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Clifford LM, Meere W. Chronic Digoxin Toxicity: An Evaluation of Digoxin-Specific Antibodies and Other Management Options. Cureus 2023; 15:e38692. [PMID: 37292530 PMCID: PMC10245077 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic digoxin toxicity comprises the bulk of digoxin poisonings and can be more difficult to manage than acute intoxications. A 60-year-old lady presented with severe chronic digoxin toxicity after ingesting digoxin 250mcg twice a day (BD) for two weeks. Due to hemodynamic instability on presentation, she was treated with digoxin-specific antibodies and admitted to the coronary care unit. This case of chronic digoxin toxicity did not respond to digoxin-specific antibodies and required intensive cardiac therapy with isoprenaline and intravenous electrolyte replacement, highlighting the complexities in the management of toxicity. Our patient has since recovered and remains stable. There are newer, novel therapies being trialed for the treatment of digoxin toxicity, including dextrose-insulin infusions, therapeutic plasma exchange, and rifampicin, but these require more research and investigation in this cohort of patients.
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Tofighi Z, Moradi-Afrapoli F, Ebrahimi SN, Goodarzi S, Hadjiakhoondi A, Neuburger M, Hamburger M, Abdollahi M, Yassa N. Securigenin glycosides as hypoglycemic principles of Securigera securidaca seeds. J Nat Med 2016; 71:272-280. [PMID: 27848204 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Seeds of Securigera securidaca (Fabaceae) are used in Iranian folk medicine as an antidiabetic treatment. In this study, the antihyperglycemic activity of chloroform and methanol fractions (CF and MF) from S. securidaca seed extract was investigated and their bioactive constituents were identified. The antidiabetic effects of fractions were assessed by streptozocin-induced diabetic Naval Medical Research Institute mice. The hypoglycemic activity of MF at 100 mg/kg and CF at 400 mg/kg was comparable with glibenclamide (3 mg/kg). MF at 400 mg/kg and CF at 600 mg/kg showed equal hypoglycemic responses to 12.5 IU/kg insulin (P > 0.05). Three cardiac glycosides were isolated as active constituents responsible for the hypoglycemic activity. Securigenin-3- O -β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-xylopyranoside (1) was a major compound in seeds. Securigenin-3- O -inositol-(1 → 3)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-xylopyranoside (2) and securigenin-3- O -α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-glucopyranoside (3) were found as new natural products. When 1-3 were tested at 10 mg/kg there was a significant reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, comparable to that of 3 mg/kg glibenclamide (P > 0.05). The hypoglycemic effect was due to an increase in insulin secretion; the insulin levels in the diabetic mice significantly improved and were comparable with those in healthy animals (P > 0.05). Compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic properties of S. securidaca seeds were identified as cardiac glycosides and were found to act via an increase of insulin levels in a diabetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tofighi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174-14411, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Moradi-Afrapoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelberg Strasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelberg Strasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Goodarzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174-14411, Iran
| | - Abbas Hadjiakhoondi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174-14411, Iran
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelberg Strasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Narguess Yassa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174-14411, Iran.
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Roberts DM, Gallapatthy G, Dunuwille A, Chan BS. Pharmacological treatment of cardiac glycoside poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:488-95. [PMID: 26505271 PMCID: PMC4767196 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are an important cause of poisoning, reflecting their widespread clinical usage and presence in natural sources. Poisoning can manifest as varying degrees of toxicity. Predominant clinical features include gastrointestinal signs, bradycardia and heart block. Death occurs from ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia. A wide range of treatments have been used, the more common including activated charcoal, atropine, β-adrenoceptor agonists, temporary pacing, anti-digoxin Fab and magnesium, and more novel agents include fructose-1,6-diphosphate (clinical trial in progress) and anticalin. However, even in the case of those treatments that have been in use for decades, there is debate regarding their efficacy, the indications and dosage that optimizes outcomes. This contributes to variability in use across the world. Another factor influencing usage is access. Barriers to access include the requirement for transfer to a specialized centre (for example, to receive temporary pacing) or financial resources (for example, anti-digoxin Fab in resource poor countries). Recent data suggest that existing methods for calculating the dose of anti-digoxin Fab in digoxin poisoning overstate the dose required, and that its efficacy may be minimal in patients with chronic digoxin poisoning. Cheaper and effective medicines are required, in particular for the treatment of yellow oleander poisoning which is problematic in resource poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Roberts
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2603
- Drug Health Clinical Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia, 2050
| | | | - Asunga Dunuwille
- Cardiology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka and
| | - Betty S Chan
- Clinical Toxicology and Emergency Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Kaločayová B, Mézešová L, Barteková M, Vlkovičová J, Jendruchová V, Vrbjar N. Effect of duration of diabetes mellitus type 1 on properties of Na, K-ATPase in cerebral cortex. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:41-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yuan Q, Zhou QY, Liu D, Yu L, Zhan L, Li XJ, Peng HY, Zhang XL, Yuan XC. Advanced glycation end-products impair Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1 pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:127-33. [PMID: 24341361 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Decreased Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity, and both sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been reported to be involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). The present study aimed to investigate the advanced glycation end-products (AGE) that impair Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase stability by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway during progression of DCM. To study type 1 diabetic mellitus (T1DM), a disease model in rats was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg), and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were also cultured. Heart function was detected by Doppler, and SIRT1 and AMPK protein expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity was also monitored. Using in vivo rat models of DCM, we showed that Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity decreased when both AMPK and SIRT1 expression were downregulated. In vitro, AGE impaired Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity and decreased the AMPK and SIRT1 expression. Sirtuin 1 overexpression increased Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-3-ribonucleoside (AICAR) upregulated SIRT1 expression and increased Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity, which could be partially abolished by splitomicin. Our results suggest that the dysfunction of DCM is related to AGE-induced Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activity impairment through a mechanism involving the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Role of phospholemman and the 70 kDa inhibitor protein in regulating Na+/K+ ATPase activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells under U46619 stimulation. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3535-40. [PMID: 24055474 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of bovine pulmonary smooth muscle cells with U46619 inhibited the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity in two parallel pathways: one of which is mediated via glutathionylation of the pump and the other by augmenting the inhibitory activity of the 70kDa inhibitor protein of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase. Although phospholemman deglutathionylates the pump leading to its activation, the inhibitor is responsible for irreversible inhibition of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase in an isoform specific manner during treatment of the cells with U46619.
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