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Suwareh O, Causeur D, Le Feunteun S, Jardin J, Briard-Bion V, Pezennec S, Nau F. Peptide bonds cleaved by pepsin are affected by the morphology of heat-induced ovalbumin aggregates. Food Chem 2024; 458:140260. [PMID: 38944927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the extent to which protein aggregation, and even the modality of aggregation, can affect gastric digestion, down to the nature of the hydrolyzed peptide bonds. By controlling pH and ionic strength during heating, linear or spherical ovalbumin (OVA) aggregates were prepared, then digested with pepsin. Statistical analysis characterized the peptide bonds specifically hydrolyzed versus those not hydrolyzed for a given condition, based on a detailed description of all these bonds. Aggregation limits pepsin access to buried regions of native OVA, but some cleavage sites specific to aggregates reflect specific hydrolysis pathways due to the denaturation-aggregation process. Cleavage sites specific to linear aggregates indicate greater denaturation compared to spherical aggregates, consistent with theoretical models of heat-induced aggregation of OVA. Thus, the peptides released during the gastric phase may vary depending on the aggregation modality. Precisely tuned aggregation may therefore allow subtle control of the digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Suwareh
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - David Causeur
- IRMAR UMR6625, CNRS, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Steven Le Feunteun
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Jardin
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | | | - Stéphane Pezennec
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Françoise Nau
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
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2
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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Garciarena IN, Poulsen M, Lindholm Bøgh K. Risk–benefit assessment of seaweed Allergenicity risk assessment of novel protein. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200414. [PMID: 35634551 PMCID: PMC9131616 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world population rapidly grows, there is a clear need for alternative food sources, particularly for the provision of protein. Seaweed is one such alternative source of protein that requires greater investigation. In this context, a working programme within the European Food Risk Assessment (EU‐FORA) Fellowship Programme framework was developed at National Food Institute – Technical University of Denmark. This Programme is an initiative of the EFSA with the aim to build a European risk assessment community. The purpose of this technical report is to describe the activities in which the fellow was involved. As part of the Research Group for Risk–Benefit, the fellow performed a risk–benefit assessment of seaweed Palmaria palmata gaining an in‐depth expertise in all the steps. The health impact of Palmaria palmata consumption was estimated, considering its high nutritional value but also highlighting concerns towards some components. Simultaneous to the work on the risk–benefit, the fellow also worked within the Research Group for Food Allergy, specifically on the allergenicity risk assessment of a plant‐based novel protein (seaweed protein) using different laboratory assays. Seaweed protein digestibility was assessed, and its digestion products were characterised and assessed for immunogenicity. Finally, the fellow collaborated with the Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining in the development of a novel food (alfalfa protein) application dossier to be submitted to EFSA, gaining expertise in the risk assessment of a novel food. In conclusion, the present working programme, together with additional activities and training provided by different institutions, enabled the fellow to gain a broader perspective in food safety, particularly concerning seaweed, novel foods and the safety assessment of novel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten Poulsen
- National Food Institute ‐ Technical University of Denmark Denmark
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4
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Foo AC, Nesbit JB, Gipson SA, Cheng H, Bushel P, DeRose EF, Schein CH, Teuber SS, Hurlburt BK, Maleki SJ, Mueller GA. Structure, Immunogenicity, and IgE Cross-Reactivity among Walnut and Peanut Vicilin-Buried Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2389-2400. [PMID: 35139305 PMCID: PMC8959100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vicilin-buried peptides (VBPs) from edible plants are derived from the N-terminal leader sequences (LSs) of seed storage proteins. VBPs are defined by a common α-hairpin fold mediated by conserved CxxxCx(10-14)CxxxC motifs. Here, peanut and walnut VBPs were characterized as potential mediators of both peanut/walnut allergenicity and cross-reactivity despite their low (∼17%) sequence identity. The structures of one peanut (AH1.1) and 3 walnut (JR2.1, JR2.2, JR2.3) VBPs were solved using solution NMR, revealing similar α-hairpin structures stabilized by disulfide bonds with high levels of surface similarity. Peptide microarrays identified several peptide sequences primarily on AH1.1 and JR2.1, which were recognized by peanut-, walnut-, and dual-allergic patient IgE, establishing these peanut and walnut VBPs as potential mediators of allergenicity and cross-reactivity. JR2.2 and JR2.3 displayed extreme resilience against endosomal digestion, potentially hindering epitope generation and likely contributing to their reduced allergic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C.Y. Foo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27615
| | - Jacqueline B. Nesbit
- US Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70122
| | - Stephen A.Y. Gipson
- US Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70122
| | - Hsiaopo Cheng
- US Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70122
| | - Pierre Bushel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27615
| | - Eugene F. DeRose
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27615
| | - Catherine H. Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suzanne S. Teuber
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Barry K. Hurlburt
- US Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70122
| | - Soheila J. Maleki
- US Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70122
| | - Geoffrey A. Mueller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27615
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5
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Analysis of the Factors Affecting Static In Vitro Pepsinolysis of Food Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041260. [PMID: 35209049 PMCID: PMC8878058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this meta-analysis, we collected 58 publications spanning the last seven decades that reported static in vitro protein gastric digestion results. A number of descriptors of the pepsinolysis process were extracted, including protein type; pepsin activity and concentration; protein concentration; pH; additives; protein form (e.g., ‘native’, ‘emulsion’, ‘gel’, etc.); molecular weight of the protein; treatment; temperature; and half-times (HT) of protein digestion. After careful analysis and the application of statistical techniques and regression models, several general conclusions could be extracted from the data. The protein form to digest the fastest was ‘emulsion’. The rate of pepsinolysis in the emulsion was largely independent of the protein type, whereas the gastric digestion of the native protein in the solution was strongly dependent on the protein type. The pepsinolysis was shown to be strongly dependent on the structural components of the proteins digested—specifically, β-sheet-inhibited and amino acid, leucine, methionine, and proline-promoted digestion. Interestingly, we found that additives included in the digestion mix to alter protein hydrolysis had, in general, a negligible effect in comparison to the clear importance of the protein form or additional treatment. Overall, the findings allowed for the targeted creation of foods for fast or slow protein digestion, depending on the nutritional needs.
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6
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Mullins E, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, George Firbank L, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Fernandez Dumont A, Moreno FJ. Scientific Opinion on development needs for the allergenicity and protein safety assessment of food and feed products derived from biotechnology. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07044. [PMID: 35106091 PMCID: PMC8787593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion addresses the formulation of specific development needs, including research requirements for allergenicity assessment and protein safety, in general, which is urgently needed in a world that demands more sustainable food systems. Current allergenicity risk assessment strategies are based on the principles and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius for the safety assessment of foods derived from 'modern' biotechnology initially published in 2003. The core approach for the safety assessment is based on a 'weight-of-evidence' approach because no single piece of information or experimental method provides sufficient evidence to predict allergenicity. Although the Codex Alimentarius and EFSA guidance documents successfully addressed allergenicity assessments of single/stacked event GM applications, experience gained and new developments in the field call for a modernisation of some key elements of the risk assessment. These should include the consideration of clinical relevance, route of exposure and potential threshold values of food allergens, the update of in silico tools used with more targeted databases and better integration and standardisation of test materials and in vitro/in vivo protocols. Furthermore, more complex future products will likely challenge the overall practical implementation of current guidelines, which were mainly targeted to assess a few newly expressed proteins. Therefore, it is timely to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment and the vital role it plays in protecting consumers' health. A roadmap to (re)define the allergenicity safety objectives and risk assessment needs will be required to inform a series of key questions for risk assessors and risk managers such as 'what is the purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment?' or 'what level of confidence is necessary for the predictions?'.
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7
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Foo ACY, Mueller GA. Abundance and Stability as Common Properties of Allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:769728. [PMID: 35386965 PMCID: PMC8974735 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.769728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to identify common biophysical properties which differentiate allergens from their non-immunogenic counterparts. This review will focus on recent studies which examine two such factors: abundance and stability. Anecdotal accounts have speculated that the elevated abundance of potential allergens would increase the likelihood of human exposure and thus the probability of sensitization. Similarly, the stability of potential allergens dictates its ability to remain a viable immunogen during the transfer from the source to humans. This stability could also increase the resilience of potential allergens to both gastric and endosomal degradation, further skewing the immune system toward allergy. Statistical analyses confirm both abundance and stability as common properties of allergens, while epidemiological surveys show a correlation between exposure levels (abundance) and allergic disease. Additional studies show that changes in protein stability can predictably alter gastric/endosomal processing and immunogenicity, providing a mechanistic link between stability and allergenicity. However, notable exceptions exist to both hypotheses which highlight the multifaceted nature of immunological sensitization, and further inform our understanding of some of these other factors and their contribution to allergic disease.
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8
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Are Physicochemical Properties Shaping the Allergenic Potency of Animal Allergens? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:1-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Dumont AF. Statement on in vitro protein digestibility tests in allergenicity and protein safety assessment of genetically modified plants. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06350. [PMID: 33473251 PMCID: PMC7801955 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This statement supplements and updates the GMO Panel guidance document on allergenicity of genetically modified (GM) plants published in 2017. In that guidance document, the GMO Panel considered that additional investigations on in vitro protein digestibility were needed before providing any additional recommendations in the form of guidance to applicants. Thus, an interim phase was proposed to assess the utility of an enhanced in vitro digestion test, as compared to the classical pepsin resistance test. Historically, resistance to degradation by pepsin using the classical pepsin resistance test has been considered as additional information, in a weight-of-evidence approach, for the assessment of allergenicity and toxicity of newly expressed proteins in GM plants. However, more recent evidence does not support this test as a good predictor of allergenic potential for hazard. Furthermore, there is a need for more reliable systems to predict the fate of the proteins in the gastrointestinal tract and how they interact with the relevant human cells. Nevertheless, the classical pepsin resistance test can still provide some information on the physicochemical properties of novel proteins relating to their stability under acidic conditions. But other methods can be used to obtain data on protein's structural and/or functional integrity. It is acknowledged that the classical pepsin resistance test is embedded into international guidelines, e.g. Codex Alimentarius and Regulation (EU) No 503/2013. For future development, a deeper understanding of protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract could enable the framing of more robust strategies for the safety assessment of proteins. Given the high complexity of the digestion and absorption process of dietary proteins, it is needed to clarify and identify the aspects that could be relevant to assess potential risks of allergenicity and toxicity of proteins. To this end, a series of research questions to be addressed are also formulated in this statement.
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10
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Pavlicevic M, Maestri E, Marmiroli M. Marine Bioactive Peptides-An Overview of Generation, Structure and Application with a Focus on Food Sources. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E424. [PMID: 32823602 PMCID: PMC7460072 DOI: 10.3390/md18080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest obstacles in the application of marine peptides are two-fold, as in the case of non-marine plant and animal-derived bioactive peptides: elucidating correlation between the peptide structure and its effect and demonstrating its stability in vivo. The structures of marine bioactive peptides are highly variable and complex and dependent on the sources from which they are isolated. They can be cyclical, in the form of depsipeptides, and often contain secondary structures. Because of steric factors, marine-derived peptides can be resistant to proteolysis by gastrointestinal proteases, which presents an advantage over other peptide sources. Because of heterogeneity, amino acid sequences as well as preferred mechanisms of peptides showing specific bioactivities differ compared to their animal-derived counterparts. This review offers insights on the extreme diversity of bioactivities, effects, and structural features, analyzing 253 peptides, mainly from marine food sources. Similar to peptides in food of non-marine animal origin, a significant percentage (52.7%) of the examined sequences contain one or more proline residues, implying that proline might play a significant role in the stability of bioactive peptides. Additional problems with analyzing marine-derived bioactive peptides include their accessibility, extraction, and purification; this review considers the challenges and proposes possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
- Consorzio Italbiotec, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
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11
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Krutz NL, Kimber I, Maurer-Stroh S, Gerberick GF. Determination of the relative allergenic potency of proteins: hurdles and opportunities. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:521-530. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1793895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L. Krutz
- Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Krutz NL, Winget J, Ryan CA, Wimalasena R, Maurer-Stroh S, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Gerberick GF. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Analyses for the Identification of Proteins With Low Allergenic Potential for Hazard Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:210-222. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University of Singapore,Singapore
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio
- GF3 Consultancy LLC, West Chester, OH
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13
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Remington B, Broekman HCH, Blom WM, Capt A, Crevel RWR, Dimitrov I, Faeste CK, Fernandez-Canton R, Giavi S, Houben GF, Glenn KC, Madsen CB, Kruizinga AK, Constable A. Approaches to assess IgE mediated allergy risks (sensitization and cross-reactivity) from new or modified dietary proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:97-107. [PMID: 29258956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and introduction of new dietary protein sources has the potential to improve food supply sustainability. Understanding the potential allergenicity of these new or modified proteins is crucial to ensure protection of public health. Exposure to new proteins may result in de novo sensitization, with or without clinical allergy, or clinical reactions through cross-reactivity. In this paper we review the potential of current methodologies (in silico, in vitro degradation, in vitro IgE binding, animal models and clinical studies) to address these outcomes for risk assessment purposes for new proteins, and especially to identify and characterise the risk of sensitization for IgE mediated allergy from oral exposure. Existing tools and tests are capable of assessing potential crossreactivity. However, there are few possibilities to assess the hazard due to de novo sensitization. The only methods available are in vivo models, but many limitations exist to use them for assessing risk. We conclude that there is a need to understand which criteria adequately define allergenicity for risk assessment purposes, and from these criteria develop a more suitable battery of tests to distinguish between proteins of high and low allergenicity, which can then be applied to assess new proteins with unknown risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H C H Broekman
- Dep. Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), P.O. Box 85500, The Netherlands
| | | | - A Capt
- Bayer SAS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - R W R Crevel
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Bedford, UK
| | - I Dimitrov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, 1000 Bulgaria
| | - C K Faeste
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Fernandez-Canton
- Monsanto Europe S.A., Avenue de Tervuren 270-272, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Giavi
- Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - K C Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA
| | - C B Madsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | | | - A Constable
- Nestec Ltd, P.O. Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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14
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Wang R, Edrington TC, Storrs SB, Crowley KS, Ward JM, Lee TC, Liu ZL, Li B, Glenn KC. Analyzing pepsin degradation assay conditions used for allergenicity assessments to ensure that pepsin susceptible and pepsin resistant dietary proteins are distinguishable. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171926. [PMID: 28207780 PMCID: PMC5312868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of a dietary protein to proteolytic degradation by digestive enzymes, such as gastric pepsin, provides information on the likelihood of systemic exposure to a structurally intact and biologically active macromolecule, thus informing on the safety of proteins for human and animal consumption. Therefore, the purpose of standardized in vitro degradation studies that are performed during protein safety assessments is to distinguish whether proteins of interest are susceptible or resistant to pepsin degradation via a study design that enables study-to-study comparison. Attempting to assess pepsin degradation under a wide-range of possible physiological conditions poses a problem because of the lack of robust and consistent data collected under a large-range of sub-optimal conditions, which undermines the needs to harmonize in vitro degradation conditions. This report systematically compares the effects of pH, incubation time, and pepsin-to-substrate protein ratio on the relative degradation of five dietary proteins: three pepsin susceptible proteins [ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hemoglobin (Hb)], and two pepsin resistant proteins [lipid transfer protein (LTP) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI)]. The results indicate that proteins susceptible to pepsin degradation are readily distinguishable from pepsin-resistant proteins when the reaction conditions are within the well-characterized optima for pepsin. The current standardized in vitro pepsin resistant assay with low pH and high pepsin-to-substrate ratio fits this purpose. Using non-optimal pH and/or pepsin-to-substrate protein ratios resulted in susceptible proteins no longer being reliably degraded by this stomach enzyme, which compromises the ability of this in vitro assay to distinguish between resistant and susceptible proteins and, therefore, no longer providing useful data to an overall weight-of-evidence approach to assessing safety of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Jason M. Ward
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Lee
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zi L. Liu
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Glenn
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Guillon B, Bernard H, Drumare MF, Hazebrouck S, Adel-Patient K. Heat processing of peanut seed enhances the sensitization potential of the major peanut allergen Ara h 6. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2722-2735. [PMID: 27374416 PMCID: PMC5213772 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Processing of food has been shown to impact IgE binding and functionality of food allergens. In the present study, we investigated the impact of heat processing on the sensitization capacity of Ara h 6, a major peanut allergen and one of the most potent elicitors of the allergic reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Peanut extracts obtained from raw or heat-processed peanut and some fractions thereof were biochemically and immunochemically characterized. These extracts/fractions, purified Ara h 6, or recombinant Ara h 6 including Ara h 6 mutants lacking disulfide bridges were used in in vitro digestion tests and mouse models of experimental sensitization. Peanut roasting led to the formation of complexes of high molecular weight, notably between Ara h 6 and Ara h 1, which supported the induction of IgE specific to native Ara h 6. On the contrary, a fraction containing free monomeric 2S albumins or purified native Ara h 6 displayed no intrinsic allergenicity. In addition to complex formation, heat denaturation and/or partial destabilization enhanced Ara h 6 immunogenicity and increased its sensitivity to digestion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sensitization potency and IgE binding capacity can be supported by different structures, modified and/or produced during food processing in interaction with other food constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Guillon
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Drumare
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphane Hazebrouck
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR CEA-INRA Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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16
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Food safety assessment of Cry8Ka5 mutant protein using Cry1Ac as a control Bt protein. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Gause KT, Yan Y, Cui J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Lenzo JC, Reynolds EC, Caruso F. Physicochemical and immunological assessment of engineered pure protein particles with different redox states. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2433-2444. [PMID: 25714702 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of subunit antigen delivery formulations has become an important research endeavor, especially in cases where a whole cell vaccine approach has significant biosafety issues. Particle-based systems have shown particular efficacy due to their inherent immunogenicity. In some cases, fabrication techniques can lead to changes in the redox states of encapsulated protein antigens. By employing a uniform, well-characterized, single-protein system, it is possible to elucidate how the molecular details of particle-based protein antigens affect their induced immune responses. Using mesoporous silica-templated, amide bond-stabilized ovalbumin particles, three types of particles were fabricated from native, reduced, and oxidized ovalbumin, resulting in particles with different physicochemical properties and immunogenicity. Phagocytosis, transcription factor activation, and cytokine secretion by a mouse macrophage cell line did not reveal significant differences between the three types of particles. Oxidation of the ovalbumin, however, was shown to inhibit the intracellular degradation of the particles compared with native and reduced ovalbumin particles. Slow intracellular degradation of the oxidized particles was correlated with inefficient antigen presentation and insignificant levels of T cell priming and antibody production in vivo. In contrast, particles fabricated from native and reduced ovalbumin were rapidly degraded after internalization by macrophages in vitro and resulted in significant T cell and B cell immune responses in vivo. Taken together, the current study demonstrates how the redox state of a protein antigen significantly impacts the immunogenicity of the particulate vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Gause
- †ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yan Yan
- †ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- †ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- ‡Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- ‡Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- ‡Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- †ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Oliveira-Silva R, Pinto da Costa J, Vitorino R, Daniel-da-Silva AL. Magnetic chelating nanoprobes for enrichment and selective recovery of metalloproteases from human saliva. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:238-249. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles effective in the selective recovery of metalloproteases from human saliva were fabricated by surface modification of Fe3O4@SiO2nanoparticles with EDTA-TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Oliveira-Silva
- Organic Chemistry
- Natural and Agro-Food Products Research Unit (QOPNA)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
| | - João Pinto da Costa
- Organic Chemistry
- Natural and Agro-Food Products Research Unit (QOPNA)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Organic Chemistry
- Natural and Agro-Food Products Research Unit (QOPNA)
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
| | - Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva
- CICECO
- Department of Chemistry
- Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Das M, Jain SK, Dwivedi PD. Leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin: purification, characterization, proteolytic digestion and assessment for allergenicity potential in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:138-44. [PMID: 24548135 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.884136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is consumed worldwide as a vegetarian protein source. But, at the same time the allergenicity potential of red kidney bean is a matter of concern. This study is aimed towards purification, characterization, thermal stability, proteolytic digestion and allergenicity assessment of one of the clinically relevant allergens of red kidney bean. The purification of red kidney bean allergic protein was carried out with the help of column chromatography, IgE immunoblotting and reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The purified protein was characterized by peptide mass finger printing (PMF) and studied for its thermal stability, and proteolytic resistance using simulated gastric fluid (SGF) assay. The allergenicity potential of the purified protein was studied in BALB/c mice. The purified protein was identified as leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (PHA-L) with molecular weight 29.5 kDa. The PHA-L showed resistance to heat as well as proteolytic enzyme. Higher levels of total IgE, specific IgE, and histamine were observed in PHA-L treated BALB/c mice when compared to control. Overall, PHA-L possesses characteristics of allergens and may play a potential role in the red kidney bean induced allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Food Toxicology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh , India
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