treated with sodium arsenite had reduced 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) and increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 in SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial (SV-HUC-1) cells. Arsenite also increased the number of autophagosomes and increased levels of the autophagy markers Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B. Reactive oxygen species scavenger decreased arsenite-induced autophagy in SV-HUC-1 cells. Our previous work showed that arsenite induced phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The current study further showed that arsenite decreased phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) levels and increased phospho-p70S6 kinase (p-p70S6K) in SV-HUC-1 cells. However, both kinase inhibitor U0126 and the DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor 5-aza-deoxycytidine abolished the effect of arsenite on expressions of PTEN and p-p70S6K. These results show that autophagy induced by arsenite exposure is mediated by oxidative stress, which regulates activation of the PTEN, p70S6K and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Thus, this study clarifies the role of autophagy in arsenite-induced urothelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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11
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Cytotoxin-induced NADPH oxides activation: roles in regulation of cell death. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:991-1006. [PMID: 25690733 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that a variety of cytotoxic agents can activate the NADPH oxidase system and induce redox-dependent regulation of cellular functions. Cytotoxin-induced NADPH oxidase activation may either exert cytoprotective actions (e.g., survival, proliferation, and stress tolerance) or cause cell death. Here we summarize the experimental evidence showing the context-dependent dichotomous effects of NADPH oxidase on cell fate under cytotoxic stress conditions and the potential redox signaling mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Clearly, it is difficult to create a unified paradigm on the toxicological implications of NADPH oxidase activation in response to cytotoxic stimuli. We suggest that interventional strategies targeting the NADPH oxidase system to prevent the adverse impacts of cytotoxins need to be contemplated in a stimuli- and cell type-specific manner.
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12
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Zhang J, Pan X, Li N, Li X, Wang Y, Liu X, Yin X, Yu Z. Grape seed extract attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:260-266. [PMID: 24348802 PMCID: PMC3861237 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a recognized factor in nephrotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (As). Grape seed extract (GSE) possesses antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of GSE against arsenic-induced renal injury. Healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to As in drinking water (30 ppm) with or without GSE (100 mg/kg) for 12 months. The serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and mRNA expression levels of fibrogenic markers in the renal tissues were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The protein expression levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) subunits, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) were assessed using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that cotreatment with GSE significantly improved renal function, as demonstrated by the reductions in relative kidney weight (% of body weight) and blood urea nitrogen, and the increase in the creatinine clearance capacity. GSE attenuated the As-induced changes in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and the mRNA levels of TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibronectin (FN) in renal tissue. Furthermore, administration of GSE markedly reduced As-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Nox activity, as well as the protein expression levels of the NADPH subunits (Nox2, p47phox and Nox4). In addition, GSE cotreatment was correlated with a significant reduction in TGF-β/Smad signaling, as demonstrated by the decreased protein levels of TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 in renal tissue. This study indicated that GSE may be a useful agent for the prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to As. GSE may exert its effects through the suppression of Nox and inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China ; Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Xinjuan Pan
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China ; College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xinjuan Yin
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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Suzuki S, Shiraga K, Sato S, Punfa W, Naiki-Ito A, Yamashita Y, Shirai T, Takahashi S. Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, suppresses rat prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1711-7. [PMID: 24118288 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. The present study focused on the effect of apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, on prostate carcinogenesis using the transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAP) model. There were no toxic effects with apocynin treatment. The percentages and numbers of carcinomas in both the ventral and lateral prostate were significantly reduced by apocynin treatment, with dose dependence. Reduction of reactive oxygen species by apocynin was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of 8-OHdG and dihydroethidium staining. Positivity of Ki67 was significantly reduced by apocynin treatment, and downregulation of clusterin expression, as well as inactivation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway, was a feature of the apocynin treated groups. In human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, apocynin also inhibited reactive oxygen species production and blocked cell growth by inducing G0/G1 arrest with downregulation of clusterin and cyclin D1. These data suggest that apocynin possesses chemopreventive potential against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Pathology Division, Nagoya City East Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
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14
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:711-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Bomhard EM, Gelbke HP, Schenk H, Williams GM, Cohen SM. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:436-66. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.792329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, suppresses progression of prostate cancer via Rac1 dephosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1035-41. [PMID: 23664830 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable evidence has been generated that oxidative stress contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of prostate cancer. The present study focused on the effects of apocynin, an inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase which generates intracellular superoxide, on a rat androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line (PLS10) in vitro and in vivo. Apocynin significantly inhibited cell proliferation of PLS10 cells via G1 arrest of the cell cycle in vitro. Surprisingly, it did not affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) but inhibited phosphorylation of Rac1, one component of the NADPH oxidase complex. A Rac1 inhibitor, NSC23766, also inhibited cell proliferation, and both apocynin and NSC23766 reduced phosphorylation of Rac1 and NF-κB, as well as cyclin D1. Furthermore, in a xenograft model of prostate cancer with PLS10, apocynin suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in a dose dependent manner in vivo, with reduction of cell proliferation and vessel number in the tumors. Expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were reduced by apocynin treatment in vivo and in vitro, respectively. In conclusion, despite no apparent direct relationship with oxidative stress, apocynin inhibited growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Apocynin thus warrants further attention as a potential anti-tumor drug.
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Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Chen B, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. Effects of co-administration of dietary sodium arsenate and 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS) on the rat bladder epithelium. Toxicology 2012; 299:155-9. [PMID: 22664484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder and lung. It is metabolized to organic methylated arsenicals. 2,3-Dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS), a chelating agent, is capable of reducing pentavalent arsenicals to the trivalent state and binding to the trivalent species, and it has been used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning in humans. Therefore, we investigated the ability of DMPS to inhibit the cytotoxicity and regenerative urothelial cell proliferation induced by arsenate administration in vivo. Female rats were treated for 4 weeks with 100 ppm As(V). DMPS (2800 ppm) co-administered in the diet significantly reduced the As(V)-induced cytotoxicity of superficial cells detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the incidence of simple hyperplasia observed by light microscopy and the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index. It also reduced the total concentration of arsenicals in the urine and the methylation of arsenic. There were no differences in oxidative stress as assessed by immunohistochemical staining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) of the bladder urothelium. No differences were detected in urine sediments between groups. These data suggest that DMPS has the ability to inhibit both arsenate-induced acute toxicity and regenerative proliferation of the rat bladder epithelium, most likely by decreasing exposure of the urothelium to trivalent arsenicals excreted in the urine. These data provide additional evidence that the effects of arsenate exposure in vivo do not appear to be related to oxidative effects on dG in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, United States
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18
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Erraguntla NK, Sielken RL, Valdez-Flores C, Grant RL. An updated inhalation unit risk factor for arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds based on a combined analysis of epidemiology studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:329-41. [PMID: 22813725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed an inhalation unit risk factor (URF) of 4.3E-03 per μg/m(3) for arsenic in 1984 for excess lung cancer mortality based on epidemiological studies of workers at two smelters: the Asarco smelter in Tacoma, Washington and the Anaconda smelter in Montana. Since the USEPA assessment, new studies have been published and exposure estimates were updated at the Asarco and Anaconda smelters and additional years of follow-up evaluated. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) has developed an inhalation URF for lung cancer mortality from exposures to arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds based on a newer epidemiology study of Swedish workers and the updates of the Asarco and Anaconda epidemiology studies. Using a combined analysis approach, the TCEQ weighted the individual URFs from these three epidemiology cohort studies, to calculate a final inhalation URF of 1.5E-04 per μg/m(3). In addition, the TCEQ also conducted a sensitivity analysis, in which they calculated a URF based on a type of meta-analysis, and these results compared well with the results of the combined analysis. The no significant concentration level (i.e., air concentration at 1 in 100,000 excess lung cancer mortality) is 0.067μg/m(3). This value will be used to evaluate ambient air monitoring data so the general public in Texas is protected against adverse health effects from chronic exposure to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja K Erraguntla
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Toxicology Division, P.O. Box 13087, MC-168, Austin, TX 78711-3087, United States.
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19
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Druwe IL, Sollome JJ, Sanchez-Soria P, Hardwick RN, Camenisch TD, Vaillancourt RR. Arsenite activates NFκB through induction of C-reactive protein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:263-70. [PMID: 22521605 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein in humans. Elevated levels of CRP are produced in response to inflammatory cytokines and are associated with atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Exposure to inorganic arsenic, a common environmental toxicant, also produces cardiovascular disorders, namely atherosclerosis and is associated with insulin-resistance. Inorganic arsenic has been shown to contribute to cardiac toxicities through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result in the activation of NFκB. In this study we show that exposure of the hepatic cell line, HepG2, to environmentally relevant levels of arsenite (0.13 to 2 μM) results in elevated CRP expression and secretion. ROS analysis of the samples showed that a minimal amount of ROS are produced by HepG2 cells in response to these concentrations of arsenic. In addition, treatment of FvB mice with 100 ppb sodium arsenite in the drinking water for 6 months starting at weaning age resulted in dramatically higher levels of CRP in both the liver and inner medullary region of the kidney. Further, mouse Inner Medullary Collecting Duct cells (mIMCD-4), a mouse kidney cell line, were stimulated with 10 ng/ml CRP which resulted in activation of NFκB. Pretreatment with 10 nM Y27632, a known Rho-kinase inhibitor, prior to CRP exposure attenuated NFκB activation. These data suggest that arsenic causes the expression and secretion of CRP and that CRP activates NFκB through activation of the Rho-kinase pathway, thereby providing a novel pathway by which arsenic can contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L Druwe
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental pollutant and its contamination in the drinking water is considered as a serious worldwide environmental health threat. The chronic arsenic exposure is a cause of immense health distress as it accounts for the increased risk of various disorders such as cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the exposure to arsenic has been suggested to affect the liver function and to induce hepatotoxicity. Moreover, few studies demonstrated the induction of carcinogenicity especially cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs after the chronic exposure to arsenic. The present review addresses diverse mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of arsenic-induced toxicity and end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 143 005
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21
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Druwe IL, Vaillancourt RR. Influence of arsenate and arsenite on signal transduction pathways: an update. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:585-96. [PMID: 20502880 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic has been a recognized contaminant and toxicant, as well as a medicinal compound throughout human history. Populations throughout the world are exposed to arsenic and these exposures have been associated with a number of human cancers. Not much is known about the role of arsenic as a human carcinogen and more recently its role in non-cancerous diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have been uncovered. The health effects associated with arsenic are numerous and the association between arsenic exposure and human disease has intensified the search for molecular mechanisms that describe the biological activity of arsenic in humans and leads to the aforementioned disease states. Arsenic poses a human health risk due in part to the regulation of cellular signal transduction pathways and over the last few decades, some cellular mechanisms that account for arsenic toxicity, as well as, signal transduction pathways have been discovered. However, given the ubiquitous nature of arsenic in the environment, making sense of all the data remains a challenge. This review will focus on our knowledge of signal transduction pathways that are regulated by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L Druwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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