1
|
Bittenbinder MA, van Thiel J, Cardoso FC, Casewell NR, Gutiérrez JM, Kool J, Vonk FJ. Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Commun Biol 2024; 7:358. [PMID: 38519650 PMCID: PMC10960010 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important public health issue responsible for mortality and severe morbidity. Where mortality is mainly caused by venom toxins that induce cardiovascular disturbances, neurotoxicity, and acute kidney injury, morbidity is caused by toxins that directly or indirectly destroy cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. These are referred to as 'tissue-damaging toxins' and have previously been classified in various ways, most of which are based on the tissues being affected (e.g., cardiotoxins, myotoxins). This categorisation, however, is primarily phenomenological and not mechanistic. In this review, we propose an alternative way of classifying cytotoxins based on their mechanistic effects rather than using a description that is organ- or tissue-based. The mechanisms of toxin-induced tissue damage and their clinical implications are discussed. This review contributes to our understanding of fundamental biological processes associated with snakebite envenoming, which may pave the way for a knowledge-based search for novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás A Bittenbinder
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jory van Thiel
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - José-María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | - Jeroen Kool
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- AIMMS, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Oliveira AK, Pramoonjago P, Rucavado A, Moskaluk C, Silva DT, Escalante T, Gutiérrez JM, Fox JW. Mapping the Immune Cell Microenvironment with Spatial Profiling in Muscle Tissue Injected with the Venom of Daboia russelii. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030208. [PMID: 36977099 PMCID: PMC10057198 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological and inflammatory events in muscle after the injection of snake venoms vary in different regions of the affected tissue and at different time intervals. In order to study such heterogeneity in the immune cell microenvironment, a murine model of muscle necrosis based on the injection of the venom of Daboia russelii was used. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were utilized to identify areas in muscle tissue with a different extent of muscle cell damage, based on the presence of hypercontracted muscle cells, a landmark of necrosis, and on the immunostaining for desmin. A gradient of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages) was observed from heavily necrotic areas to less damaged and non-necrotic areas. GeoMx® Digital Spatial Profiler (NanoString, Seattle, WA, USA) was used for assessing the presence of markers of various immune cells by comparing high-desmin (nondamaged) and low-desmin (damaged) regions of muscle. Markers of monocytes, macrophages, M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, leukocyte adhesion and migration markers, and hematopoietic precursor cells showed higher levels in low-desmin regions, especially in samples collected 24 hr after venom injection, whereas several markers of lymphocytes did not. Moreover, apoptosis (BAD) and extracellular matrix (fibronectin) markers were also increased in low-desmin regions. Our findings reveal a hitherto-unknown picture of immune cell microheterogeneity in venom-injected muscle which greatly depends on the extent of muscle cell damage and the time lapse after venom injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | | | - Dilza T. Silva
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Jay W. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santos NFTD, Imberg ADS, Mariano DOC, Moraes ACD, Andrade-Silva J, Fernandes CM, Sobral AC, Giannotti KC, Kuwabara WMT, Pimenta DC, Maria DA, Sandoval MRL, Afeche SC. β-micrustoxin (Mlx-9), a PLA2 from Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom: biochemical characterization and anti-proliferative effect mediated by p53. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210094. [PMID: 35432496 PMCID: PMC9008913 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous phospholipases A2 (PLA2) play a fundamental role in inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, apoptosis and cellular senescence. Neurotoxins with PLA2 activity are found in snake venoms from the Elapidae and Viperidae families. The mechanism of action of these neurotoxins have been studied using hippocampal and cerebellar neuronal cultures showing [Ca2+]i increase, mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. Astrocytes are rarely used as a model, despite being modulators at the synapses and responsible for homeostasis and defense in the central nervous system. Preserving the cell division ability, they can be utilized to study the cell proliferation process. In the present work cultured astrocytes and glioblastoma cells were employed to characterize the action of β-micrustoxin (previously named Mlx-9), a PLA2 isolated from Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom. The β-micrustoxin structure was determined and the cell proliferation, cell cycle phases and the regulatory proteins p53, p21 and p27 were investigated. Methods β-micrustoxin was characterized biochemically by a proteomic approach. Astrocytes were obtained by dissociation of pineal glands from Wistar rats; glioblastoma tumor cells were purchased from ATCC and Sigma and cultured in DMEM medium. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay; cell proliferation and cell cycle phases were analyzed by flow cytometry; p53, p21 and p27 proteins were studied by western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results Proteomic analysis revealed fragments on β-micrustoxin that aligned with a PLA2 from Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus previously identified as transcript ID DN112835_C3_g9_i1/m.9019. β-micrustoxin impaired the viability of astrocytes and glioblastoma tumor cells. There was a reduction in cell proliferation, an increase in G2/M phase and activation of p53, p21 and p27 proteins in astrocytes. Conclusion These findings indicate that β-micrustoxin from Micrurus lemniscatus venom could inhibit cell proliferation through p53, p21 and p27 activation thus imposing cell cycle arrest at the checkpoint G2/M.
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Dávila AJ, Weber N, Kraft T, Matinmehr F, Arias-Hidalgo M, Fernández J, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM. Cytotoxicity of snake venom Lys49 PLA2-like myotoxin on rat cardiomyocytes ex vivo does not involve a direct action on the contractile apparatus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19452. [PMID: 34593882 PMCID: PMC8484475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperid snake venoms contain a unique family of cytotoxic proteins, the Lys49 PLA2 homologs, which are devoid of enzymatic activity but disrupt the integrity of cell membranes. They are known to induce skeletal muscle damage and are therefore named 'myotoxins'. Single intact and skinned (devoid of membranes and cytoplasm but with intact sarcomeric proteins) rat cardiomyocytes were used to analyze the cytotoxic action of a myotoxin, from the venom of Bothrops asper. The toxin induced rapid hypercontraction of intact cardiomyocytes, associated with an increase in the cytosolic concentration of calcium and with cell membrane disruption. Hypercontraction of intact cardiomyocytes was abrogated by the myosin inhibitor para-aminoblebbistatin (AmBleb). No toxin-induced changes of key parameters of force development were observed in skinned cardiomyocytes. Thus, although myosin is a key effector of the observed hypercontraction, a direct effect of the toxin on the sarcomeric proteins -including the actomyosin complex- is not part of the mechanism of cytotoxicity. Owing to the sensitivity of intact cardiomyocytes to the cytotoxic action of myotoxin, this ex vivo model is a valuable tool to explore in further detail the mechanism of action of this group of snake venom toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Faramarz Matinmehr
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariela Arias-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bothrops Jararaca Snake Venom Modulates Key Cancer-Related Proteins in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080519. [PMID: 34437390 PMCID: PMC8402457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide in an uncontrolled way and may spread into other tissues where they may infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Several previous reports have described biochemical anti-tumorigenic properties of crude snake venom or its components, including their capability of inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work describing cancer cell proteomic changes following treatment with snake venoms. In this work we describe the quantitative changes in proteomics of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell lines following treatment with Bothrops jararaca snake venom, as well as the functional implications of the proteomic changes. Cell lines were treated with sub-toxic doses at either 0.63 μg/mL (low) or 2.5 μg/mL (high) of B. jararaca venom for 24 h, conditions that cause no cell death per se. Proteomics analysis was conducted on a nano-scale liquid chromatography coupled on-line with mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). More than 1000 proteins were identified and evaluated from each cell line treated with either the low or high dose of the snake venom. Protein profiling upon venom treatment showed differential expression of several proteins related to cancer cell metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. Among the identified proteins we highlight histone H3, SNX3, HEL-S-156an, MTCH2, RPS, MCC2, IGF2BP1, and GSTM3. These data suggest that sub-toxic doses of B. jararaca venom have potential to modulate cancer-development related protein targets in cancer cells. This work illustrates a novel biochemical strategy to identify therapeutic targets against cancer cell growth and survival.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cervical cancer and potential pharmacological treatment with snake venoms. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4709-4721. [PMID: 32406018 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide in women. Apoptosis reactivation has become the main strategy for decreasing cancer proliferation. There is a need to extend the search for new drugs to implement more effective and less toxic strategies for cervical cancer treatment. Research has been carried out to find new drugs that have minimal side effects and that focus on the tumor microenvironment, particularly in the induction of cellular apoptosis and cell migration and the inhibition of angiogenesis. Potent toxins from snake venoms have shown potential as sources for the synthesis of new drugs with such characteristics. The present work aimed to describe cervical cancer characteristics, associated risk factors, current treatments and to highlight the effects of toxins isolated from the venom of snakes of the Viperidae family on cervical cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
8
|
Villalta M, Sampaio TL, de Menezes RRPPB, Lima DB, Jorge ARC, Alves RS, Monteiro HSA, Gawarammana I, Maduwage K, Malleappah R, León G, Martins AMC, Gutiérrez JM. Nephrotoxicity induced by the venom of Hypnale hypnale from Sri Lanka: Studies on isolated perfused rat kidney and renal tubular cell lines. Toxicon 2019; 165:40-46. [PMID: 31034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hump-nosed pit viper Hypnale hypnale is responsible for a high number of snakebite cases in southwestern India and Sri Lanka. Although most patients only develop local signs and symptoms of envenoming, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that these envenomings may be associated with systemic alterations, including acute kidney injury. In this study we evaluated the renal toxicity of H. hypnale venom by using a perfused isolated rat kidney system and by assessing cytotoxicity in two different renal tubular cell lines in culture. The venom caused alterations in several renal functional parameters, such as reduction on perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, and sodium and chloride tubular transport, whereas glomerular filtration rate and urinary flow initially decreased and then increased after venom perfusion. In addition, this venom was cytotoxic to proximal and distal renal tubular cells in culture, with predominance of necrosis over apoptosis. Moreover, the venom affected the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced an increment in reactive oxygen species in these cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a nephrotoxic activity of H. hypnale venom in these experimental models, in agreement with clinical observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Dânya Bandeira Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Sousa Alves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roy Malleappah
- Animal Venom Research International (AVRI), California, USA
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benati RB, Costa TR, Cacemiro MDC, Sampaio SV, de Castro FA, Burin SM. Cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic action of MjTX-I, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, towards leukemic cells. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:40. [PMID: 30598659 PMCID: PMC6300906 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a BCR-ABL1+ myeloproliferative neoplasm marked by increased myeloproliferation and presence of leukemic cells resistant to apoptosis. The current first-line therapy for CML is administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib mesylate, dasatinib or nilotinib. Although effective to treat CML, some patients have become resistant to this therapy, leading to disease progression and death. Thus, the discovery of new compounds to improve CML therapy is still challenging. Here we addressed whether MjTX-I, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, affects the viability of imatinib mesylate-resistant Bcr-Abl+ cell lines. Methods We examined the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effect of MjTX-I in K562-S and K562-R Bcr-Abl+ cells and in the non-tumor HEK-293 cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and the hypotonic fluorescent solution methods, associated with detection of caspases 3, 8, and 9 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. We also analyzed the MjTX-I potential to modulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes in K562-S and K562-R cells. Results MjTX-I decreased the viability of K562-S and K562-R cells by 60 to 65%, without affecting the viability of the non-tumor cells, i.e. it exerted selective cytotoxicity towards Bcr-Abl+ cell lines. In leukemic cell lines, the toxin induced apoptosis, activated caspases 3, 8, and 9, cleaved PARP, downregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2, and upregulated expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BAD. Conclusion The antitumor effect of MjTX-I is associated with its potential to induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity in Bcr-Abl positive cell lines sensitive and resistant to imatinib mesylate, indicating that MjTX-I is a promising candidate drug to upgrade the CML therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Bodini Benati
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaela Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Maira da Costa Cacemiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Fabíola Attié de Castro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Burin
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Osipov AV, Utkin YN. Antiproliferative Effects of Snake Venom Phospholipases A2 and Their Perspectives for Cancer Treatment. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
11
|
Prinholato da Silva C, Costa TR, Paiva RMA, Cintra ACO, Menaldo DL, Antunes LMG, Sampaio SV. Antitumor potential of the myotoxin BthTX-I from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: evaluation of cell cycle alterations and death mechanisms induced in tumor cell lines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:44. [PMID: 26539212 PMCID: PMC4632473 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are abundant components of snake venoms that have been extensively studied due to their pharmacological and pathophysiological effects on living organisms. This study aimed to assess the antitumor potential of BthTX-I, a basic myotoxic PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, by evaluating in vitro processes of cytotoxicity, modulation of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis in human (HL-60 and HepG2) and murine (PC-12 and B16F10) tumor cell lines. Methods The cytotoxic effects of BthTX-I were evaluated on the tumor cell lines HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), PC-12 (murine pheochromocytoma) and B16F10 (murine melanoma) using the MTT method. Flow cytometry technique was used for the analysis of cell cycle alterations and death mechanisms (apoptosis and/or necrosis) induced in tumor cells after treatment with BthTX-I. Results It was observed that BthTX-I was cytotoxic to all evaluated tumor cell lines, reducing their viability in 40 to 50 %. The myotoxin showed modulating effects on the cell cycle of PC-12 and B16F10 cells, promoting delay in the G0/G1 phase. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis indicated cell death mainly by apoptosis. B16F10 was more susceptible to the effects of BthTX-I, with ~40 % of the cells analyzed in apoptosis, followed by HepG2 (~35 %), PC-12 (~25 %) and HL-60 (~4 %). Conclusions These results suggest that BthTX-I presents antitumor properties that may be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Prinholato da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Raquel M Alves Paiva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Lusânia M Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Damotharan P, Veeruraj A, Arumugam M, Balasubramanian T. Isolation and characterization of biologically active venom protein from sea snake Enhydrina schistosa. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 29:140-7. [PMID: 25504782 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the isolation and characterization of biological and biochemical active venom protein from sea snake, Enhydrina schistosa. The highest purification peaks in ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column were obtained for fraction numbers 39-49 when eluted with 0.35-0.45 M NaCl. Eighty per cent purity was obtained in the final stage of purification, and a single protein band of about 44 kDa was visualized in SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing condition. Purified venom protein expressed as haemolytic, cytotoxicity and proteolytic activities with lethal concentration (LC50 ) at 2.0 μg/mL. Venom protein exhibits enzymatic activity and hydrolyzed casein and gelatin. Gelatinolytic activity was optimal at pH 5-9. In conclusion, the present results suggested that the sea snake venom might be feasible sources for biologically active substances. Thus, this low molecular weight component of the venom protein could be used in potentially serve biological and pharmaceutical aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palani Damotharan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Doumanov J, Mladenova K, Aleksandrov R, Danovski G, Petrova S. Interactions of pharmacologically active snake venom sPLA 2 with different cell lines. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:918-922. [PMID: 26019578 PMCID: PMC4433929 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.965014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) represent a large family of structurally related enzymes, which target different tissues and organs and induce numerous pharmacological effects based on their catalytic specificity – hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids. The neurotoxin vipoxin, isolated from the venom of Vipera ammodytes meriodionalis, is a heterodimeric postsynaptic ionic complex composed of two protein subunits – a basic and toxic His48 sPLA2 enzyme and an acidic, enzymatically inactive and non-toxic component. In this paper, for the first time, we demonstrate that vipoxin sPLA2 enzyme affects cell integrity and viability of four cell types and causes different cell responses. The most dramatic local tissue effects were observed with RPE-1 (retinal pigment epithelial) cells followed by A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar epithelial) cells and MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney epithelial) cells. Products of the enzymatic reaction, lysophospholipids and unsaturated free fatty acids, act as lipid mediators that can induce membrane damaging or can stimulate cell proliferation. Our preliminary results on the cytotoxic effect of vipoxin sPLA2 on A549 cells are promising in searching of its eventual anticancer potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Doumanov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Kirilka Mladenova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Radoslav Aleksandrov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Danovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Petrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chaisakul J, Parkington HC, Isbister GK, Konstantakopoulos N, Hodgson WC. Differential myotoxic and cytotoxic activities of pre-synaptic neurotoxins from Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and Irian Jayan death adder (Acanthophis rugosus) venoms. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 112:325-34. [PMID: 23311944 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pre-synaptic PLA(2) neurotoxins are important components of many Australasian elapid snake venoms. These toxins disrupt neurotransmitter release. Taipoxin, a pre-synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), causes necrosis and muscle degeneration. The present study examined the myotoxic and cytotoxic activities of venoms from the Papuan taipan (O. scutellatus) and Irian Jayan death adder (Acanthophis rugosus), and also tested their pre-synaptic neurotoxins: cannitoxin and P-EPTX-Ar1a. Based on size-exclusion chromatography analysis, cannitoxin represents 16% of O. scutellatus venom, while P-EPTX-Ar1a represents 6% of A. rugosus venom. In the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, A. rugosus venom displayed significantly higher myotoxic activity than O. scutellatus venom as indicated by inhibition of direct twitches, and an increase in baseline tension. Both cannitoxin and P-EPTX-Ar1a displayed marked myotoxic activity. A. rugosus venom (50-300 μg/ml) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6), while 300 μg/ml of O. scutellatus venom was required to inhibit cell proliferation, following 24-hr incubation. P-EPTX-Ar1a had greater cytotoxicity than cannitoxin, inhibiting cell proliferation after 24-hr incubation in L6 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased after 1-hr incubation with A. rugosus venom (100-250 μg/ml), O. scutellatus venom (200-250 μg/ml) and P-EPTX-Ar1a (1-2 μM), but not cannitoxin (1-2 μM), suggesting venoms/toxin generated cell necrosis. Thus, A. rugosus and O. scutellatus venoms possess different myotoxic and cytotoxic activities. The proportion of pre-synaptic neurotoxin in the venoms and PLA(2) activity of the whole venoms are unlikely to be responsible for these activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janeyuth Chaisakul
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stage-specific expression, immunolocalization of Clonorchis sinensis lysophospholipase and its potential role in hepatic fibrosis. Parasitol Res 2012. [PMID: 23183703 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipase, belonging to the complex family of phospholipases, is supposed to play a vital role in virulence and pathogenesis of parasites and fungi. In the current study, the potential role of Clonorchis sinensis lysophospholipase (CslysoPLA) in hepatic fibrosis induced by C. sinensis was explored for the first time. In the liver of the cat infected with C. sinensis, CslysoPLA was recognized in the lumen between adult worms and surrounding bile duct epithelia together with some inside the cells by means of immunolocalization. Both Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8 assay) and cell cycle analysis of human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 showed that a higher percentage of cells were at proliferation phase after incubation with lower concentrations of recombinant CslysoPLA (rCslysoPLA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated an upregulation in fibrogenic genes of smooth muscle α-actin, collagen III, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase II in LX-2 treated with rCslysoPLA. Moreover, human biliary epithelial cell line 5100 proliferated significantly in response to rCslysoPLA. Notably, CslysoPLA was localized in the adenomatoid hyperplastic tissue within the intrahepatic bile duct of experimentally infected rats by immunolocalization analysis. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR implied that CslysoPLA was differentially expressed at the developmental stages of C. sinensis (metacercariae, adult worms and eggs), with the highest level at metacercariae stage. Immunolocalization analysis showed that CslysoPLA was distributed in the intestine, vitelline gland, tegument and eggs in the adult worms and in the tegument and vitelline gland in the metacercariae, respectively. Collectively, it suggests that CslysoPLA might be involved in the initiation and promotion of C. sinensis-related human hepatic fibrosis and advance future studies on its promotion to C. sinensis-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lomonte B, Rangel J. Snake venom Lys49 myotoxins: From phospholipases A2 to non-enzymatic membrane disruptors. Toxicon 2012; 60:520-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
A comparative study of the effects of venoms from five rear-fanged snake species on the growth of Leishmania major: Identification of a protein with inhibitory activity against the parasite. Toxicon 2011; 58:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Harrison RA, Cook DA, Renjifo C, Casewell NR, Currier RB, Wagstaff SC. Research strategies to improve snakebite treatment: challenges and progress. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1768-80. [PMID: 21723969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antivenom is an effective treatment of snakebite but, because of the complex interplay of fiscal, epidemiological, therapeutic efficacy and safety issues, the mortality of snakebite remains unacceptably high. Efficiently combating this high level of preventable death amongst the world's most disadvantaged communities requires the globally-coordinated action of multiple intervention programmes. This is the overall objective of the Global Snakebite Initiative. This paper describes the challenges facing the research community to develop snakebite treatments that are more efficacious, safe and affordable than current therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Harrison
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 from the venom of the Saw-scaled viper: Novel bactericidal and membrane damaging activities. Biochimie 2010; 92:1854-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A, Escalante T, Lomonte B, Angulo Y, Fox JW. Tissue pathology induced by snake venoms: How to understand a complex pattern of alterations from a systems biology perspective? Toxicon 2010; 55:166-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
21
|
Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:958-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Angulo Y, Lomonte B. Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxicon 2009; 54:949-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
23
|
Hu F, Hu X, Ma C, Zhao J, Xu J, Yu X. Molecular characterization of a novel Clonorchis sinensis secretory phospholipase A(2) and investigation of its potential contribution to hepatic fibrosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 167:127-34. [PMID: 19463858 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a homologue of phospholipase A(2) was identified from the Clonorchis sinensis adult cDNA plasmid library. The deduced amino acid sequence including a signal peptide that has 28-46% identity with secretory phospholipase A(2), group III (group III sPLA(2)) of other species. It also has typical features of group III sPLA(2)s including 10 cysteines, the key residues of the Ca(2+) loop and catalytic site. The recombinant protein encoded by this gene expressed in Escherichia coli showed a product of about 34kDa in SDS-PAGE. Prediction of signal peptide and Western blot analysis indicated the group III secretory phospholipase A(2) of C. sinensis (CsGIIIsPLA(2)) was an excretory-secretory product (ES product). The enzyme activity of the recombinant protein was determined using phosphatidylcholine as substrates. The result revealed that the protein was a Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2). Both MTT test and cell cycle analysis of LX-2 showed a higher percentage of cells are in proliferation phase. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR experiments demonstrated an up-regulated expression of collagen III in these cells after incubation with the recombinant protein. We also identified that the recombinant CsGIIIsPLA(2) could bind to some membrane proteins on LX-2 cells specifically by immunofluorescence, thus there might be receptors of CsGIIIsPLA(2) on the LX-2 cell membrane. Our results suggest that CsGIIIsPLA(2) might play an important role in the initiation and development of hepatic fibrosis caused by C. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bonfim VL, de Carvalho DD, Ponce-Soto LA, Kassab BH, Marangoni S. Toxicity of phospholipases A2 D49 (6-1 and 6-2) and K49 (Bj-VII) from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Karthikeyan R, Karthigayan S, Sri Balasubashini M, Somasundaram S, Balasubramanian T. Inhibition of Hep2 and HeLa cell proliferation in vitro and EAC tumor growth in vivo by Lapemis curtus (Shaw 1802) venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
26
|
Tsai SH, Chen YC, Chen L, Wang YM, Tsai IH. Binding of a venom Lys-49 phospholipase A2 to LPS and suppression of its effects on mouse macrophages. Toxicon 2007; 50:914-22. [PMID: 17825337 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Lys49-phospholipases A(2) (K49-PLAs) are abundant in many pit vipers' venom. They are highly basic myotoxins and capable of binding membranes but lack hydrolytic activity. Considerable attention has been directed to its antibacterial activity but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. We now evaluate the roles of a K49-PLA from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom in antagonizing the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). The K49-PLA markedly reduced LPS-stimulated production of NO, MCP-1, RANTES, and iNOS. RT-PCR analysis also confirmed its suppression of LPS-induced transcription of these cellular proteins. Moreover, LPS-induced activation of NFkappaB was dramatically abolished, while phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB were also inhibited. Other types of venom phospholipases tested did not show the same effects as K49-PLA. Finally, strong binding between K49-PLA and LPS with a dissociation constant at the order of 10nM was shown by microcalorimetry titration. These findings provide unprecedented evidence that a low dose of K49-PLA possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, which raises the prospect of a new therapeutic approach against sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Huei Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karthikeya R, Karthigaya S, Balasubash MS, Vijayalaks S, Somasundar S, Balasubram T. Antitumor Effect of Snake Venom (Hydrophis spiralis) on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2007.167.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Karthikeya R, Karthigaya S, Balasubash MS, Vijayalaks S, Somasundar S, Balasubram T. Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation in vitro and Tumor Growth in vivo by Hydrophis spiralis Sea Snake Venom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2007.186.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Passero LFD, Tomokane TY, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD, Toyama MH. Comparative studies of the anti-leishmanial activity of three Crotalus durissus ssp. venoms. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1365-71. [PMID: 17659386 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the anti-leishmanial activity of three crotalic venoms (Crotalus durissus terrificus-Cdt, Crotalus durissus cascavella-Cdca, and Crotalus durissus collilineatus-Cdcol). Different concentrations of each venom incubated with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes were used. Cdt venom exhibited a higher anti-leishmanial activity (Inhibitory concentration-IC50-value of 4.70+/-1.72 microg/ml) in comparison with that of Cdca venom (IC50 value of 9.41+/-1.21 microg/ml), while Cdcol venom increased parasite numbers in 50% at a concentration of 44.30+/-2.18 microg/ml. In addition, this venom showed a low anti-leishmanial activity in higher concentrations (IC50 value of 281.00+/-9.50 microg/ml). The main fractions of Cdca venom were isolated and assayed under similar conditions used for assessing crude venom. The most active fractions were gyroxin and crotamine that had IC50 values of 3.80+/-0.52 microg/ml and 19.95+/-4.21 microg/ml, respectively. Convulxin also inhibited parasite growth rate, although this effect was not dose-dependent. Crotoxin was the least effective fraction with an IC50 value of 99.80+/-2.21 microg/ml. None of the protein fractions presented cytotoxic effects against J774 cells in culture. In vivo assays using BALB/c mice revealed that crotoxin and crotamine were the main toxic fractions. In conclusion, C. durissus cascavella venom has three main fractions with anti-leishmanial activity. These results open new possibilities to find proteins that might be used as possible agents against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F D Passero
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory (LIM-50), Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ponce-Soto LA, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Novello JC, Marangoni S. Structural and functional properties of BaTX, a new Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops alternatus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:585-93. [PMID: 17270350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BaTX PLA(2), a K49 phospholipase A(2) homologue was purified from Bothrops alternatus venom after two chromatographic steps, molecular exclusion on Superdex 75 and reverse phase HPLC on mu-Bondapack C-18. A molecular mass of 13898.71 Da was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The amino acid composition showed that BaTX has a high content of Lys, Tyr, Gly, Pro, and 14 half-Cys residues, typical of a basic PLA(2). The complete amino acid sequence of BaTX PLA(2) contains 121 residues, resulting in a calculated pI value of 8.63. This sequence shows high identity values when compared to other K49 PLA(2)s isolated from the venoms of viperid snakes. Lower identity is observed in comparison to D49 PLA(2)s. The sequence was SLFELGKMIL QETGKNPAKS YGAYYCYCGW GGQGQPKDAT DRCCYVHKCC YKKLTGCNPK KDRYSYSWKD KTIVCGENNS CLKELCECDK AVAICLRENL NTYNKKYRYY LKPLCKKADA C. In mice, BaTX induced myonecrosis and edema, upon intramuscular or subcutaneous injections, respectively. The LD(50) of BaTX was 7 mug/g body weight, by intravenous route. In vitro, the toxin caused a potent blockade of neuromuscular transmission in young chicken biventer cervicis preparations. The blockage 50% was achieved at a concentration of 0.03 microM: 40+/-0.4 min and 0.07 microM: 35+/-0.3 min. Moreover, this protein induced a rapid cytolytic effect upon mouse skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture. Thus, the combined structural and functional information obtained identify BaTX as a new member of the K49 PLA(2) family, which presents the typical bioactivities described for such proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Bothrops/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chickens
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Crotalid Venoms/enzymology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Edema/chemically induced
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoenzymes/chemistry
- Lethal Dose 50
- Lysine
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/drug effects
- Necrosis
- Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects
- Phospholipases A/chemistry
- Phospholipases A/isolation & purification
- Phospholipases A/toxicity
- Phospholipases A2
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biology, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang Y, Li Y, Bao Y, An L. Neurotoxic activity of Gln49 phospholipase A2 fromGloydius ussuriensis snake venom. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:447-52. [PMID: 17299814 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel neurotoxic protein phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), molecular weight 13 881.83 Da, has been isolated from snake venom of Gloydius ussuriensis, named as Gln49-PLA(2), which shows weak lethal toxic, myotoxic and apparent anticoagulant activity, but lacks phospholipase activity. The Gln49-PLA(2) obviously induced an increase of the pain threshold in intoxicated 615 mice compared with the control group, suggesting it is a neurotoxin. Hot-plate tests also showed that its analgesic activity was dose-dependent, and naloxone antagonized the analgesic effect, implying the mechanism of action of Gln49-sPLA(2) is correlated with opioid receptors. Electrophysiology studies revealed decreases in the action potential and the nerve conduction velocity in isolated hoptoad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor) sciatic nerve, indicating Gln49-PLA(2) most probably had effects on ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Makarova YV, Osipov AV, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Influence of phospholipases A2 from snake venoms on survival and neurite outgrowth in pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:678-84. [PMID: 16827660 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the ability to induce neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 is characteristic of phospholipases of different types, we have studied the influence of phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) from cobra Naja kaouthia venom and two PLA2s from viper Vipera nikolskii venom on PC12 cells. Phospholipases from the viper venom are heterodimers in which only one of the subunits is enzymatically active, while PLA2 from the cobra venom is a monomer. It was found that all three PLA2s induce neurite outgrowth in PC12. The PLA2 from cobra venom exhibits this effect at higher concentrations as compared to the viper enzymes. We have not observed such an activity for isolated subunits of viper PLA2s, since the enzymatically active subunits have very high cytotoxicity, while the other subunits are not active at all. However, co-incubation of active and inactive subunits before addition to the cells leads to a marked decrease in cytotoxicity and to restoration of the neurite-inducing activity. It has also been shown that all enzymatically active PLA2s are cytotoxic, the PLA2 from cobra venom being the least active. Thus, for the first time we have shown that PLA2s from snake venoms can induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya V Makarova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mora R, Maldonado A, Valverde B, Gutiérrez JM. Calcium plays a key role in the effects induced by a snake venom Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue on a lymphoblastoid cell line. Toxicon 2006; 47:75-86. [PMID: 16303159 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A catalytically-inactive Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologue from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper induces diverse effects (necrosis, apoptosis and proliferation) in a lymphoblastoid cell line, depending on the toxin concentration. The increments in cytosolic Ca2+ levels induced by this toxin in this cell line were assessed. At high toxin concentration (100 microg/mL) the toxin induces drastic disruption of the plasma membrane, associated with a prominent Ca2+ influx and necrosis. Previous incubation of the cells with the chelating agent EGTA or with ruthenium red, an inhibitor of the uniporter mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, greatly reduced necrosis. At a toxin concentration of 12.5 microg/mL, apoptosis is the predominant response, being associated with lower increments in cytosolic Ca2+. This effect was inhibited by preincubation with ruthenium red and the cytosolic Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. The proliferative response, which occurs at a low toxin concentration (0.5 microg/mL), is associated with a small and oscillatory increment in cytosolic Ca2+. It was inhibited by EGTA, ruthenium red and BAPTA-AM, by inhibitors of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and by blockade of the ryanodine receptor. It is concluded that necrosis and apoptosis induced by this toxin are associated with increments in cytosolic Ca2+ levels following plasma membrane perturbation, together with the involvement of mitochondria. The cellular proliferative response depends on a limited Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane, being associated with a concerted functional unit constituted by SERCA, the ryanodine receptor and mitochondria, which regulate the observed oscillations in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mora
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yamazaki Y, Matsunaga Y, Nakano Y, Morita T. Identification of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-binding protein in the venom of eastern cottonmouth. A new role of snake venom myotoxic Lys49-phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29989-92. [PMID: 16014630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c500236200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) and its receptor KDR (kinase insert domain-containing receptor) are central regulators of blood vessel formation. We herein report a KDR-binding protein we have isolated in the venom of eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus). Sequence analysis revealed the isolated KDR-binding protein (designated KDR-bp) is identical to Lys49-phosholipase A2 (Lys49PLA2), an inactive PLA2 homologue with strong myotoxicity, in which Lys49 substitutes Asp49, a key residue for binding the essential cofactor Ca2+. KDR-bp binds to the extracellular domain of KDR with subnanomolar affinity. KDR-bp also binds to a lesser extent with Flt-1 and IgG but not to other receptors with similar immunoglobulin-like domain structures such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. The interaction between KDR-bp and KDR was blocked by VEGF165, and KDR-bp specifically inhibited VEGF165-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, indicating KDR-bp is an antagonistic ligand for KDR. Lys49PLA2s from another snake venom were found to exhibit similar receptor binding properties to KDR-bp. This is the first report to demonstrate that an exogenous factor antagonizes VEGF and its receptor system. Our observation offers further insight into the as yet unknown molecular mechanism of myotoxic activity of snake venom Lys49PLA2s. Furthermore, KDR-bp would make a valuable tool for studying the structure and function of KDR, such as that expressed on skeletal muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|