1
|
Lash LH. Renal Glutathione: Dual roles as antioxidant protector and bioactivation promoter. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116181. [PMID: 38556029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) possesses two key structural features, namely the nucleophilic sulfur and the γ-glutamyl isopeptide bond. The former allows GSH to serve as a critical antioxidant and anti-electrophile. The latter allows GSH to translocate throughout the systemic circulation without being degraded. The kidneys exhibit several unique processes for handling GSH. This includes the extraction of 80% of plasma GSH, in part by glomerular filtration but mostly by transport across the basolateral plasma membrane. Studies on the protective effect of exogenous GSH are summarized, showing the different inherent susceptibility of proximal tubular and distal tubular cells and the impact on pathological or disease states, including hypoxia, diabetic nephropathy, and compensatory renal growth associated with uninephrectomy. Studies on mitochondrial GSH transport show the coordination between the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in generating driving forces for both plasma membrane and mitochondrial carriers. The strong protective effects of increasing expression and activity of these carriers against oxidants and mitochondrial toxicants are summarized. Although GSH plays a cytoprotective role in most situations, two distinct exceptions to this are presented. In contrast to expectations, overexpression of the mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate carrier markedly increased cell death from exposure to the nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (CDDP). Another key example of GSH serving a bioactivation role in the kidneys, rather than a detoxification role, is the metabolism of halogenated alkenes such as trichloroethylene (TCE). Although considerable research has gone into this topic, unanswered questions and emerging topics remain and are discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao J, Yan S, Ma X, Song Y, Pan Y. Nrf2 regulates the activation of THP-1 cells induced by chloral hydrate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114841. [PMID: 36989555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) triggers a severe hypersensitivity syndrome in the occupational population dependent on dendritic cells (DCs). Chloral hydrate (CH), the major oxidative metabolite of TCE, has been proved to be the culprit causative substance of TCE-induced hypersensitivity by human patch tests. Because redox imbalance is essential for chemical sensitizers-induced maturation of DCs, we predicted that CH would activate DCs by the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response. This study selected THP-1 cells as the in vitro DC model, and we evaluated the cell activation markers, intracellular oxidative stress, and Nrf2 pathway related genes expression in response to CH in THP-1 cells. CH displayed significant stimulation of THP-1 cells activation, including CD54 and CD86 expression, IL-8 release, and cell migration, and damaged the redox balance by triggering ROS generation, GSH consumption, and antioxidase activities modulation. The levels of Nrf2 and its downstream genes (HO-1 and NQO1) in mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated by CH, and CH also promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of antioxidant on Nrf2-mediated cell defense in CH treated cells. Pretreatment with curcumin dramatically reduced cell activation and oxidative stress triggered by CH in THP-1 cells. We also confirmed the specific role of Nrf2 in CH-induced cell activation using NRF2-knockout cells. Deficiency of Nrf2 inhibited cell activation and downregulated HO-1 and NQO1 expression in CH-challenged cells. These findings suggest that Nrf2-dependent redox homeostasis plays a pivotal role in CH-induced activation of THP-1 cells, thereby providing new knowledge of the allergen as well as the molecular mechanism involving in TCE-induce hypersensitivity syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shiyu Yan
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanqing Song
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Cosmetics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Research and Development, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nielsen GH, Heiger-Bernays WJ, Levy JI, White RF, Axelrad DA, Lam J, Chartres N, Abrahamsson DP, Rayasam SDG, Shaffer RM, Zeise L, Woodruff TJ, Ginsberg GL. Application of probabilistic methods to address variability and uncertainty in estimating risks for non-cancer health effects. Environ Health 2023; 21:129. [PMID: 36635712 PMCID: PMC9835218 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human health risk assessment currently uses the reference dose or reference concentration (RfD, RfC) approach to describe the level of exposure to chemical hazards without appreciable risk for non-cancer health effects in people. However, this "bright line" approach assumes that there is minimal risk below the RfD/RfC with some undefined level of increased risk at exposures above the RfD/RfC and has limited utility for decision-making. Rather than this dichotomous approach, non-cancer risk assessment can benefit from incorporating probabilistic methods to estimate the amount of risk across a wide range of exposures and define a risk-specific dose. We identify and review existing approaches for conducting probabilistic non-cancer risk assessments. Using perchloroethylene (PCE), a priority chemical for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act, we calculate risk-specific doses for the effects on cognitive deficits using probabilistic risk assessment approaches. Our probabilistic risk assessment shows that chronic exposure to 0.004 ppm PCE is associated with approximately 1-in-1,000 risk for a 5% reduced performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale Visual Reproduction subtest with 95% confidence. This exposure level associated with a 1-in-1000 risk for non-cancer neurocognitive deficits is lower than the current RfC for PCE of 0.0059 ppm, which is based on standard point of departure and uncertainty factor approaches for the same neurotoxic effects in occupationally exposed adults. We found that the population-level risk of cognitive deficit (indicating central nervous system dysfunction) is estimated to be greater than the cancer risk level of 1-in-100,000 at a similar chronic exposure level. The extension of toxicological endpoints to more clinically relevant endpoints, along with consideration of magnitude and severity of effect, will help in the selection of acceptable risk targets for non-cancer effects. We find that probabilistic approaches can 1) provide greater context to existing RfDs and RfCs by describing the probability of effect across a range of exposure levels including the RfD/RfC in a diverse population for a given magnitude of effect and confidence level, 2) relate effects of chemical exposures to clinical disease risk so that the resulting risk assessments can better inform decision-makers and benefit-cost analysis, and 3) better reflect the underlying biology and uncertainties of population risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greylin H Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Wendy J Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, T4W, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Juleen Lam
- Department of Public Health, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Chartres
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Panagopoulos Abrahamsson
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Swati D G Rayasam
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary L Ginsberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Model systems and organisms for addressing inter- and intra-species variability in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Elkin ER, Su AL, Kilburn BA, Bakulski KM, Armant DR, Loch-Caruso R. Toxicity assessments of selected trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene metabolites in three in vitro human placental models. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 109:109-120. [PMID: 35304307 PMCID: PMC9107309 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Residential and occupational exposures to the industrial solvents perchloroethylene (PERC) and trichloroethylene (TCE) present public health concerns. In humans, maternal PERC and TCE exposures can be associated with adverse birth outcomes. Because PERC and TCE are biotransformed to toxic metabolites and placental dysfunction can contribute to adverse birth outcomes, the present study compared the toxicity of key PERC and TCE metabolites in three in vitro human placenta models. We measured cell viability and caspase 3 + 7 activity in the HTR-8/SVneo and BeWo cell lines, and caspase 3 + 7 activity in first trimester villous explant cultures. Cultures were exposed for 24 h to 5-100 µM S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) and S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC), or 5-200 µM trichloroacetate (TCA) and dichloroacetate (DCA). DCVC significantly reduced cell viability and increased caspase 3 + 7 activity in HTR-8/SVneo cells at a lower concentration (20 µM) compared with concentrations toxic to BeWo cells and villous explants. Similarly, TCVC reduced cell viability and increased caspase 3 + 7 activity in HTR-8/SVneo cells but not in BeWo cells. TCA and DCA had only negligible effects on HTR-8/SVneo or BeWo cells. This study advances understanding of potential risks of PERC and TCE exposure during pregnancy by identifying metabolites toxic in placental cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Elkin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Anthony L Su
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian A Kilburn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - D Randall Armant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dalaijamts C, Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Rusyn I, Chiu WA. Quantitative Characterization of Population-Wide Tissue- and Metabolite-Specific Variability in Perchloroethylene Toxicokinetics in Male Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:168-182. [PMID: 33988684 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of interindividual variability is a continuing challenge in risk assessment, particularly for compounds with complex metabolism and multi-organ toxicity. Toxicokinetic variability for perchloroethylene (perc) was previously characterized across 3 mouse strains and in 1 mouse strain with various degrees of liver steatosis. To further characterize the role of genetic variability in toxicokinetics of perc, we applied Bayesian population physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to the data on perc and metabolites in blood/plasma and tissues of male mice from 45 inbred strains from the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population. After identifying the most influential PBPK parameters based on global sensitivity analysis, we fit the model with a hierarchical Bayesian population analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. We found that the data from 3 commonly used strains were not representative of the full range of variability in perc and metabolite blood/plasma and tissue concentrations across the CC population. Using interstrain variability as a surrogate for human interindividual variability, we calculated dose-dependent, chemical-, and tissue-specific toxicokinetic variability factors (TKVFs) as candidate science-based replacements for the default uncertainty factor for human toxicokinetic variability of 100.5. We found that toxicokinetic variability factors for glutathione conjugation metabolites of perc showed the greatest variability, often exceeding the default, whereas those for oxidative metabolites and perc itself were generally less than the default. Overall, we demonstrate how a combination of a population-based mouse model such as the CC with Bayesian population PBPK modeling can reduce uncertainty in human toxicokinetic variability and increase accuracy and precision in quantitative risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chimeddulam Dalaijamts
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Joseph A Cichocki
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Capinha L, Jennings P, Commandeur JNM. Bioactivation of trichloroethylene to three regioisomeric glutathione conjugates by liver fractions and recombinant human glutathione transferases: Species differences and implications for human risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2021; 341:94-106. [PMID: 33539969 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to trichloroethylene (TCE) followed by catabolism to the corresponding cysteine-conjugate, S-(dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), and subsequent bioactivation by renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyases is considered to play an important role in the nephrotoxic effects observed in TCE-exposed rat and human. In this study, it is shown for the first time that three regioisomers of GSH-conjugates of TCE are formed by rat and human liver fractions, namely S-(1,2-trans-dichlorovinyl)-glutathione (1,2-trans-DCVG), S-(1,2-cis-dichlorovinyl)-glutathione (1,2-cis-DCVG) and S-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-glutathione (2,2-DCVG). In incubations of TCE with rat liver fractions their amounts decreased in order of 1,2-cis-DCVG > 1,2-trans-DCVG > 2,2-DCVG. Human liver cytosol showed a more than 10-fold lower activity of GSH-conjugation, with amounts of regioisomers decreasing in order 2,2-DCVG > 1,2-trans-DCVG > 1,2-cis-DCVG. Incubations with recombinant human GSTs suggest that GSTA1-1 and GSTA2-2 play the most important role in human liver cytosol. GSTP1-1, which produces regioisomers in order 1,2-trans-DCVG > 2,2-cis-DCVG > 1,2-cis-DCVG, is likely to contribute to extrahepatic GSH-conjugation of TCE. Analysis of the products formed by a beta-lyase mimetic model showed that both 1,2-trans-DCVC and 1,2-cis-DCVC are converted to reactive products that form cross-links between the model nucleophile 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine (NBP) and thiol-species. No NBP-alkylation was observed with 2,2-DCVC corresponding to its low cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. The lower activity of GSH-conjugation of TCE by human liver fractions, in combination with the lower fraction of potential nephrotoxic and mutagenic 1,2-DCVG-isomers, suggest that humans are at much lower risk for TCE-associated nephrotoxic effects than rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Capinha
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:543-554. [PMID: 31996877 PMCID: PMC7941732 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are common chemicals used in industry throughout the world, however, there is evidence for adverse health effects from exposure to these compounds. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated solvent that has been used as a degreasing agent since the early 20th century. Due to its widespread use, TCE remains one of the most significant environmental contaminants in the US, and extensive research suggests TCE is a causative factor in a number of diseases, including cancer, fetal cardiac development, and neurotoxicity. TCE has also been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is variable concordance across multiple occupational epidemiological studies assessing TCE (or solvent) exposure and risk for PD. In addition, there remains a degree of uncertainty about how TCE elicits toxicity to the dopaminergic system. To this end, we review the specific neurotoxic mechanisms of TCE in the context of selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, we consider the complexity of combined risk factors that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration and discuss the limitations of single-factor exposure assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST-7045, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cichocki JA, Luo YS, Furuya S, Venkatratnam A, Konganti K, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Modulation of Tetrachloroethylene-Associated Kidney Effects by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver or Steatohepatitis in Male C57BL/6J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:126-137. [PMID: 30202895 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accounting for genetic and other (eg, underlying disease states) factors that may lead to inter-individual variability in susceptibility to xenobiotic-induced injury is a challenge in human health assessments. A previous study demonstrated that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the common underlying disease states, enhances tetrachloroethylene (PERC)-associated hepatotoxicity in mice. Interestingly, NAFLD resulted in a decrease in metabolism of PERC to nephrotoxic glutathione conjugates; we therefore hypothesized that NAFLD would protect against PERC-associated nephrotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat (LFD), high-fat (31% fat, HFD), or high-fat methionine/choline/folate-deficient (31% fat, MCD) diets. After 8 weeks mice were administered either a single dose of PERC (300 mg/kg i.g.) and euthanized at 1-36 h post dose, or five daily doses of PERC (300 mg/kg/d i.g.) and euthanized 4 h after last dose. Relative to LFD-fed mice, HFD- or MCD-fed mice exhibited decreased PERC concentrations and increased trichloroacetate (TCA) in kidneys. S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG), S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (TCVC), and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2,-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (NAcTCVC) were also significantly lower in kidney and urine of HFD- or MCD-fed mice compared with LFD-fed mice. Despite differences in levels of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites in kidney, LFD- and MCD-fed mice demonstrated similar degree of nephrotoxicity. However, HFD-fed mice were less sensitive to PERC-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, whereas both MCD- and HFD-induced fatty liver reduced the delivered dose of nephrotoxic PERC metabolites to the kidney, only HFD was protective against PERC-induced nephrotoxicity, possibly due to greater toxicodynamic sensitivity induced by methyl and choline deficiency. These results therefore demonstrate that pre-existing disease conditions can lead to a complex interplay of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic changes that modulate susceptibility to the toxicity of xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
| | | | | | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang F, Huang LP, Dai YY, Huang M, Jiang W, Ye LP, Zhu QX. Terminal complement complex C5b-9 reduced megalin and cubilin-mediated tubule proteins uptake in a mouse model of trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:110-119. [PMID: 31618666 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a commonly used industrial solvent and degreasing agent, is known to cause trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome (THS) with multi-system damage, including skin, liver and kidney. Clinical evidence have shown that the kidney injury occurs in THS and our previous studies suggested that the terminal complement complex C5b-9 deposited in impaired renal tubules induced by TCE with unclear mechanisms. In the present study, we questioned whether activation of the complement system with renal deposition of C5b-9 contributes to TCE-induced kidney injury in THS. We established a BALB/c mouse model of TCE sensitization with or without pretreatment of exogenous CD59, a C5b-9 inhibitory protein. H&E staining, PAS staining, and biochemical detection of urinary proteins were performed to assess renal function. Deposition of C5b-9 and expression of CD59 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Sub-lytic effects of C5b-9 in tubular epithelial cells were assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. Expression of endocytosis receptors megalin and cubilin on proximal tubules were assessed by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. We found that TCE sensitization induced structural and functional changes of renal tubules in mice, associated with the deposition of sub-lytic C5b-9 on proximal tubular epithelial cells. TCE sensitization decreased proximal tubule uptake of filtered proteins and renal expression of megalin and cubilin, phenotypes that were attenuated by pretreatment with exogenous CD59. Overall, our findings reveal a novel mechanism underlying sub-lytic C5b-9 acting on megalin and cubilin, contributes to the renal tubules damage by TCE exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Ying Dai
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang-Ping Ye
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qi-Xing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo YS, Cichocki JA, Hsieh NH, Lewis L, Wright FA, Threadgill DW, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Using Collaborative Cross Mouse Population to Fill Data Gaps in Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Population-Based Analysis of Toxicokinetics and Kidney Toxicodynamics of Tetrachloroethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:67011. [PMID: 31246107 PMCID: PMC6792382 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual variability in susceptibility remains poorly characterized for environmental chemicals such as tetrachloroethylene (PERC). Development of population-based experimental models provide a potential approach to fill this critical need in human health risk assessment. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to better characterize the contribution of glutathione (GSH) conjugation to kidney toxicity of PERC and the degree of associated interindividual toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) variability by using the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population. METHODS Male mice from 45 strains were intragastrically dosed with PERC ([Formula: see text]) or vehicle (5% Alkamuls EL-620 in saline), and time-course samples were collected for up to 24 h. Population variability in TK of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)GSH (TCVG), S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC), and N-acetyl-S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (NAcTCVC) was quantified in serum, liver, and kidney, and analyzed using a toxicokinetic model. Effects of PERC on kidney weight, fatty acid metabolism-associated genes [ Acot1 (Acyl-CoA thioesterase 1), Fabp1 (fatty acid-binding protein 1), and Ehhadh (enoyl-coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase)], and a marker of proximal tubular injury [KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1)/Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 ( Havcr1)] were evaluated. Finally, quantitative data on interstrain variability in both formation of GSH conjugation metabolites of PERC and its kidney effects was used to calculate adjustment factors for the interindividual variability in both TK and TD. RESULTS Mice treated with PERC had significantly lower kidney weight, higher kidney-to-body weight (BW) ratio, and higher expression of fatty acid metabolism-associated genes ( Acot1, Fabp1, and Ehhadh) and a marker of proximal tubular injury (KIM-1/ Havcr1). Liver levels of TCVG were significantly correlated with KIM-1/ Havcr1 in kidney, consistent with kidney injury being associated with GSH conjugation. We found that the default uncertainty factor for human variability may be marginally adequate to protect 95%, but not more, of the population for kidney toxicity mediated by PERC. DISCUSSION Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of the CC mouse population in characterizing metabolism-toxicity interactions and quantifying interindividual variability. Further refinement of the characterization of interindividual variability can be accomplished by incorporating these data into in silico population models both for TK (such as a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model), as well as for toxicodynamic responses. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5105.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nan-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|