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Rádis-Baptista G, Konno K. Spider and Wasp Acylpolyamines: Venom Components and Versatile Pharmacological Leads, Probes, and Insecticidal Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38922129 PMCID: PMC11209471 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are polycationic biogenic amines ubiquitously present in all life forms and are involved in molecular signaling and interaction, determining cell fate (e.g., cell proliferation, dif-ferentiation, and apoptosis). The intricate balance in the PAs' levels in the tissues will determine whether beneficial or detrimental effects will affect homeostasis. It's crucial to note that endoge-nous polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, play a pivotal role in our understanding of neu-rological disorders as they interact with membrane receptors and ion channels, modulating neuro-transmission. In spiders and wasps, monoamines (histamine, dopamine, serotonin, tryptamine) and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, acyl polyamines) comprise, with peptides and other sub-stances, the low molecular weight fraction of the venom. Acylpolyamines are venom components exclusively from spiders and a species of solitary wasp, which cause inhibition chiefly of iono-tropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, NMDA, and KA iGluRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The first venom acylpolyamines ever discovered (argiopines, Joro and Nephila toxins, and philanthotoxins) have provided templates for the design and synthesis of numerous analogs. Thus far, analogs with high potency exert their effect at nanomolar concentrations, with high se-lectivity toward their ionotropic and ligand receptors. These potent and selective acylpolyamine analogs can serve biomedical purposes and pest control management. The structural modification of acylpolyamine with photolabile and fluorescent groups converted these venom toxins into use-ful molecular probes to discriminate iGluRs and nAchRs in cell populations. In various cases, the linear polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, constituting venom acyl polyamine backbones, have served as cargoes to deliver active molecules via a polyamine uptake system on diseased cells for targeted therapy. In this review, we examined examples of biogenic amines that play an essential role in neural homeostasis and cell signaling, contributing to human health and disease outcomes, which can be present in the venom of arachnids and hymenopterans. With an empha-sis on the spider and wasp venom acylpolyamines, we focused on the origin, structure, derivatiza-tion, and biomedical and biotechnological application of these pharmacologically attractive, chemically modular venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Katsuhiro Konno
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Marques da Fonseca A, Freire da Silva A, Barbosa da Silva FL, Caluaco BJ, Gaieta EM, Nunes da Rocha M, Colares RP, Sobczak JF, Marinho GS, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES. Isolation, characterization and in silico study of propenamide alkaloids from Hymenoepmecis bicolor poison against active μ-opioid receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14621-14637. [PMID: 36815273 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2183043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Some insects produce venoms to defend against predators and directly interact with opioid receptors. In the present study, it was identified two alkaloids in the wasp venom species Hymenoepimecis bicolor. It was demonstrated that these could act as potential inhibitors of opioid receptors through their robust affinity to the receptors. The interaction profile was given to opioid receptors (μOR), with 60% of targets similar to alkaloid 1, with 0.25 probability, and 46.7% of targets similar to alkaloid 2, with a probability 0.17 of affinity as a target, which is considered signaling macromolecules and can mediate the most potent analgesic and addictive properties of opiate alkaloids. Notably, both alkaloids showed -7.6 kcal/mol affinity to the morphine agonies through six residues, Gly124, Asp147, Trp293, Ile296, Ile322, and Tyr326. These observations suggest further research on opioid receptors using in vitro studies of possible therapeutic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluísio Marques da Fonseca
- Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Ananias Freire da Silva
- Institute of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lennon Barbosa da Silva
- Institute of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Bernardino Joaquim Caluaco
- Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Menezes Gaieta
- Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nunes da Rocha
- Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - Regilany Paulo Colares
- Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Jober Fernando Sobczak
- Institute of Exact Sciences and Nature, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Silva Marinho
- Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Faculty of Philosophy Dom Aureliano Matos, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
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Mohamad MHN, Abu IF, Fazel MF, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Juliana N, Mellor IR, Franzyk H. Neuroprotection Against NMDA-Induced Retinal Damage by Philanthotoxin-343 Involves Reduced Nitrosative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:798794. [PMID: 34970151 PMCID: PMC8714026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) overstimulation is known to mediate neurodegeneration, and hence represents a relevant therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders including glaucoma. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of philanthotoxin (PhTX)-343 against NMDA-induced retinal injury in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups; group 1 received phosphate buffer saline as the negative control, group 2 was injected with NMDA (160 nM) to induce retinal excitotoxic injury, and group 3 was pre-treated with PhTX-343 (160 nM) 24 h before NMDA exposure. All treatments were given intravitreally and bilaterally. Seven days post-treatment, rats were subjected to visual behaviour assessments using open field and colour recognition tests. Rats were then euthanized, and the retinas were harvested and subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for morphometric analysis and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) ELISA protocol as the nitrosative stress biomarker. PhTX-343 treatment prior to NMDA exposure improved the ability of rats to recognize visual cues and preserved visual functions (i.e., recognition of objects with different colours). Morphological examination of retinal tissues showed that the fractional ganglion cell layer thickness within the inner retina (IR) in the PhTX-343 treated group was greater by 1.28-fold as compared to NMDA-treated rats (p < 0.05) and was comparable to control rats (p > 0.05). Additionally, the number of retinal cell nuclei/100 μm2 in IR for the PhTX-343-treated group was greater by 1.82-fold compared to NMDA-treated rats (p < 0.05) and was comparable to control group (p > 0.05). PhTX-343 also reduced the retinal 3-NT levels by 1.74-fold compared to NMDA-treated rats (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PhTX-343 pretreatment protects against NMDA-induced retinal morphological changes and visual impairment by suppressing nitrosative stress as reflected by the reduced retinal 3-NT level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fattah Fazel
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Norsham Juliana
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Ian R Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Diochot S. Pain-related toxins in scorpion and spider venoms: a face to face with ion channels. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20210026. [PMID: 34925480 PMCID: PMC8667759 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions.
Toxins isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the
functioning and physiopathological role of ion channels, as they modulate their
activity. In particular, toxins that induce pain relief effects can serve as a
molecular basis for the development of future analgesics in humans. This review
provides a summary of the different scorpion and spider toxins that directly
interact with pain-related ion channels, with inhibitory or stimulatory effects.
Some of these toxins were shown to affect pain modalities in different animal
models providing information on the role played by these channels in the pain
process. The close interaction of certain gating-modifier toxins with membrane
phospholipids close to ion channels is examined along with molecular approaches
to improve selectivity, affinity or bioavailability in vivo for
therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Diochot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7275 et Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 06560 Valbonne, France. Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université Côte d'Azur Valbonne France
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Luck VL, Richards DP, Shaikh AY, Franzyk H, Mellor IR. The Effects of Structural Alterations in the Polyamine and Amino Acid Moieties of Philanthotoxins on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Inhibition in the Locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227007. [PMID: 34834099 PMCID: PMC8622278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the polyamine and amino acid (tyrosine) moieties of philanthotoxin-343 (PhTX-343) were investigated for their effects on the antagonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) isolated from the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) mushroom body. Through whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, the philanthotoxin analogues in this study were shown to cause inhibition of the inward current when co-applied with acetylcholine (ACh). PhTX-343 (IC50 = 0.80 μM at -75 mV) antagonised locust nAChRs in a use-dependent manner, suggesting that it acts as an open-channel blocker. The analogue in which both the secondary amine functionalities were replaced with methylene groups (i.e., PhTX-12) was ~6-fold more potent (IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) = 0.13 μM at -75 mV) than PhTX-343. The analogue containing cyclohexylalanine as a substitute for the tyrosine moiety of PhTX-343 (i.e., Cha-PhTX-343) was also more potent (IC50 = 0.44 μM at -75 mV). A combination of both alterations to PhTX-343 generated the most potent analogue, i.e., Cha-PhTX-12 (IC50 = 1.71 nM at -75 mV). Modulation by PhTX-343 and Cha-PhTX-343 fell into two distinct groups, indicating the presence of two pharmacologically distinct nAChR groups in the locust mushroom body. In the first group, all concentrations of PhTX-343 and Cha-PhTX-343 inhibited responses to ACh. In the second group, application of PhTX-343 or Cha-PhTX-343 at concentrations ≤100 nM caused potentiation, while concentrations ≥ 1 μM inhibited responses to ACh. Cha-PhTX-12 may have potential to be developed into insecticidal compounds with a novel mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Luck
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (V.L.L.); (D.P.R.)
| | - David P. Richards
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (V.L.L.); (D.P.R.)
| | - Ashif Y. Shaikh
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.Y.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.Y.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Ian R. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (V.L.L.); (D.P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1159-513257
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Banke TG, Barria A. Transient Enhanced GluA2 Expression in Young Hippocampal Neurons of a Fragile X Mouse Model. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:588295. [PMID: 33343326 PMCID: PMC7745073 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.588295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits and play important roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we have investigated the development of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mouse, a widely used model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is the leading monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and it is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. For that reason, we investigated synaptic properties and dendritic development in animals from an early stage when synapses are starting to form up to adulthood. We found that hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the Fmr1-KO mouse exhibit a higher AMPAR-NMDAR ratio early in development but reverses to normal values after P13. This increase was accompanied by a larger presence of the GluA2-subunit in synaptic AMPARs that will lead to altered Ca2+ permeability of AMPARs that could have a profound impact upon neural circuits, learning, and diseases. Following this, we found that young KO animals lack Long-term potentiation (LTP), a well-understood model of synaptic plasticity necessary for proper development of circuits, and exhibit an increased frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, a measure of synaptic density. Furthermore, post hoc morphological analysis of recorded neurons revealed altered dendritic branching in the KO group. Interestingly, all these anomalies are transitory and revert to normal values in older animals. Our data suggest that loss of FMRP during early development leads to temporary upregulation of the GluA2 subunit and this impacts synaptic plasticity and altering morphological dendritic branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue G Banke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andres Barria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Herzig V, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Israel MR, Nixon SA, Vetter I, King GF. Animal toxins - Nature's evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114096. [PMID: 32535105 PMCID: PMC7290223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Venomous animals have evolved toxins that interfere with specific components of their victim's core physiological systems, thereby causing biological dysfunction that aids in prey capture, defense against predators, or other roles such as intraspecific competition. Many animal lineages evolved venom systems independently, highlighting the success of this strategy. Over the course of evolution, toxins with exceptional specificity and high potency for their intended molecular targets have prevailed, making venoms an invaluable and almost inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, some of which have found use as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides. Current biomedically-focused research on venoms is directed towards their use in delineating the physiological role of toxin molecular targets such as ion channels and receptors, studying or treating human diseases, targeting vectors of human diseases, and treating microbial and parasitic infections. We provide examples of each of these areas of venom research, highlighting the potential that venom molecules hold for basic research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herzig
- School of Science & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | | | - Mathilde R Israel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha A Nixon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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King GF. Tying pest insects in knots: the deployment of spider-venom-derived knottins as bioinsecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2437-2445. [PMID: 31025461 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spider venoms are complex chemical arsenals that contain a rich variety of insecticidal toxins. However, the major toxin class in many spider venoms is disulfide-rich peptides known as knottins. The knotted three-dimensional fold of these mini-proteins provides them with exceptional chemical and thermal stability as well as resistance to proteases. In contrast with other bioinsecticides, which are often slow-acting, spider knottins are fast-acting neurotoxins. In addition to being potently insecticidal, some knottins have exceptional taxonomic selectivity, being lethal to key agricultural pests but innocuous to vertebrates and beneficial insects such as bees. The intrinsic oral activity of these peptides, combined with the ability of aerosolized knottins to penetrate insect spiracles, has enabled them to be developed commercially as eco-friendly bioinsecticides. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that spider-knottin transgenes can be used to engineer faster-acting entomopathogens and insect-resistant crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
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10
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Liu K, Wang M, Jiang L, Tang X, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Hu W, Duan Z, Liang S. Structural Foundation for Insect-Selective Activity of Acylpolyamine Toxins from Spider Araneus ventricosus. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:659-667. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
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Kachel HS, Buckingham SD, Sattelle DB. Insect toxins - selective pharmacological tools and drug/chemical leads. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 30:93-98. [PMID: 30553492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect toxins comprise a diverse array of chemicals ranging from small molecules, polyamines and peptide toxins. Many target nervous system and neuromuscular ion channels and so rapidly affect the behaviour of animals to which the toxin is applied or injected. Other modes of action have also been identified. Wasps, bees, flies, beetles and ants generate a rich arsenal of channel-active toxins, some of which offer selective pharmacological probes that target particular ion channels, while others act on more than one type of channel. Philanthotoxins from the digger wasp have been fruitful in adding to our understanding of ligand-gated ion channels both in the nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions. Fire ants produce the toxic alkaloid solenopsin, a molecule which has stimulated attempts to generate synthetic compounds with insecticidal activity. Apamin from bee venom targets calcium-activated potassium channels, which can in turn influence the release of neuropeptides. Melittin, another bee venom component, is a membrane-acting peptide. The saliva of the assassin bug contains toxins that target the voltage-gated calcium channels of their insect prey. Certain beetles produce diamphotoxin, a haemolytic peptide toxin with traditional use as an arrow poison and others generate leptinotarsin with similar properties. Mastoparan is a powerful peptide toxin present in the venom of wasps. Its toxic actions can be engineered out leaving a potent antimicrobial molecule of interest. In this short review we describe the actions of selected insect toxins and evaluate their potential as neuroactive pharmacological tools, candidate lead molecules for insect control and therapeutic candidates with potential antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid S Kachel
- General Science Department, College of Basic Education, University of Zakho, Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Steven D Buckingham
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - David B Sattelle
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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Nørager NG, Poulsen MH, Strømgaard K. Controlling Ca2+ Permeable α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors with Photochromic Ion Channel Blockers. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8048-8053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G. Nørager
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette H. Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Santibáñez-López CE, Ontano AZ, Harvey MS, Sharma PP. Transcriptomic Analysis of Pseudoscorpion Venom Reveals a Unique Cocktail Dominated by Enzymes and Protease Inhibitors. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E207. [PMID: 29783636 PMCID: PMC5983263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic and genomic analyses have illuminated the diversity of venoms in three of the four venomous arachnid orders (scorpions, spiders, and ticks). To date, no venom gland transcriptome analysis has been available for pseudoscorpions, the fourth venomous arachnid lineage. To redress this gap, we sequenced an mRNA library generated from the venom glands of the species Synsphyronus apimelus (Garypidae). High-throughput sequencing by the Illumina protocol, followed by de novo assembly, resulted in a total of 238,331 transcripts. From those, we annotated 131 transcripts, which code for putative peptides/proteins with similar sequences to previously reported venom components available from different arachnid species in protein databases. Transcripts putatively coding for enzymes showed the richest diversity, followed by other venom components such as peptidase inhibitors, cysteine-rich peptides, and thyroglobulin 1-like peptides. Only 11 transcripts were found that code for putatively low molecular mass spider toxins. This study constitutes the first report of the diversity of components within pseudoscorpion venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Santibáñez-López
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Andrew Z Ontano
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia.
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Chen J, Liu XM, Zhang Y. Venom based neural modulators. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:615-619. [PMID: 29399064 PMCID: PMC5772594 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expected to occur in vivo, most structure-activity relationship studies have been carried out for just a few neuronal subtypes. The present review enlightens current aspects of venom modulators of nAChRs. Important electronic databases such as PubMed or Google scholar were explored for the collection of latest studies in the field. Clinical and basic research has shown that cholinergic receptors play a role in several disorders of the nervous system such as chronic pain, Alzheimers disease and addiction to nicotine, alcohol and drugs. Unfortunately, the lack of selective modulators for each subtype of nAChR makes their pharmacological characterization difficult, which has slowed the development of therapeutic nAChR modulators with high selectivity and absence of off-target side-effects. Animal venoms have proven to be an excellent natural source of bioactive molecules with activity against ion channels. The present review concludes that the presence of small-molecule nAChR modulators in spider venoms support the use of venoms as a potential source of novel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Wilson D, Boyle GM, McIntyre L, Nolan MJ, Parsons PG, Smith JJ, Tribolet L, Loukas A, Liddell MJ, Rash LD, Daly NL. The Aromatic Head Group of Spider Toxin Polyamines Influences Toxicity to Cancer Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110346. [PMID: 29077051 PMCID: PMC5705961 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider venoms constitute incredibly diverse libraries of compounds, many of which are involved in prey capture and defence. Polyamines are often prevalent in the venom and target ionotropic glutamate receptors. Here we show that a novel spider polyamine, PA366, containing a hydroxyphenyl-based structure is present in the venom of several species of tarantula, and has selective toxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. By contrast, a polyamine from an Australian funnel-web spider venom, which contains an identical polyamine tail to PA366 but an indole-based head-group, is only cytotoxic at high concentrations. Our results suggest that the ring structure plays a role in the cytotoxicity and that modification to the polyamine head group might lead to more potent and selective compounds with potential as novel cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Glen M Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Lachlan McIntyre
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainable Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Peter G Parsons
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Jennifer J Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Leon Tribolet
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainable Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Lachlan D Rash
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
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16
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Sempruch C, Goławska S, Osiński P, Leszczyński B, Czerniewicz P, Sytykiewicz H, Matok H. Influence of selected plant amines on probing behaviour of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:368-377. [PMID: 26898153 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to quantify the influence of common plant polyamines and tyramine on probing behaviour in the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). Electrical penetration graphs (DC) were used to monitor the probing and feeding behaviour of R. padi exposed to the amines agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine and tyramine. The study results showed that the analyzed amines tended to shorten the stylet activity of aphids in the gels (as indicated by the g-C pattern), prolong the duration of non-probing behaviour (g-np pattern) and decrease salivation into the gels (g-E1pattern) and ingestion from the gels (g-G pattern). The 10 mM concentration of the studied amines, especially cadaverine, reduced or completely inhibited aphid ingestion. The obtained results demonstrate that plant amines participate in plant defence responses to R. padi through disturbance of its probing behaviour and the intensity of such effects is concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sempruch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - S Goławska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - P Osiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - B Leszczyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - P Czerniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - H Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
| | - H Matok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Podlasie,ul. Prusa 12,08-110 Siedlce,Poland
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17
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Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in Glaucoma via Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptor Activation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12088-102. [PMID: 26338321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1273-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Loss of vision in glaucoma results from the selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) signaling has been linked to RGC damage, however, the mechanism by which TNFα promotes neuronal death remains poorly defined. Using an in vivo rat glaucoma model, we show that TNFα is upregulated by Müller cells and microglia/macrophages soon after induction of ocular hypertension. Administration of XPro1595, a selective inhibitor of soluble TNFα, effectively protects RGC soma and axons. Using cobalt permeability assays, we further demonstrate that endogenous soluble TNFα triggers the upregulation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptor (CP-AMPAR) expression in RGCs of glaucomatous eyes. CP-AMPAR activation is not caused by defects in GluA2 subunit mRNA editing, but rather reflects selective downregulation of GluA2 in neurons exposed to elevated eye pressure. Intraocular administration of selective CP-AMPAR blockers promotes robust RGC survival supporting a critical role for non-NMDA glutamate receptors in neuronal death. Our study identifies glia-derived soluble TNFα as a major inducer of RGC death through activation of CP-AMPARs, thereby establishing a novel link between neuroinflammation and cell loss in glaucoma. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been implicated in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, but how TNFα exerts this effect is poorly understood. We report that ocular hypertension, a major risk factor in glaucoma, upregulates TNFα production by Müller cells and microglia. Inhibition of soluble TNFα using a dominant-negative strategy effectively promotes RGC survival. We find that TNFα stimulates the expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPAR) in RGCs, a response that does not depend on abnormal GluA2 mRNA editing but on selective downregulation of the GluA2 subunit by these neurons. Consistent with this, CP-AMPAR blockers promote robust RGC survival supporting a critical role for non-NMDA glutamate receptors in glaucomatous damage. This study identifies a novel mechanism by which glia-derived soluble TNFα modulates neuronal death in glaucoma.
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18
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Zhang Y, Long Z, Guo Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ye RD, Liang X, Civelli O. Hydroxycinnamic acid amides from Scopolia tangutica inhibit the activity of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in vitro. Fitoterapia 2015; 108:9-12. [PMID: 26586621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Scopolia tangutica Maxim (S. tangutica) extracts have been traditionally used as antispasmodic, sedative, and analgesic agents in Tibet and in the Qinghai province of China. Their active compositions are however poorly understood. We have recently isolated five new hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) amides along with two known HCA amides, one cinnamic acid amide from these extracts. In this study, we evaluate their abilities to inhibit carbacol-induced activity of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor along with the crude extracts. Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the recombinant human M1 receptor (CHO-M1 cells) were employed to evaluate the anticholinergic potentials. Intracellular Ca(2+) changes were monitored using the FLIPR system. Five HCA amides as well as the crude S. tangutica extract displayed dose-dependent inhibitory effects against M1 receptor. These findings demonstrate that HCA amides are part of the M1 receptor-inhibiting principles of S. tangutica. Since blockade of parasympathetic nerve impulse transmission through the inhibition of the M1 receptor lessens smooth muscle spasms, our findings provided a molecular explanation for the traditional use of S. tangutica against spasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Long
- Key laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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Pharmacological Alternatives for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Wasp and Bee Venoms and Their Components as New Neuroactive Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3179-209. [PMID: 26295258 PMCID: PMC4549745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are relentlessly progressive, severely impacting affected patients, families and society as a whole. Increased life expectancy has made these diseases more common worldwide. Unfortunately, available drugs have insufficient therapeutic effects on many subtypes of these intractable diseases, and adverse effects hamper continued treatment. Wasp and bee venoms and their components are potential means of managing or reducing these effects and provide new alternatives for the control of neurodegenerative diseases. These venoms and their components are well-known and irrefutable sources of neuroprotectors or neuromodulators. In this respect, the present study reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms of action and future prospects regarding the use of new drugs derived from wasp and bee venom in the treatment of major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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20
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Pauli D, Bienz S. Regioselective solid-phase synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated acylpolyamine spider toxins using an 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal-modified resin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4473-85. [PMID: 25773373 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recently introduced new SPS resin, possessing a 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal linker, was used for the regioselective on-resin synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated polyamine spider toxins of Agelenopsis aperta and Larinioides folium. The polyamine backbones of the target compounds were efficiently constructed from the center by reductive amination of the aldehyde linker, followed by stepwise alkylation and acylation on solid support. Depending on the cleavage conditions, employing either oxidation/Cope elimination or methylation/Hofmann elimination, regioselectively the respective N-hydroxyl or N-methyl products were obtained. Employing this methodology, a number of acylpolyamine spider toxins were synthesized and identified as venom components by UHPLC and ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pauli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2661-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Inhibitory interneuron classes express complementary AMPA-receptor patterns in macaque primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6303-15. [PMID: 24790201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3188-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission. A very prevalent type of glutamate receptor in the neocortex is the AMPA receptor (AMPAR). AMPARs mediate fast synaptic transmission and their functionality depends on the subunit composition. In primary visual cortex (area V1), the density and subunit composition of AMPARs differ among cortical layers and among cell types. The AMPARs expressed by the different types of inhibitory interneurons, which are crucial for network function, have not yet been characterized systematically. We investigated the distribution of AMPAR subunits in macaque V1 for three distinct subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons: parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) interneurons, calbindin-immunoreactive (CB-IR) interneurons, and calretinin-immunoreactive (CR-IR) interneurons. We found that PV-IR cells, which have previously been identified as fast spiking, show high expression of the GluA2 and GluA3 subunits. In contrast, CB-IR and CR-IR cells, which tend to be intermediate spiking, show high expression of the GluA1 and GluA4 subunits. Thus, our data demonstrate that the expression of AMPARs divides inhibitory interneurons in macaque V1 into two categories that are compatible with existing classification methods based on calcium-binding proteins and firing behavior. Moreover, our findings suggest new approaches to target the different inhibitory interneuron classes pharmacologically in vivo.
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23
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Nørager NG, Poulsen MH, Jensen AG, Jeppesen NS, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of N-Methylated and N-Hydroxylated Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4940-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G. Nørager
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette H. Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna G. Jensen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna S. Jeppesen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Pauli D, Bienz S. Development of a new linker for the solid-phase synthesis of N-hydroxylated and N-methylated secondary amines. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Rocha-E-Silva TAA, Rostelato-Ferreira S, Leite GB, da Silva PI, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L. VdTX-1, a reversible nicotinic receptor antagonist isolated from venom of the spider Vitalius dubius (Theraphosidae). Toxicon 2013; 70:135-41. [PMID: 23668938 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theraphosid spider venoms can block neurotransmission in vertebrate nerve-muscle preparations in vitro, but few of the components involved have been characterized. In this work, we describe the neuromuscular activity of venom from the Brazilian theraphosid Vitalius dubius and report the purification and pharmacological characterization of VdTX-1, a 728 Da toxin that blocks nicotinic receptors. Neuromuscular activity was assayed in chick biventer cervicis preparations and muscle responses to exogenous ACh and KCl were determined before and after incubation with venom or toxin. Changes in membrane resting potential were studied in mouse diaphragm muscle. The toxin was purified by a combination of filtration through Amicon® filters, cation exchange HPLC and RP-HPLC; toxin purity and mass were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Venom caused progressive neuromuscular blockade and muscle contracture; the blockade but not the contracture was reversible by washing. Venom attenuated contractures to exogenous ACh and KCl. Filtration yielded low (LM, <5 kDa) and high (HM, >5 kDa) fractions, with the latter reproducing the contracture seen in venom but with a slight and progressive twitch blockade. The LM fraction caused reversible blockade and attenuated contractures to ACh, but had no effect on contractures to KCl. VdTX-1 (728 Da) purified from the LM fraction was photosensitive and reduced the E(max) to ACh in biventer cervicis muscle without affecting the EC₅₀; VdTX-1 also abolished carbachol-induced depolarizations. V. dubius venom contains at least two components that affect vertebrate neurotransmission. One component, VdTX-1, blocks nicotinic receptors non-competitively to produce reversible blockade without muscle contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz A A Rocha-E-Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Abstract
Venomous animals use a highly complex cocktails of proteins, peptides and small molecules to subdue and kill their prey. As such, venoms represent highly valuable combinatorial peptide libraries, displaying an extensive range of pharmacological activities, honed by natural selection. Modern analytical technologies enable us to take full advantage of this vast pharmacological cornucopia in the hunt for novel drug leads. Spider venoms represent a resource of several million peptides, which selectively target specific subtypes of ion channels. Structure-function studies of spider toxins are leading not only to the discovery of novel molecules, but also to novel therapeutic routes for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuromuscular diseases, pain and to a variety of other pathological conditions. This review presents an overview of spider peptide toxins as candidates for therapeutics and focuses on their applications in the discovery of novel mechanisms of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Escoubas
- University of Nice - Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) - CNRS UMR6097, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France +33 04 93 95 77 35 ; +33 04 93 95 77 08 ;
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27
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Poulsen MH, Lucas S, Bach TB, Barslund AF, Wenzler C, Jensen CB, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Structure-activity relationship studies of argiotoxins: selective and potent inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1171-81. [PMID: 23320429 DOI: 10.1021/jm301602d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Argiotoxin-636 (ArgTX-636), a natural product from the spider Argiope lobata, is a potent but nonselective open-channel blocker of ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors. Here, three series of analogues were designed to exploit selectivity among iGlu receptors, taking advantage of a recently developed solid-phase synthetic methodology for the synthesis of ArgTX-636 and analogues. Initially, the importance of secondary amino groups in the polyamine chain was studied by the synthesis of systematically modified ArgTX-636 analogues, which were evaluated for pharmacological activity at NMDA and AMPA receptors. This led to the identification of two compounds with preference for NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively. These were further elaborated by systematically changing the aromatic headgroup and linker amino acid leading to compounds with increased potency and selectivity for NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively. Thus, the first structure-activity relationship study of ArgTX-636 has been carried out and has provided lead compounds for probing the ion channel region of iGlu receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette H Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Tzouros M, Chesnov S, Bigler L, Bienz S. A template approach for the characterization of linear polyamines and derivatives in spider venom. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:57-69. [PMID: 23841226 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS and APCI-MS/MS) was used to detect and characterize linear polyamine derivatives in the venom of the spiders Agelenopsis aperta, Hololena curta and Paracoelotes birulai. The compounds were identified with a template approach, by which the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of known compounds are directly compared and correlated with those of the analytes. To facilitate the perception of the spectra and the recognition of the structural features of the analytes, an ion nomenclature closely leaned on the accepted nomenclature for fragment ions of peptides or nucleic acids is introduced. The structure identification of polyamine derivatives by direct correlation of MS spectra is possible because such compounds show very distinctive fragmentation behavior. Of particular relevance is the fact that the signal patterns that are observed with analytes possessing different polyamine backbones are not only distinct with regard to mass distributions but also with regard to relative signal intensities, resulting in fingerprint-like signal patterns. The direct correlation of these patterns--more than the correlation of the ion distributions--was found to be of key significance. With this, the new approach is fundamentally different from the sequencing of peptides or nucleic acids, which are largely based on mass distributions. The method is more efficient and more reliable than the de novo interpretation of the MS data and it even allows the identification of polyamine portions in compounds that are analyzed within mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tzouros
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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The Acylpolyamines from Spider Venoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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30
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Olsen CA, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Niedermolekulare Verbindungen aus Spinnen als chemische Sensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Olsen CA, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Small molecules from spiders used as chemical probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11296-311. [PMID: 22034051 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are important species in ecological systems and as major predators of insects they are endowed with a plethora of low-molecular-weight natural products having intriguing biological activities. The isolation and biological characterization of these entities are well established, however, only very recently have these compounds been used as templates for the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of synthetic analogues. In contrast, the investigation of compounds responsible for chemical communication between spiders is far less developed, but recently new light has been shed onto the area of pheromones and allomones from spiders. Herein, we recapitulate these recent results, put them into perspective with previous findings, and provide an outlook for future studies of these chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Abstract
The properties of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) depend on their subunit composition and association with transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). Although both GluA2 incorporation and TARP association have been shown to influence AMPAR channel conductance, the manner in which different TARPs modulate the mean channel conductance of GluA2-containing AMPARs is unknown. Using ultrafast agonist application and nonstationary fluctuation analysis, we found that TARP subtypes differentially increase the mean channel conductance, but not the peak open probability, of recombinant GluA2-containing AMPARs. TARP γ-8, in particular, enhances mean channel conductance to a greater degree than γ-2, γ-3, or γ-4. We then examined the action of a use-dependent antagonist of GluA2-containing AMPARs, philanthotoxin-74 (PhTx-74), on recombinant AMPARs and on GluA2-containing AMPARs in cerebellar granule neurons from stargazer mice transfected with TARPs. We found that the rate and extent of channel block varies with TARP subtype, in a manner that correlates linearly with mean channel conductance. Furthermore, block of GluA2-containing AMPARs by polyamine toxins varied depending on whether channels were activated by the full agonist glutamate or the partial agonist kainate, consistent with conductance state-dependent block. Block of GluA2-lacking AMPARs by PhTx-433 is also modulated by TARP association and is a function of agonist efficacy. Our data indicate that channel block by polyamine toxins is sensitive to the mean channel conductance of AMPARs, which varies with TARP subtype and agonist efficacy. Furthermore, our results illustrate the utility of polyamine toxins as sensitive probes of AMPAR channel conductance and suggest the possibility that TARPs may influence their channel properties by selectively stabilizing specific channel conformations, rather than altering the pore structure.
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Stargazin (TARP gamma-2) is required for compartment-specific AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity in cerebellar stellate cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:3939-52. [PMID: 21411637 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5134-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellar cortex, parallel fiber-to-stellate cell (PF-SC) synapses exhibit a form of synaptic plasticity manifested as a switch in the subunit composition of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) from calcium-permeable, GluA2-lacking to calcium-impermeable, GluA2-containing receptors. Here, we examine the role of stargazin (γ-2), canonical member of the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein (TARP) family, in the regulation of GluA2-lacking AMPARs and synaptic plasticity in SCs from epileptic and ataxic stargazer mutant mice. We found that AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission is severely diminished in stargazer SCs, and that the rectification index (RI) of AMPAR current is reduced. Activity-dependent plasticity in the rectification of synaptic AMPARs is also impaired in stargazer SCs. Despite the dramatic loss in synaptic AMPARs, extrasynaptic AMPARs are preserved. We then examined the role of stargazin in regulating the rectification of extrasynaptic AMPARs in nucleated patches and found, in contrast to previous reports, that wild-type extrasynaptic AMPARs have moderate RI values (average RI = 0.38), while those in stargazer SCs are low (average RI = 0.24). The GluA2-lacking AMPAR blocker, philanthotoxin-433 (PhTx-433), was used as an alternative measure of GluA2 content in wild-type and stargazer SCs. Despite the difference in RI, PhTx-433 sensitivity of both synaptic and extrasynaptic AMPARs remains unchanged, suggesting that the dramatic changes in RI and the impairment in synaptic plasticity observed in the stargazer mouse are not the result of a specific impairment in GluA2 trafficking. Together, these data suggest that stargazin regulates compartment-specific AMPAR trafficking, as well as activity-dependent plasticity in synaptic AMPAR rectification at cerebellar PF-SC synapses.
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Hirata K, Kataoka S, Furutani S, Hayashi H, Matsuda K. A fungal metabolite asperparaline a strongly and selectively blocks insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: the first report on the mode of action. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18354. [PMID: 21483774 PMCID: PMC3069973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Asperparalines produced by Aspergillus japonicus JV-23 induce
paralysis in silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae, but the target
underlying insect toxicity remains unknown. In the present study, we have
investigated the actions of asperparaline A on ligand-gated ion channels
expressed in cultured larval brain neurons of the silkworm using patch-clamp
electrophysiology. Bath-application of asperparaline A (10 µM) had no
effect on the membrane current, but when delivered for 1 min prior to
co-application with 10 µM acetylcholine (ACh), it blocked completely the
ACh-induced current that was sensitive to mecamylamine, a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-selective antaogonist. In contrast, 10 µM
asperparaline A was ineffective on the γ-aminobutyric acid- and
L-glutamate-induced responses of the Bombyx larval neurons. The
fungal alkaloid showed no-use dependency in blocking the ACh-induced response
with distinct affinity for the peak and slowly-desensitizing current amplitudes
of the response to 10 µM ACh in terms of IC50 values of 20.2
and 39.6 nM, respectively. Asperparaline A (100 nM) reduced the maximum neuron
response to ACh with a minimal shift in EC50, suggesting that the
alkaloid is non-competitive with ACh. In contrast to showing marked blocking
action on the insect nAChRs, it exhibited only a weak blocking action on chicken
α3β4, α4β2 and α7 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus
laevis oocytes, suggesting a high selectivity for insect over
certain vertebrate nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hirata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki
University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Saori Kataoka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki
University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Shogo Furutani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki
University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideo Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture
University, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki
University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Barslund AF, Poulsen MH, Bach TB, Lucas S, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Solid-phase synthesis and biological evaluation of Joro spider toxin-4 from Nephila clavata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:483-486. [PMID: 21188966 DOI: 10.1021/np100746w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine toxins from orb weaver spiders are attractive pharmacological tools particularly for studies of ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors in the brain. These polyamine toxins are biosynthesized in a combinatorial manner, providing a plethora of related, but structurally complex toxins to be exploited in biological studies. Here, we have used solid-phase synthetic methodology for the efficient synthesis of Joro spider toxin-4 (JSTX-4) (1) from Nephila clavata, providing sufficient amounts of the toxin for biological evaluation at iGlu receptor subtypes using electrophysiology. Biological evaluation revealed that JSTX-4 inhibits iGlu receptors only in high μM concentrations, thereby being substantially less potent than structurally related polyamine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Barslund
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frølund S, Bella A, Kristensen AS, Ziegler HL, Witt M, Olsen CA, Strømgaard K, Franzyk H, Jaroszewski JW. Assessment of Structurally Diverse Philanthotoxin Analogues for Inhibitory Activity on Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtypes: Discovery of Nanomolar, Nonselective, and Use-Dependent Antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7441-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100886h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Frølund
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angelo Bella
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Kristensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne L. Ziegler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Witt
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy W. Jaroszewski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vassilevski AA, Kozlov SA, Grishin EV. Molecular diversity of spider venom. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1505-34. [PMID: 20210706 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909130069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spider venom, a factor that has played a decisive role in the evolution of one of the most successful groups of living organisms, is reviewed. Unique molecular diversity of venom components including substances of variable structure (from simple low molecular weight compounds to large multidomain proteins) with different functions is considered. Special attention is given to the structure, properties, and biosynthesis of toxins of polypeptide nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Vassilevski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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38
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The AMPA receptor as a therapeutic target: current perspectives and emerging possibilities. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:877-91. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is a subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptors that plays a prominent role in neurotransmission and is widespread throughout the CNS. Because of this, its malfunction can result in a multitude of nervous system diseases. This review looks at compounds that are able to modulate AMPAR function by binding to one of several sites on the receptor that either downregulate its function (competitive, noncompetitive and uncompetitive antagonists) or upregulate its function (positive modulators). It will also give an account of the various diseases that have implicated AMPAR dysfunction and how specific types of AMPAR modulator may be beneficial in their treatment. The AMPAR remains an unexploited but important therapeutic target.
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Melchiorre C, Bolognesi ML, Minarini A, Rosini M, Tumiatti V. Polyamines in Drug Discovery: From the Universal Template Approach to the Multitarget-Directed Ligand Design Strategy. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Melchiorre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Rosini M, Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C. Synthetic polyamines: an overview of their multiple biological activities. Amino Acids 2009; 38:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Solvent-free Ugi four-component condensation: application to synthesis of philanthotoxins-12 analogues. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tikhonova T, Barygin O, Gmiro V, Tikhonov D, Magazanik L. Organic blockers escape from trapping in the AMPA receptor channels by leaking into the cytoplasm. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:653-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Merkel P, Beck A, Muhammad K, Ali SA, Schönfeld C, Voelter W, Duszenko M. Spermine isolated and identified as the major trypanocidal compound from the snake venom of Eristocophis macmahoni causes autophagy in Trypanosoma brucei. Toxicon 2007; 50:457-69. [PMID: 17548100 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The snake venom from the leaf-nosed viper Eristocophis macmahoni was analyzed regarding its toxic effects on the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. A considerable trypanocidal effect was measured with an IC5 value of 186 ng/ml in bloodstream form parasites. Following several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation steps, the major trypanocidal activity was assigned to a single fraction by in vitro toxicity assays. Analysis by off-line ESI-MS(n) revealed an m/z value of 202.2 for the precursor ion and fragment ions of m/z=129.1 (MS2) and 112.1 (MS3), respectively, clearly corresponding to the molecular mass and the fragmentation pattern of the polyamine spermine. Quantification of spermine within the viper venom using an on-line hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) ESI-MS method revealed that this compound constituted approximately 1% of the dry venom mass. The polyamine oxidase activity in the fetal calf serum used for cultivation was responsible for a trypanocidal effect of pure spermine in the low micromolar range, whereas the antitrypanosomal activity of crude snake venom was virtually independent from serum, suggesting the oxidation of spermine by intrinsic venom components. Using fetal calf serum, spermine was shown to induce autophagy in the parasites using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Merkel
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Mortari MR, Cunha AOS, Ferreira LB, dos Santos WF. Neurotoxins from invertebrates as anticonvulsants: From basic research to therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:171-83. [PMID: 17399793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrate venoms have attracted considerable interest as a potential source of bioactive substances, especially neurotoxins. These molecules have proved to be extremely useful tools for the understanding of synaptic transmission events, and they have contributed to the design of novel drugs for the treatment of neurological disorders and pain. In this context, as epilepsy involves neuronal substrates, which are sites of action of many neurotoxins; venoms may be particularly useful for antiepileptic drug (AED) research. Epilepsy is a chronic disease whose treatment consists of controlling seizures with antiepileptics that very often induce strong undesirable side effects that may limit treatment. Here, we review the vast, but yet unexplored, world of neurotoxins from invertebrates used as probes in pharmacological screening for novel and less toxic antiepileptics. We briefly review (1) the molecular basis of epilepsy, as well as the sites of action of commonly used anticonvulsants (we bring a comprehensive review of the elements from invertebrate venoms which are mostly studied in neuroscience research and may be useful for drug development); (2) peptides from conus snails; (3) peptides and polyamine toxins from spiders and wasps; and (4) peptides from scorpions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Renata Mortari
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Andersen TF, Tikhonov DB, Bølcho U, Bolshakov K, Nelson JK, Pluteanu F, Mellor IR, Egebjerg J, Strømgaard K. Uncompetitive antagonism of AMPA receptors: Mechanistic insights from studies of polyamine toxin derivatives. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5414-23. [PMID: 16942015 DOI: 10.1021/jm060606j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Philanthotoxins are uncompetitive antagonists of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors presumed to bind to the pore-forming region, but a detailed molecular mechanism for this interaction is missing. Here a small library of novel philanthotoxins was designed and synthesized using a solid-phase strategy. The biological activities were investigated at cloned and "native" AMPA receptors using electrophysiological techniques. A distinct relationship between length of the polyamine moiety and the location of a secondary amino group was observed. Fitting the data to the Woodhull equation allowed the first experimental demonstration of the relative location and orientation of the philanthotoxin molecule in the receptor. These results were corroborated by in silico studies using a homology model of the AMPA receptor ion channel. Together these studies provide strong evidence for a molecular mechanism by which polyamine toxins antagonize the AMPA receptor ion channel and provide the basis for rational development of uncompetitive antagonists of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine F Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Jensen LS, Bølcho U, Egebjerg J, Strømgaard K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of Polyamine Toxin Derivatives: Potent Ligands for the Pore-Forming Region of AMPA Receptors. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:419-28. [PMID: 16892377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine toxins, such as philanthotoxins, are low-molecular-weight compounds isolated from spiders and wasps, which modulate ligand-gated ion channels in the nervous system. Philanthotoxins bind to the pore-forming region of AMPA receptors, a subtype of glutamate receptors which are important for memory formation and are involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that modification of the polyamine moiety of philanthotoxins can lead to very potent and highly selective ligands for the AMPA receptor, as exemplified with philanthotoxin-56. Much less attention has been paid to the importance of the aromatic head group of philanthotoxins, but herein we demonstrate that modification of this moiety leads to a significant improvement in potency relative to philanthotoxin-56 at cloned AMPA receptors. Interestingly, the incorporation of an adamantane moiety is particularly favorable, and the most potent compound has a Ki value of 2 nM, making it the most potent uncompetitive antagonist of AMPA receptors described to date. Such compounds are potentially useful as neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars S Jensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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