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Augmented rescue of macroglobulins by supplementation of anti-snake venom with methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata in Naja naja envenomation. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:310. [PMID: 36276455 PMCID: PMC9535073 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the macroglobulin family are prime targets of venom enzymes in snake bite. A massive reduction in the active concentration of these multifunctional proteins in snake bite, makes the living system vulnerable to dysregulation. This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in rescuing human alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2MG) and its homologues in rat plasma, from inactivation by Naja naja (N.N) venom enzymes. In-vitro experiments were conducted with heparinized human plasma and in-vivo experiments with female Wistar rats. Along with appropriate controls, there were 3 test groups in in-vitro and 8 test groups in in-vivo experiments. The in-vitro test groups were exposed to N.N venom for zero, 30 or 90 min prior to incubation with ASV or MAP or reduced ASV supplemented with MAP and incubated for 16 h at 37 °C. Chymotrypsin-bound esterase (CTBE) activity of A2MG was estimated. Rats were administered the venom intramuscularly and treated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP. CTBE activity of macroglobulin homologues was measured on day 1, 7 and 14. Survival of animals was noted. In human plasma, addition of ASV or MAP or ASV + MAP prevented loss of A2MG activity maximally to the extent of 88–100% (p = 0.001). In rats, reduced concentration of ASV supplemented with MAP showed complete rescue of macroglobulin homologues and 90% survival. The compulsive evidence from this study, underscores the merits of using this multipronged strategy in rescuing the macroglobulins and improving survival in envenomation due to N.N.
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Castro AC, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM. Basement membrane degradation and inflammation play a role in the pulmonary hemorrhage induced by a P-III snake venom metalloproteinase. Toxicon 2021; 197:12-23. [PMID: 33872676 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people every year, especially in vulnerable rural populations in the developing world. Viperid snakes cause envenomings characterized by a complex pathophysiology which includes local and systemic hemorrhage due to the action of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The pathogenesis of SVMP-induced systemic hemorrhage has not been investigated in detail. This study explored the pulmonary hemorrhage induced in a murine model by a P-III SVMP from the venom of Crotalus simus. Histological analysis revealed extravasation in the lungs as early as 15 min after intravenous injection of the toxin, and hemorrhage increased at 360 min. Western blot analysis demonstrated the cleavage of basement membrane (BM) proteins in lung homogenates and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, implying an enzymatic disruption of this extracellular matrix structure at the capillary-alveolar barrier. Likewise, alveolar edema was observed, with an increment in protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and a neutrophil-rich inflammatory infiltrate was present in the parenchyma of the lungs as part of the inflammatory reaction. Pretreatment of mice with indomethacin, pentoxifylline and an anti-neutrophil antibody resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary hemorrhage at 360 min. These findings suggest that this P-III SVMP induces acute lung injury through the direct action of this enzyme in the capillary-alveolar barrier integrity, as revealed by BM degradation, and as a consequence of the inflammatory reaction that develops in lung tissue. Our findings provide novel clues to understand the mechanism of action of hemorrhagic SVMPs in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Castro
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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Rucavado A, Escalante T, Kalogeropoulos K, Camacho E, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Analysis of wound exudates reveals differences in the patterns of tissue damage and inflammation induced by the venoms of Daboia russelii and Bothrops asper in mice. Toxicon 2020; 186:94-104. [PMID: 32781076 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of envenomings by bites of the viperid snakes Bothrops asper and Daboia russelii show marked differences. Both venoms elicit the typical effects induced by viperid venoms (local tissue damage, bleeding, coagulopathies, shock). In addition, envenomings by D. russelii are characterized by a high incidence of acute kidney injury and by systemic capillary leak syndrome. The present investigation aimed to compare the local pathological and inflammatory events induced by the intramuscular injection of these venoms in a mouse model. B. asper venom induced stronger local hemorrhage, whereas D. russelii venom caused a higher extent of myonecrosis, and both venoms induced inflammation. Exudates collected from the site of tissue damage showed higher proteolytic activity in the case of samples from B. asper venom-treated mice. This activity was abrogated by antivenoms, indicating that it is the result of the action of venom proteinases. In addition, an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) over time was detected in exudates induced by both venoms. Proteome analysis of exudates revealed higher abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived protein fragments in samples collected from B. asper venom-injected mice, whereas those from D. russelii venom-injected animals had higher amounts of intracellular proteins. Analysis of the subproteome of inflammatory mediators in exudates showed various patterns of change over time. Some mediators peaked at 180 min and decreased afterwards, whereas others increased and remained elevated during the 360 min observation period. Interestingly, various mediators (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, KC, MIP-2, GM-CSF, VEGF, and LIX) increased and then decreased in the case of B. asper venom, while they remained elevated at 360 min in the case of D. russelii venom. Our findings show that these venoms induce a different pattern of local tissue damage and suggest that the venom of D. russelii induces a more sustained inflammatory reaction, an observation that may have implications for the pathophysiology of envenomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Konstantinos Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erika Camacho
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W Fox
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Gomes M, Alvarez MA, Quellis LR, Becher ML, Castro JMDA, Gameiro J, Caporrino MC, Moura-da-Silva AM, de Oliveira Santos M. Expression of an scFv antibody fragment in Nicotiana benthamiana and in vitro assessment of its neutralizing potential against the snake venom metalloproteinase BaP1 from Bothrops asper. Toxicon 2019; 160:38-46. [PMID: 30802471 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human accidents with venomous snakes represent an overwhelming public health problem, mainly in rural populations of underdeveloped countries. Their high incidence and the severity of the accidents result in 81,000 to 138,000 deaths per year. The treatment is based on the administration of purified antibodies, produced by hyper immunization of animals to generate immunoglobulins (Igs), and then obtained by fractionating hyper immune plasma. The use of recombinant antibodies is an alternative to conventional treatment of snakebite envenoming, particularly the Fv fragment, named the single-chain variable fragment (scFv). We have produced recombinant single chain variable fragment scFv against the venom of the pit viper Bothrops asper at high levels expressed transiently and stably in transgenic plants and in vitro cultures that is reactive to BaP1 (a metalloproteinase from B. asper venom). The yield from stably transformed plants was significantly (p > 0.05) higher than the results in from transient expression. In addition, scFvBaP1 yields from systems derived from stable transformation were: transgenic callus 62 μg/g (±2); biomass from cell suspension cultures 83 μg/g (±0.2); culture medium from suspensions 71.75 mg/L (±6.18). The activity of scFvBaP1 was confirmed by binding and neutralization of the fibrin degradation induced by BnP1 toxins from B. neuwiedi and by Atroxlysin Ia from B. atrox venoms. In the present work, we demonstrated the potential use of plant cells to produce scFvBaP1 to be used in the future as a biotechnological alternative to horse immunization protocols to produce anti-venoms to be used in human therapy against snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinna Gomes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Ramos Quellis
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Melina Laguia Becher
- CONICET-Universidade Maimónides (CEBBAD), Hidalgo 775, Lab 603, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juciane Maria de Andrade Castro
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Jacy Gameiro
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Caporrino
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratorio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil.
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Morine N, Matsuda S, Izumi Y, Oshiro A, Kudaka J. The Protobothrops flavoviridis Hemorrhagic Metalloproteinase HR2 Is Inhibited by Human Alpha 2-Macroglobulin. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:286-290. [PMID: 29709984 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinations with habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis) venom toxoid were administered to individuals living in Amami Oshima from 1965 to 2002, and its effectiveness was investigated in 1991. The results raised the possibility that normal human serum inherently contains an inhibitor of the hemorrhagic metalloproteinase HR2, considered to be one of the major components of habu venom. In this study, we investigated the interaction between the hemorrhagic metalloproteinases HR1 and HR2 from habu-venom and human alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2M). Hemorrhagic activity of HR2 was completely inhibited by human α2M. However, the hemorrhagic activity of the large molecule HR1a was not inhibited. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that human α2M captured the HR2 molecule and formed a complex with it, thus inhibiting hemorrhagic activity. These results suggest that human α2M plays an important role in the inhibition of hemorrhage induced by HR2 from habu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Morine
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | | | - Yumiko Izumi
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | - Akiko Oshiro
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | - Jun Kudaka
- Medical Microbiology and Zoology Section, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
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Gutiérrez JM, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Herrera C. Hemorrhage Caused by Snake Venom Metalloproteinases: A Journey of Discovery and Understanding. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:93. [PMID: 27023608 PMCID: PMC4848620 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical development of discoveries and conceptual frames for understanding the hemorrhagic activity induced by viperid snake venoms and by hemorrhagic metalloproteinases (SVMPs) present in these venoms is reviewed. Histological and ultrastructural tools allowed the identification of the capillary network as the main site of action of SVMPs. After years of debate, biochemical developments demonstrated that all hemorrhagic toxins in viperid venoms are zinc-dependent metalloproteinases. Hemorrhagic SVMPs act by initially hydrolyzing key substrates at the basement membrane (BM) of capillaries. This degradation results in the weakening of the mechanical stability of the capillary wall, which becomes distended owing of the action of the hemodynamic biophysical forces operating in the circulation. As a consequence, the capillary wall is disrupted and extravasation occurs. SVMPs do not induce rapid toxicity to endothelial cells, and the pathological effects described in these cells in vivo result from the mechanical action of these hemodynamic forces. Experimental evidence suggests that degradation of type IV collagen, and perhaps also perlecan, is the key event in the onset of microvessel damage. It is necessary to study this phenomenon from a holistic, systemic perspective in which the action of other venom components is also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Cristina Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Sartim MA, Costa TR, Laure HJ, Espíndola MS, Frantz FG, Sorgi CA, Cintra ACO, Arantes EC, Faccioli LH, Rosa JC, Sampaio SV. Moojenactivase, a novel pro-coagulant PIIId metalloprotease isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, activates coagulation factors II and X and induces tissue factor up-regulation in leukocytes. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1261-78. [PMID: 26026608 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coagulopathies following snakebite are triggered by pro-coagulant venom toxins, in which metalloproteases play a major role in envenomation-induced coagulation disorders by acting on coagulation cascade, platelet function and fibrinolysis. Considering this relevance, here we describe the isolation and biochemical characterization of moojenactivase (MooA), a metalloprotease from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, and investigate its involvement in hemostasis in vitro. MooA is a glycoprotein of 85,746.22 Da, member of the PIIId group of snake venom metalloproteases, composed of three linked disulfide-bonded chains: an N-glycosylated heavy chain, and two light chains. The venom protease induced human plasma clotting in vitro by activating on both blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin) and X, which in turn generated α-thrombin and factor Xa, respectively. Additionally, MooA induced expression of tissue factor (TF) on the membrane surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which led these cells to adopt pro-coagulant characteristics. MooA was also shown to be involved with production of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-8 and MCP-1, suggesting an association between MooA pro-inflammatory stimulation of PBMC and TF up-regulation. We also observed aggregation of washed platelets when in presence of MooA; however, the protease had no effect on fibrinolysis. Our findings show that MooA is a novel hemostatically active metalloprotease, which may lead to the development of coagulopathies during B. moojeni envenomation. Moreover, the metalloprotease may contribute to the development of new diagnostic tools and pharmacological approaches applied to hemostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Sartim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Tassia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Helen J Laure
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos e Centro de Química de Proteínas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Milena S Espíndola
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - José C Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos e Centro de Química de Proteínas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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A neutralizing recombinant single chain antibody, scFv, against BaP1, A P-I hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2014; 87:81-91. [PMID: 24887282 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BaP1 is a P-I class snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) relevant in the local tissue damage associated with envenomings by Bothrops asper, a medically important snake species in Central America and parts of South and North America. The main treatment for these accidents is the passive immunotherapy using antibodies raised in horses. In order to obtain more specific and batch-to-batch consistent antivenons, recombinant antibodies are considered a good option compared to animal immunization. We constructed a recombinant single chain variable fragment (scFv) from a monoclonal antibody against BaP1 (MABaP1) formerly secreted by a hybridoma clone. This recombinant antibody was cloned into pMST3 vector in fusion with SUMO protein and contains VH and VL domains linked by a flexible (G4S)3 polypeptide (scFvBaP1). The aim of this work was to produce scFvBaP1 and to evaluate its potential concerning the neutralization of biologically important activities of BaP1. The cytoplasmic expression of this construct was successfully achieved in C43 (DE3) bacteria. Our results showed that scFvBaP1-SUMO fusion protein presented an electrophoretic band of around 43 kDa from which SUMO alone corresponded to 13.6 kDa, and only the scFv was able to recognize BaP1 as well as the whole venom by ELISA. In contrast, neither an irrelevant scFv anti-LDL nor its MoAb partner recognized it. BaP1-induced fibrinolysis was significantly neutralized by scFvBaP1, but not by SUMO, in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, scFvBaP1, as well as MaBaP1, completely neutralized in vivo hemorrhage, muscle necrosis, and inflammation induced by the toxin. Docking analyses revealed possible modes of interaction of the recombinant antibody with BaP1. Our data showed that scFv recognized BaP1 and whole B. asper venom, and neutralized biological effects of this SVMP. This scFv antibody can be used for understanding the molecular mechanisms of neutralization of SVMPs, and for exploring the potential of recombinant antibody fragments for improving the neutralization of local tissue damage in snakebite envenoming.
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Understanding structural and functional aspects of PII snake venom metalloproteinases: Characterization of BlatH1, a hemorrhagic dimeric enzyme from the venom of Bothriechis lateralis. Biochimie 2014; 101:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Asega AF, Oliveira AK, Menezes MC, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Serrano SM. Interaction of Bothrops jararaca venom metalloproteinases with protein inhibitors. Toxicon 2014; 80:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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da Silva IRF, Lorenzetti R, Rennó AL, Baldissera L, Zelanis A, Serrano SMDT, Hyslop S. BJ-PI2, A non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1809-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Venoms and toxins are of significant interest due to their ability to cause a wide range of pathophysiological conditions that can potentially result in death. Despite their wide distribution among plants and animals, the biochemical pathways associated with these pathogenic agents remain largely unexplored. Impoverished and underdeveloped regions appear especially susceptible to increased incidence and severity due to poor socioeconomic conditions and lack of appropriate medical treatment infrastructure. To facilitate better management and treatment of envenomation victims, it is essential that the biochemical mechanisms of their action be elucidated. This review aims to characterize downstream envenomation mechanisms by addressing the major neuro-, cardio-, and hemotoxins as well as ion-channel toxins. Because of their use in folk and traditional medicine, the biochemistry behind venom therapy and possible implications on conventional medicine will also be addressed.
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Escalante T, Ortiz N, Rucavado A, Sanchez EF, Richardson M, Fox JW, Gutiérrez JM. Role of collagens and perlecan in microvascular stability: exploring the mechanism of capillary vessel damage by snake venom metalloproteinases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28017. [PMID: 22174764 PMCID: PMC3234262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage is a clinically important manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomings, and is induced by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic SVMPs hydrolyze some basement membrane (BM) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Nevertheless, only hemorrhagic SVMPs are able to disrupt microvessels; the mechanisms behind this functional difference remain largely unknown. We compared the proteolytic activity of the hemorrhagic P-I SVMP BaP1, from the venom of Bothrops asper, and the non-hemorrhagic P-I SVMP leucurolysin-a (leuc-a), from the venom of Bothrops leucurus, on several substrates in vitro and in vivo, focusing on BM proteins. When incubated with Matrigel, a soluble extract of BM, both enzymes hydrolyzed laminin, nidogen and perlecan, albeit BaP1 did it at a faster rate. Type IV collagen was readily digested by BaP1 while leuc-a only induced a slight hydrolysis. Degradation of BM proteins in vivo was studied in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Western blot analysis of muscle tissue homogenates showed a similar degradation of laminin chains by both enzymes, whereas nidogen was cleaved to a higher extent by BaP1, and perlecan and type IV collagen were readily digested by BaP1 but not by leuc-a. Immunohistochemistry of muscle tissue samples showed a decrease in the immunostaining of type IV collagen after injection of BaP1, but not by leuc-a. Proteomic analysis by LC/MS/MS of exudates collected from injected muscle revealed higher amounts of perlecan, and types VI and XV collagens, in exudates from BaP1-injected tissue. The differences in the hemorrhagic activity of these SVMPs could be explained by their variable ability to degrade key BM and associated ECM substrates in vivo, particularly perlecan and several non-fibrillar collagens, which play a mechanical stabilizing role in microvessel structure. These results underscore the key role played by these ECM components in the mechanical stability of microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Natalia Ortiz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eladio F. Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Richardson
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundaçao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jay W. Fox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
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Key events in microvascular damage induced by snake venom hemorrhagic metalloproteinases. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1781-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Sajevic T, Leonardi A, Križaj I. Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms. Toxicon 2011; 57:627-45. [PMID: 21277886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that affect the haemostatic system can cause (a) lowering of blood coagulability, (b) damage to blood vessels, resulting in bleeding, (c) secondary effects of bleeding, e.g. hypovolaemic shock and organ damage, and (d) thrombosis. These proteins may, or may not, be enzymes. We review the data on the most relevant haemostatically active proteinases, phospholipases A₂, L-amino acid oxidases and 5'-nucleotidases from snake venoms. We also survey the non-enzymatic effectors of haemostasis from snake venoms--disintegrins, C-type lectins and three-finger toxins. Medical applications have already been found for some of these snake venom proteins. We describe those that have already been approved as drugs to treat haemostatic disorders or are being used to diagnose such health problems. No clinical applications, however, currently exist for the majority of snake venom proteins acting on haemostasis. We conclude with the most promising potential uses in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:958-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Angulo Y, Lomonte B. Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxicon 2009; 54:949-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Experimental pathophysiology of systemic alterations induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:976-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Gutiérrez JM, Sanz L, Flores-Díaz M, Figueroa L, Madrigal M, Herrera M, Villalta M, León G, Estrada R, Borges A, Alape-Girón A, Calvete JJ. Impact of Regional Variation in Bothrops asper Snake Venom on the Design of Antivenoms: Integrating Antivenomics and Neutralization Approaches. J Proteome Res 2009; 9:564-77. [DOI: 10.1021/pr9009518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Marietta Flores-Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Lucía Figueroa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Marvin Madrigal
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Ricardo Estrada
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Adolfo Borges
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Alberto Alape-Girón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Jaume Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, and Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
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21
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Francisco G, Zara FJ, Maria DA, Cruz-Neto AP. Toxin jararhagin in low doses induces interstitial edema and increases the metabolic rate and red blood cells in mice. Toxicon 2006; 48:1060-7. [PMID: 17046041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin is a metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca responsible for hemorrhage, inflammation, necrosis and edema. Effects of low doses of the toxin were analyzed on the energy metabolism of mice as well as its physiological implications. Measures of O(2) consumption (VO(2)) were quantified after 4 and 24h of the jararhagin administration during four weeks. Hematocrit and histology of the lungs were also analyzed after the end of the treatment. Results showed that animals that received subcutaneous doses of jararhagin had significant increase in VO(2) from second (120 ng) and third weeks (60 ng) after 4 and 24h, comparing to control, as well as in the number of erythrocytes after four weeks. Histology of the lungs showed interstitial edema within the alveolar septum. Results suggest that the jararhagin toxin caused an increase in VO(2) and edema of intra-alveolar septum. The increase of the erythrocytes could be a physiological response to adjust the higher necessity of oxygen, due to diffusional abnormalities caused by the edema. Thus, low doses of jararhagin promote endothelial edema which lead to changes in several physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Francisco
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Gowda CDR, Nataraju A, Rajesh R, Dhananjaya BL, Sharath BK, Vishwanath BS. Differential action of proteases from Trimeresurus malabaricus, Naja naja and Daboia russellii venoms on hemostasis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 143:295-302. [PMID: 16627005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The action of venom proteases and their role in hemostasis has been compared in the venoms of Trimeresurus malabaricus, Daboia russellii and Naja naja from the Southern region of Western Ghats, India. These venoms exhibit varying amounts of proteolytic activity and also influence hemostasis differently. Casein hydrolyzing activity of T. malabaricus venoms was 16 and 24 fold higher than those of N. naja and D. russellii venoms, respectively. With the synthetic substrate TAME, the highest activity was observed in T. malabaricus venom. N. naja venom did not hydrolyze TAME even at higher concentrations. These variations in proteolytic activity also influenced the coagulation process. T. malabaricus and D. russellii venoms are strongly procoagulant and reduce the re-calcification time from 148 to 14 and 12 s, respectively. Similarly, both T. malabaricus and D. russellii venoms reduce the prothrombin time from 12.5 to 6.0 s. On the other hand, N. naja venom is anticoagulant and prolongs re-calcification time to 600 s and prothrombin time to 42 s. In spite of varied effects on hemostasis, all the venoms hydrolyze fibrinogen. T. malabaricus venom hydrolyses both Aalpha and Bbeta subunits. While D. russellii and N. naja venoms hydrolyse only Aalpha. None of these venoms hydrolyze the gamma subunit of fibrinogen. Inhibition studies with specific protease inhibitors revealed that both N. naja and T. malabaricus venoms contain only metalloproteases. D. russellii venom contained both serine and metalloproteases. Only, T. malabaricus venom exhibited thrombin-like activity and induces fibrin clot formation with purified fibrinogen within 58 s. Even though D. russellii venom exhibits procoagulant activity, it did not show thrombin-like activity and may act on other coagulation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka State, India
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23
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Wagstaff SC, Laing GD, Theakston RDG, Papaspyridis C, Harrison RA. Bioinformatics and multiepitope DNA immunization to design rational snake antivenom. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e184. [PMID: 16737347 PMCID: PMC1472699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venom is a potentially lethal and complex mixture of hundreds of functionally diverse proteins that are difficult to purify and hence difficult to characterize. These difficulties have inhibited the development of toxin-targeted therapy, and conventional antivenom is still generated from the sera of horses or sheep immunized with whole venom. Although life-saving, antivenoms contain an immunoglobulin pool of unknown antigen specificity and known redundancy, which necessitates the delivery of large volumes of heterologous immunoglobulin to the envenomed victim, thus increasing the risk of anaphylactoid and serum sickness adverse effects. Here we exploit recent molecular sequence analysis and DNA immunization tools to design more rational toxin-targeted antivenom. METHODS AND FINDINGS We developed a novel bioinformatic strategy that identified sequences encoding immunogenic and structurally significant epitopes from an expressed sequence tag database of a venom gland cDNA library of Echis ocellatus, the most medically important viper in Africa. Focusing upon snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) that are responsible for the severe and frequently lethal hemorrhage in envenomed victims, we identified seven epitopes that we predicted would be represented in all isomers of this multimeric toxin and that we engineered into a single synthetic multiepitope DNA immunogen (epitope string). We compared the specificity and toxin-neutralizing efficacy of antiserum raised against the string to antisera raised against a single SVMP toxin (or domains) or antiserum raised by conventional (whole venom) immunization protocols. The SVMP string antiserum, as predicted in silico, contained antibody specificities to numerous SVMPs in E. ocellatus venom and venoms of several other African vipers. More significantly, the antiserum cross-specifically neutralized hemorrhage induced by E. ocellatus and Cerastes cerastes cerastes venoms. CONCLUSIONS These data provide valuable sequence and structure/function information of viper venom hemorrhagins but, more importantly, a new opportunity to design toxin-specific antivenoms-the first major conceptual change in antivenom design after more than a century of production. Furthermore, this approach may be adapted to immunotherapy design in other cases where targets are numerous, diverse, and poorly characterized such as those generated by hypermutation or antigenic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Wagstaff
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A, Escalante T, Díaz C. Hemorrhage induced by snake venom metalloproteinases: biochemical and biophysical mechanisms involved in microvessel damage. Toxicon 2005; 45:997-1011. [PMID: 15922771 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-dependent metalloproteinases are responsible for the hemorrhagic activity characteristic of viperid snake venoms. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are classified in various groups (P-I-IV), according to their domain composition. P-III SVMPs, comprising metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains, exert more potent hemorrhagic activity than P-I SVMPs, which present only the metalloproteinase domain. SVMPs degrade various components of the basement membrane and are also able to hydrolyze endothelial cell membrane proteins, such as integrins and cadherins, involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. In addition, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains interact with endothelial cell integrins, interfering with their adhesion to extracellular matrix. Hemorrhage induced by SVMPs is an extremely rapid event in vivo, with capillary endothelial cells showing drastic structural alterations within few minutes. In contrast, observations in cell culture conditions do not evidence such rapid endothelial cell damage. Instead, the main effect is detachment and rounding of these cells; it is only after several hours of incubation that cells show evidence of apoptotic damage. This apparent discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro observations can be explained if biophysical forces operating on microvessels in vivo are taken into consideration. It is proposed that SVMP-induced hemorrhage occurs in vivo by a 'two-step' mechanism. Initially, SVMPs degrade basement membrane and adhesion proteins, thus weakening the capillary wall and perturbing the interactions between endothelial cells and the basement membrane. Then, transmural pressure acting on the weakened capillary wall causes distention. As a consequence, endothelial cells become very thin, until the integrity of the capillary wall is lost at some points, where extravasation occurs. In addition, endothelial cells become more susceptible to blood flow-dependent shear stress, which further contributes to capillary wall disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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25
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Stroka A, Donato JL, Bon C, Hyslop S, de Araújo AL. Purification and characterization of a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops lanceolatus (Fer-de-lance) snake venom. Toxicon 2005; 45:411-20. [PMID: 15733562 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms contain metalloproteinases that contribute to the local effects seen after envenoming. In this work, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase (BlaH1) was purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops lanceolatus by a combination of gel filtration, affinity (metal chelating) and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. The hemorrhagin was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and had a molecular mass of 28 kDa that was unaltered by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol. BlaH1 gave a single band in immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting using commercial bothropic antivenom. BlaH1 had hemorrhagic, caseinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, collagenolytic and elastinolytic activities, but no phospholipase A(2) activity. The hemorrhagic and caseinolytic activities were inhibited by EDTA, indicating that they were metal ion-dependent. In contrast, aprotinin, benzamidine and PMSF did not affect these activities. The caseinolytic activity of BlaH1 had a pH optimum of 8.0 and was stable in solution at up to 40 degrees C; activity was completely lost at > or =70 degrees C. The hemorrhagic activity was neutralized by commercial bothropic antivenom. These properties suggest that this new hemorrhagin belongs to class P-I snake venom metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stroka
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6111, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Modesto JCDA, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Fritzen M, Oliva MLV, Ho PL, Perales J, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Insularinase A, a prothrombin activator from Bothrops insularis venom, is a metalloprotease derived from a gene encoding protease and disintegrin domains. Biol Chem 2005; 386:589-600. [PMID: 16006246 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first low-molecular-mass metalloprotease presenting prothrombin activating activity was purified from Bothrops insularis venom and named insularinase A. It is a single-chain protease with a molecular mass of 22 639 Da. cDNA sequence analysis revealed that the disintegrin domain of the precursor protein is post-translationally processed, producing the mature insularinase A. Analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence showed a high similarity with several fibrin(ogen)olytic metalloproteases and only a moderate similarity with prothrombin activators. However, SDS-PAGE of prothrombin after activation by insularinase A showed fragment patterns similar to those generated by group A prothrombin activators, which convert prothrombin into meizothrombin independently of the prothrombinase complex. In addition, insularinase A activates factor X and hydrolyses fibrinogen and fibrin. Chelating agents fully inhibit all insularinase A activities. Insularinase A induced neither detachment nor apoptosis of human endothelial cells and was also not able to trigger an endothelial proinflammatory cell response. Nitric oxide and prostacyclin levels released by endothelial cells were significantly increased after treatment with insularinase A. Our results show that, although its primary structure is related to class P-I fibrin(ogen)olytic metalloproteases, insularinase A is functionally similar to group A prothrombin activators.
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Hasson SS, Theakston RDG, Harrison RA. Antibody zymography: a novel adaptation of zymography to determine the protease-neutralising potential of specific antibodies and snake antivenoms. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:131-9. [PMID: 15350518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A common problem in the development of antibody-based therapeutics is the selection, usually from a large population, of specific antibodies with the desired function. One of our research objectives is to identify antibodies capable of neutralising the most important haemorrhagic and haemostasis-disruptive proteases from viper venom. Here, we describe a modification of conventional gelatin-zymography that permits the identification of antibodies capable of neutralising gelatinolytic proteases. We demonstrate that the gelatinolytic activity of viper venom proteases is neutralised by addition of viper antivenom to the matrix of conventional gelatin-zymograms. Venom protein gelatinolytic activity was unaffected by inclusion of antibody from control, non-immunised animals or immunoglobulin-depleted serum. The application of this antibody zymogram technique for future research on snake venoms is evaluated in the context of identified limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hasson
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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28
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Tseng YL, Wu WB, Hsu CC, Peng HC, Huang TF. Inhibitory effects of human α2-macroglobulin and mouse serum on the PSGL-1 and glycoprotein Ib proteolysis by a snake venom metalloproteinase, triflamp. Toxicon 2004; 43:769-77. [PMID: 15284011 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triflamp, a 28 kDa snake venom metalloproteinase purified from the venom of Trimeresurus flavoviridis, possesses the proteolytic activities toward P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and fibrinogen. In human whole blood preparation, however, triflamp (6 microg/ml) failed to cleave neutrophil PSGL-1 and platelet GPIb. Human alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) was mainly responsible for the neutralization of the proteolytic effects of triflamp on PSGL-1, GPIb and fibrinogen. Human alpha2M neutralized triflamp at a stoichiometry about 1.1:1 (molar basis) determined by azocaseinolysis. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that triflamp cleaved the bait-region of alpha2M. Western blot demonstrated that triflamp interacted with the C-terminal half-subunits of truncated alpha2M resulting in the formation of high-molecular-weight species of alpha2M-triflamp complexes. In the presence of competing nucleophile, 0.2 M methylamine, the proteolytic activity of triflamp was conserved. In vivo we found that mice neutrophils were resistant to the cleavage of PSGL-1 by triflamp. However, mouse PSGL-1 and GPIb were susceptible to be cleaved by triflamp in washed mouse neutrophil and platelet preparation, respectively. Similarly, mouse serum was also responsible for the inactivation of the proteolytic activity of triflamp. This study provides direct evidences for the reasonable explanation regarding the reduced proteolytic activity of triflamp toward its substrates in whole blood preparation and in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lun Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1. Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei, Taiwan
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