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Zhao S, Zhong S, Wang F, Wang H, Xu D, Li G. Microcystin-LR exposure decreased the fetal weight of mice by disturbance of placental development and ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the placenta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113362. [PMID: 31672369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is essential for sustaining the growth of the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the placenta in MCLR-induced significant reduction in fetal weight, especially the changes in placental structure and function. Pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with MCLR (5 or 20 μg/kg) from gestational day (GD) 13 to GD17. The results showed MCLR reduced fetal weight and placenta weight. The histological specimens of the placentas were taken for light and electron microscopy studies. The internal space of blood vessels decreased obviously in the placental labyrinth layer of mice treated with MCLR. After the ultrastructural examination, the edema and intracytoplasmic vacuolization, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and corrugation of the nucleus were observed. In addition, maternal MCLR exposure caused a reduction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2) expression in placentae, a critical regulator of fetal development. Several genes of placental growth factors, such as Vegfα and Pgf and several genes of nutrient transport pumps, such as Glut1 and Pcft were depressed in placentas of MCLR-treated mice, however nutrient transporters Fatp1 and Snat4 were promoted. Moreover, significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by MCLR, which was also verified by remarkable decrease in the glutathione levels, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis revealed that GRP78, CHOP, XBP-1, peIF2α and pIRE1 were remarkable increased in placentas of MCLR-treated mice, indicating that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway was activated by MCLR. Furthermore, oxidative stress and ER stress consequently triggered apoptosis which contributed to the impairment of placental development. Collectively, these results suggest maternal MCLR exposure results in reduced fetal body weight, which might be associated with ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and impairment in placental structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shengzheng Zhong
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Honghui Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Adegoke EO, Xue W, Machebe NS, Adeniran SO, Hao W, Chen W, Han Z, Guixue Z, Peng Z. Sodium Selenite inhibits mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier proteins of bovine Sertoli cell exposed to microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) via TLR4/NF-kB and mitochondrial signaling pathways blockage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:165-175. [PMID: 30267989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative effect of selenium on microcystin-LR induced toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells. Bovine Sertoli cells were pretreated with selenium (Na2SeO3) for 24 h after which selenium pretreated and non-pretreated Sertoli cells were cultured in medium containing 10% heat activated fetal bovine serum FBS+ 80 µg/L MC-LR to assess its ameliorative effect on MC-LR toxicity. The results show that selenium pretreatment inhibited the MC-LR induced mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins in bovine Sertoli cells via NF-kB and cytochrome c release blockage. The observed downregulation of electron transport chain (ETC) related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2) and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, 1 L-13, TGFβ1) in non-pretreated cells exposed to MC-LR were ameliorated in selenium pretreated cells. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the protein levels of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins (ZO-1, occludin, connexin-43, CTNNB1, N-cadherin) and mitochondria related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2, ACAT1, mtTFA) of selenium pretreated Sertoli cell compared to the control. Taken together, we conclude that selenium inhibits MC-LR caused Mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier proteins of bovine Sertoli cell via mitochondrial and TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathways blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Adegoke
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - Wang Xue
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - N S Machebe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - S O Adeniran
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - Wang Hao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhang Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhang Guixue
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China.
| | - Zheng Peng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, PR China.
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Feng Y, Ma J, Xiang R, Li X. Alterations in microRNA expression in the tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following microcystin-LR exposure. Toxicon 2017; 128:15-22. [PMID: 28131796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of toxicology, the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in fish is still poorly understood. In the present study, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to examine the expression of 7 miRNAs (let-7b, miR-21, miR-122, miR-27b, miR-148, miR-125a, and miR-143) that play regulatory roles in biological processes such as signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle, and fatty acid metabolism. Expression patterns were assessed in the liver, spleen, and kidney of silver carp following 8, 24, and 48 h of exposure to MC-LR via intraperitoneal injection (50 or 200 μg/kg of body weight). The results of qPCR analysis showed that the expression of the 7 miRNAs was either upregulated or downregulated in response to MC-LR exposure. These results indicate that acute MC-LR exposure altered miRNAs expression profiles in the liver, spleen, and kidney of silver carp, suggesting that miRNAs may be involved in MC-LR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Feng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruichen Xiang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Zhang S, Liu C, Li Y, Imam MU, Huang H, Liu H, Xin Y, Zhang H. Novel Role of ER Stress and Autophagy in Microcystin-LR Induced Apoptosis in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:527. [PMID: 27877136 PMCID: PMC5099254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a ubiquitous peptide that exhibits strong reproductive toxicity, although the mechanistic basis for such toxicity remains largely unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of exposure to MC-LR in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The results showed that MC-LR inhibited the in vitro proliferation of CHO cells significantly, with an IC50 of 10 μM. Moreover, MC-LR-treated CHO cells revealed strong induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additionally, exposure of CHO cells to MC-LR resulted in excess reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium release, with resultant endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs). There was also extensive accumulation of autophagic vacuoles with the highest concentration of MC-LR used (10 μM). Furthermore, the expression of ERs (GRP78, ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, CHOP) and autophagy (Beclin1 and LC3II) proteins was increased, with concomitantly reduced expression of LC3I suggesting that ERs and autophagy were induced in CHO cells by MC-LR treatment. Conversely, pretreatment of CHO cells with 4-Phenyl butyric acid, the ERs inhibitor reduced the MC-LR-induced apoptotic cell death and cellular autophagy as evidenced by the reduced expression of Beclin1 and LC3II. Similarly, MC-LR treatment in combination with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) increased apoptotic cell death compared with MC-LR alone, and induced ERs via upregulating ERs proteins. The overall results indicated that activation of ERs and autophagy are both associated with MC-LR-induced apoptosis in CHO cells. ERs may be a trigger of autophagy in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mustapha U Imam
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongjuan Xin
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao S, Xie P, Chen J, Liu L, Fan H. A proteomic study on liver impairment in rat pups induced by maternal microcystin-LR exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:197-207. [PMID: 26845367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating that microcystins (MCs) are heptapeptide toxins. Recent studies have also shown that MCLR can transfer from mother to offspring, but it is unclear whether maternal MCLR can influence the liver of offspring or not. In this study, pregnant SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with a saline solution (control) or 10 μg/kg MCLR per day from gestational day 8 (GD8) to postnatal day 15 (PD15) for a total of 4 weeks. 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry were used to screen for MCLR target proteins in the livers of rat pups. Our results demonstrated that MCLR could accumulate in the livers of neonatal rats. Proteomics studies also showed that MCLR significantly influenced many proteins, including those involved in the cytoskeleton, metabolism and particularly oxidative stress. In addition, MCLR induced cellular structural damage and resulted in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, protein phosphatase (PP) activity was inhibited and some serum biochemistry parameters were altered. These results suggest an early molecular mechanism behind the hepatotoxicity induced by maternal MC exposure and highlight the importance of monitoring MC concentrations in new-born mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Luyi Liu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Huihui Fan
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Zhao S, Li G, Chen J. A proteomic analysis of prenatal transfer of microcystin-LR induced neurotoxicity in rat offspring. J Proteomics 2015; 114:197-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ziková A, Kopp R. Impacts of microcystin, a cyanobacterial toxin, on laboratory rodents in vivo. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200856050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Huang J, Zhou S, Ping J, Pan X, Liang G, Xu D, Kou H, Bao C, Wang H. Role of p53-dependent placental apoptosis in the reproductive and developmental toxicities of caffeine in rodents. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:357-63. [PMID: 22243401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of placental apoptosis in mediating the reproductive and developmental toxicity of caffeine in rodents. Female Kunming mice were treated with caffeine (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg per day) before and during pregnancy. The conception rate, maternal bodyweight gain, placental weight and indices of fetal developmental, including the rate of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR; i.e. the actual number of fetuses exhibiting IUGR as a percentage of the total number of fetuses), were determined on gestational day (GD) 18. Female Wistar rats were treated with caffeine (20, 60 and 180 mg/kg per day) from GD11 to GD20. The IUGR rate, maternal plasma angiotensin (Ang) II and prolactin concentrations, placental pathology, expression of angiotensin AT(1) and AT(2) receptors and apoptosis-related proteins were measured on GD20. In mice, caffeine treatment dose-dependently reduced the total conception rate, delayed conception and decreased maternal bodyweight gain, placental weight, fetal bodyweight and fetal body and tail lengths, whereas the IUGR rate was increased. In rats, caffeine treatment dose-dependently decreased placental weight and fetal bodyweight and increased the IUGR rate. Abnormal placental structures and decreased maternal plasma prolactin concentrations were observed following 180 mg/kg per day caffeine treatment, which resulted in increases in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, including maternal plasma AngII concentrations and placental AT(1B) and AT(2) receptor expression, and Bax and p53 expression, but decreases in placental Bcl-2 expression. On the basis of the results of the present study, it appears that caffeine ingestion has detrimental effects on the reproductive system and fetal development in rodents that are associated with chronic activation of the maternal and placental RAS, and induction of p53-dependent placental apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
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Gutiérrez-Praena D, Jos Á, Pichardo S, Moreno IM, Cameán AM. Presence and bioaccumulation of microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in food and the effectiveness of some cooking techniques at decreasing their concentrations: a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23200893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are among the cyanotoxins which occur naturally, produced by different cyanobacteria species when they grow or proliferate under favorable environmental conditions. From a toxicological point of view, their relevance is due to the deleterious effects that they have been reported to induce in a wide range of organisms, including humans. Cyanotoxins intake from contaminated water and food is an important source of human exposure. Various edible aquatic organisms, plants, and food supplements based on algae, can bioaccumulate these toxins. A thorough review of the scientific data available on this topic is provided, the studies on MCs being much more numerous than those focused on CYN. The scientific literature suggests that these cyanotoxins can be accumulated at concentrations higher than their respective recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI). Finally, the influence of different cooking procedures on their levels in food has been considered. In this regard, again studies on the matter dealing with CYN have been not yet raised. MCs contents have been reported to be reduced in muscle of fish after boiling, or cooking in a microwave-oven, although the effect of other traditional cooking processes such as frying, roasting or grilling have not been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Acuña S, Baxa D, Teh S. Sublethal dietary effects of microcystin producing Microcystis on threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense. Toxicon 2012; 60:1191-202. [PMID: 22925841 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis in the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE) since 1999 is a potential but unquantified threat to the health and survival of aquatic organisms such as fish and zooplankton. The microcystins (MCs) predominantly in the LR-form (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis is hepatotoxic and a potential threat to the fishery. Concurrently, in the SFE significant declines in pelagic fish, known as the Pelagic Organism Decline (POD), has been recognized by state and federal agencies since 2000. In 2005, the presence of the toxic algal bloom, Microcystis has been hypothesized as a link to the POD by the Interagency Ecology Program Management Team. This study aims to characterize the toxic effects of Microcystis in one of the POD species, threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) by exposure to diets containing Microcystis harvested from the SFE. The diets contained Microcystis with 4.4 (D5) and 10.0 (D10) μg g⁻¹ MC-LR that was fed to threadfin shad for 57 days. The treatments were compared to the control diet, 0 μg g⁻¹ MC-LR (D0). Results showed that ingested Microcystis was localized in the gut by in situ hybridization and MCs were localized in the tissues of the gut, kidney and liver. Condition factor (CF) and liver and gonadal lesions were sensitive to MC exposure. There was a significant inverse relationship between CF and MC-LR with exposed fish exhibiting severe cachexia. Liver lesions of sinusoidal congestion and glycogen depletion significantly increased with increasing MC-LR concentrations, indicating hemorrhaging in the liver and poor nutritional status, respectively. In females, there was a significant increase in severe ovarian necrosis with increasing MC-LR concentration, indicating loss of reproductive potential. The results indicate that MC-LR from Microcystis significantly impairs the health and reproductive potential of threadfin shad has a potential negative effect on populations in the SFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Acuña
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, 1203 Haring Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Acuña S, Deng DF, Lehman P, Teh S. Sublethal dietary effects of Microcystis on Sacramento splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:1-8. [PMID: 22245626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis in the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE) since 1999 is a potential but to date an unquantified threat to the health and survival of aquatic organisms, such as fish and zooplankton. The microcystins (MCs) predominantly in the LR-form (MC-LR) contained in Microcystis is hepatotoxic and a potential threat to the fishery. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary exposure of the endemic Sacramento splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus in SFE to Microcystis and its toxin, MC-LR. Juvenile splittail (12.59 ± 0.7 g fish(-1)) were exposed to five diets for 28 d with MC-LR obtained from: (1) Microcystis harvested from the SFE and (2) a synthetic purified form of MC-LR. Three of the test diets contained 3.55 (D5), 9.14 (D10) and 17.13 (D20)mg MC-LR kg(-1) from Microcystis. The other two diets contained either purified MC-LR at 3.89 mg MC-LR kg(-1) (D5R) or no MC-LR (D0). The RNA/DNA ratio of fish muscle was significantly lower for all treatments fed test diets containing MC-LR compared to the control diet D0, suggesting Microcystis adversely affected nutritional status. Protein phosphatase 2A expression in the fish from the D5, D10 and D20 treatments were inversely affected by increasing concentrations of MC-LR. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and single cell necrosis were more prevalent and greater in severity in the fish exposed to the diets D10 and D20 compared to fish from the D0 treatment and indicate severe liver toxicity in splittail exposed to MC-LR. The sublethal effects on splittail characterized by this study suggest cyanobacterial blooms have the potential to affect splittail nutritional status and health in SFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Acuña
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Zhao Y, Xiong Q, Xie P. Analysis of microRNA expression in embryonic developmental toxicity induced by MC-RR. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22676. [PMID: 21829477 PMCID: PMC3146480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As cynobacterial blooms frequently occur in fresh waters throughout the world, microcystins (MCs) have caused serious damage to both wildlife and human health. MCs are known to have developmental toxicity, however, the possible molecular mechanism is largely unknown. This is the first toxicological study to integrate post-transcriptomic, proteomic and bioinformatics analysis to explore molecular mechanisms for developmental toxicity of MCs in zebrafish. After being microinjected directly into embryos, MC-RR dose-dependently decreased survival rates and increased malformation rates of embryos, causing various embryo abnormalities including loss of vascular integrity and hemorrhage. Expressions of 31 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 78 proteins were significantly affected at 72 hours post-fertilisation (hpf). Expressions of miR-430 and miR-125 families were also significantly changed. The altered expressions of miR-31 and miR-126 were likely responsible for the loss of vascular integrity. MC-RR significantly reduced the expressions of a number of proteins involved in energy metabolism, cell division, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton maintenance, response to stress and DNA replication. Bioinformatics analysis shows that several aberrantly expressed miRNAs and proteins (involved in various molecular pathways) were predicted to be potential MC-responsive miRNA-target pairs, and that their aberrant expressions should be the possible molecular mechanisms for the various developmental defects caused by MC-RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Li D, Liu Z, Cui Y, Li W, Fang H, Li M, Kong Z. Toxicity of cyanobacterial bloom extracts from Taihu Lake on mouse, Mus musculus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1018-1025. [PMID: 21544556 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The acute and sub-chronic toxicities of cyanobacterial extract from Taihu Lake (PR China) on mouse (Mus musculus) were investigated in this study via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Increases in liver/body weight ratios and pathological changes in mouse liver showed adverse effects at the organ level. Images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that abnormal membrane structure occurred and that the organelles were damaged severely in the cells of liver and testis. The high dose group received i.p. injection of 12 mg lyophilized algae cells/kg body weight. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the livers of this group, along with a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) activity. These results revealed the existence of obvious oxidative stress. Comet assay results also suggested a dose-dependent relationship between DNA damage in hepatocytes/testicular cells and the amount of bloom extract administered to the mice. There was a significant increase in DNA damage compared to the control group and the genotoxicity of the cyanobacterial bloom to testicular cells was higher than in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
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Berry JP, Gibbs PDL, Schmale MC, Saker ML. Toxicity of cylindrospermopsin, and other apparent metabolites from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Toxicon 2008; 53:289-99. [PMID: 19087885 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive compounds that pose growing threats to human and environmental health. We utilized the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, as a model of vertebrate development, to investigate the inhibition of development pathways (i.e. developmental toxicity) by the cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin (CYN), as well as extracts from various isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. CYN was toxic only when injected directly into embryos, but not by direct immersion at doses up to 50mug/ml. Despite the dose dependency of toxicity observed following injection of CYN, no consistent patterns of developmental defects were observed, suggesting that toxic effects of CYN may not target specific developmental pathways. In contrast, direct immersion of embryos in all of the extracts resulted in both increased mortality and reproducible, consistent, developmental dysfunctions. Interestingly, there was no correlation of developmental toxicity observed for these extracts with the presence of CYN or with previously reported toxicity for these strains. These results suggest that CYN is lethal to zebrafish embryos, but apparently inhibits no specific developmental pathways, whereas other apparent metabolites from C. raciborskii and A. ovalisporum seem to reproducibly inhibit development in the zebrafish model. Continued investigation of these apparent, unknown metabolites is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 354 Marine Science Building, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Wang Q, Xie P, Chen J, Liang G. Distribution of microcystins in various organs (heart, liver, intestine, gonad, brain, kidney and lung) of Wistar rat via intravenous injection. Toxicon 2008; 52:721-7. [PMID: 18775740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of microcystins (MCs) in various tissues of Wistar rats was studied under laboratory conditions. Rats were injected intravenously (i.v.) with extracted MCs at a dose of 80 microg MC-LR(equivalent)/kg body weight. MCs concentrations in various tissues were detected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24h post-injection using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The highest concentration of MCs was found in kidney (0.034-0.295 microg/g dry weight), followed by lung (0.007-0.067 microg/g dry weight), stomach (0.010-0.058 microg/g dry weight) and liver (0.003-0.052 microg/g dry weight). The maximum MCs content in the whole body of rat, 2.9% of the injected dose, was observed at 2h post-injection. MCs concentration was higher in kidney than in liver during the experiment, and two peaks of MCs concentration (at 2 and 24h, respectively) were observed in kidney, indicating that MCs can be excreted directly via kidney of rat. Though heart, intestine, spleen, brain, gonad and stomach contained less than 0.2% of injected MCs during the whole experiment stage, the presence of MCs in these tissues represents potential damage to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Xie P, Wang W, Li D, Li L, Tang R, Lei H, Shi Z. Dose-dependent effects of extracted microcystins on embryonic development, larval growth and histopathological changes of southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Toxicon 2008; 51:449-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Falconer IR. Cyanobacterial toxins present in Microcystis aeruginosa extracts—More than microcystins! Toxicon 2007; 50:585-8. [PMID: 17509636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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