1
|
Thinschmidt JS, Harden SW, King MA, Talton JD, Frazier CJ. A rapid in vitro assay for evaluating the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and reactivators in the rat basolateral amygdala. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1066312. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1066312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a novel brain slice assay to test the ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators to prevent ACh-induced M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) dependent hyperexcitability observed after exposure to the organophosphate (OP)-based AChE inhibitor and sarin surrogate 4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to evaluate the response of pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) to brief (1 min) bath application of ACh (100 μM), either in control conditions, or after exposure to NIMP ± an AChE reactivator. Bath application of ACh produced atropine- and pirenzepine-sensitive inward currents in voltage clamped BLA pyramidal neurons, and increased the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs, suggesting robust activation of M1 mAChRs. Responses to ACh were increased ~3–5 fold in slices that had been preincubated in NIMP, and these effects were reversed in a concentration dependent manner by exposure to a commercially available AChE reactivator. The current work outlines a simple assay that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of both known and novel AChE reactivators in an area of the limbic system that likely contributes to seizures after acute exposure to OP-based AChE inhibitors.
Collapse
|
2
|
François S, Mondot S, Gerard Q, Bel R, Knoertzer J, Berriche A, Cavallero S, Baati R, Orset C, Dal Bo G, Thibault K. Long-Term Anxiety-Like Behavior and Microbiota Changes Induced in Mice by Sublethal Doses of Acute Sarin Surrogate Exposure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051167. [PMID: 35625901 PMCID: PMC9138233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is one of the most reported complications following organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent (NA) exposure. The goal of this study was to characterize the long-term behavioral impact of a single low dose exposure to 4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP), a sarin surrogate. We chose two different sublethal doses of NIMP, each corresponding to a fraction of the median lethal dose (one mild and one convulsive), and evaluated behavioral changes over a 6-month period following exposure. Mice exposed to both doses showed anxious behavior which persisted for six-months post-exposure. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging examination did not reveal any anatomical changes in the amygdala throughout the 6-month period. While no cholinesterase activity change or neuroinflammation could be observed at the latest timepoint in the amygdala of NIMP-exposed mice, important modifications in white blood cell counts were noted, reflecting a perturbation of the systemic immune system. Furthermore, intestinal inflammation and microbiota changes were observed at 6-months in NIMP-exposed animals regardless of the dose received. This is the first study to identify long-term behavioral impairment, systemic homeostasis disorganization and gut microbiota alterations following OP sublethal exposure. Our findings highlight the importance of long-term care for victims of NA exposure, even in asymptomatic cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine François
- Department of Radiation Biological Effects, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Stanislas Mondot
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Quentin Gerard
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Institut Blood and Brain@caen-normandie Cyceron, Caen-Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Rosalie Bel
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Julie Knoertzer
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Asma Berriche
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- CEA, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sophie Cavallero
- Department of Radiation Biological Effects, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Rachid Baati
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l’Energie, l’Environnement, et la Santé, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Institut Blood and Brain@caen-normandie Cyceron, Caen-Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Gregory Dal Bo
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Karine Thibault
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.B.); (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|