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Edgar JA, Molyneux RJ, Colegate SM. 1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Their Potential as a Dietary Cause of Sporadic Motor Neuron Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:340-354. [PMID: 35238548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can be caused by spontaneous genetic mutations. However, many sporadic cases of ALS and other debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are believed to be caused by environmental factors, subject to considerable debate and requiring intensive research. A common pathology associated with MND development involves progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in motor neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to apoptosis. Consequent degeneration of skeletal and respiratory muscle cells can lead to death from respiratory failure. A significant number of MND cases present with cancers and liver and lung pathology. This Perspective explores the possibility that MNDs could be caused by intermittent, low-level dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (1,2-dehydroPAs) that are increasingly recognized as contaminants of many foods consumed throughout the world. Nontoxic, per se, 1,2-dehydroPAs are metabolized, by particular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms, to 6,7-dihydropyrrolizines that react with nucleophilic groups (-NH, -SH, -OH) on DNA, proteins, and other vital biochemicals, such as glutathione. Many factors, including aging, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption, influence CYP450 isoform activity in a range of tissues, including glial cells and neurons of the CNS. Activation of 1,2-dehydroPAs in CNS cells can be expected to cause gene mutations and oxidative stress, potentially leading to the development of MNDs and other NDDs. While relatively high dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydroPAs causes hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, pulmonary venoocclusive disease, neurotoxicity, and diverse cancers, this Perspective suggests that, at current intermittent, low levels of dietary exposure, neurotoxicity could become the primary pathology that develops over time in susceptible individuals, along with a tendency for some of them to also display liver and lung pathology and diverse cancers co-occurring with some MND/NDD cases. Targeted research is recommended to investigate this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Edgar
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Steven M Colegate
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, ARS/USDA, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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2
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Miranda CA, Guimarães ARDJS, Bizerra PFV, Mingatto FE. Diazinon impairs bioenergetics and induces membrane permeability transition on mitochondria isolated from rat liver. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:616-629. [PMID: 32787525 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1805078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN) is a broad-spectrum insecticide extensively used to control pests in crops and animals. Several investigators demonstrated that DZN produced tissue toxicity especially to the liver. In addition, the mitochondrion was implicated in DZN-induced toxicity, but the precise role of this organelle remains to be determined. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effects of DZN (50 to 150 μM) on the bioenergetics and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) associated processes in isolated rat liver mitochondria. DZN inhibited state-3 respiration in mitochondria energized with glutamate plus malate, substrates of complex I, and succinate, substrate of complex II of the respiratory chain and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in inhibition of ATP synthesis. MPT was estimated by the extent of mitochondrial swelling, in the presence of 10 µM Ca2+. DZN elicited MPT in a concentration-dependent manner, via a mechanism sensitive to cyclosporine A, EGTA, ruthenium red and N-ethylmaleimide, which was associated with mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux and cytochrome c release. DZN did not result in hydrogen peroxide accumulation or glutathione oxidation, but this insecticide oxidized endogenous NAD(P)H and protein thiol groups. Data suggest the involvement of mitochondria, via apoptosis, in the hepatic cytotoxicity attributed to DZN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Araújo Miranda
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Dracena, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Dracena, Brazil
| | - Fábio Erminio Mingatto
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Dracena, Brazil
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Batista da Cunha D, Pupo Silvestrini AV, Gomes da Silva AC, Maria de Paula Estevam D, Pollettini FL, de Oliveira Navarro J, Alves AA, Remédio Zeni Beretta AL, Annichino Bizzacchi JM, Pereira LC, Mazzi MV. Mechanistic insights into functional characteristics of native crotamine. Toxicon 2018; 146:1-12. [PMID: 29574214 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of snake venoms is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides that can be pharmacologically active. Crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide, has been described to have antimicrobial properties and it exerts its effects by interacting selectively with different structures, inducing changes in the ion flow pattern and cellular responses. However, its real therapeutic potential is not yet fully known. Bearing in mind that crotamine is a promising molecule in therapeutics, this study investigated the action of purified molecule in three aspects: I) antibacterial action on different species of clinical interest, II) the effect of two different concentrations of the molecule on platelet aggregation, and III) its effects on isolated mitochondria. Crotamine was purified to homogeneity in a single step procedure using Heparin Sepharose. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 4881.4 Da, as determined by mass spectrometry. To assess antibacterial action, changes in the parameters of bacterial oxidative stress were determined. The peptide showed antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli (MIC: 2.0 μg/μL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 8-16 μg/μL) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 4.0-8.0 μg/μL), inducing bacterial death by lipid peroxidation and oxidation of target proteins, determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and sulfhydryl groups, respectively. Crotamine induced increased platelet aggregation (IPA) at the two concentrations analyzed (0.1 and 1.4 μg/μL) compared to ADP-induced aggregation of PRP. Mitochondrial respiratory parameters and organelle structure assays were used to elucidate the action of the compound in this organelle. The exposure of mitochondria to crotamine caused a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and changes in mitochondrial permeability, without causing damage in the mitochondrial redox state. Together, these results support the hypothesis that, besides the antimicrobial potential, crotamine acts on different molecular targets, inducing platelet aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Batista da Cunha
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Vitória Pupo Silvestrini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Maria de Paula Estevam
- Graduate Program in Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Lino Pollettini
- Graduate Program in Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Oliveira Navarro
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Armindo Antônio Alves
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Remédio Zeni Beretta
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce M Annichino Bizzacchi
- Blood Hemostasis Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Pereira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, State University Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Ventura Mazzi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, 7 Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Cuce G, Canbaz HT, Sozen ME, Yerlikaya FH, Kalkan S. Vitamin E and selenium treatment of monocrotaline induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:59-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1267798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Cuce
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - HT Canbaz
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - ME Sozen
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
| | - FH Yerlikaya
- Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - S Kalkan
- Departments of Histology and Embryology
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Ji CF, Ji YB. Apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells induced by podophyllotoxin. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1317-1322. [PMID: 24940431 PMCID: PMC3991486 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that podophyllotoxin and its derivatives exhibit antitumor effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate SGC-7901 cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanism induced by podophyllotoxin. SGC-7901 cells were treated with varying concentrations of podophyllotoxin. MTT assays and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effects of podophyllotoxin on the proliferation and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells, while fluorescence inverted microscopy was used to observe the morphology of SGC-7901 cells that had been dyed with Hoechst 33258. In addition, laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to analyze the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of SGC-7901 cells dyed with Rhodamine 123. Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression levels of cytochrome c (cyt-c), caspase-9 and caspase-3 in the SGC-7901 cells. The results indicated that podophyllotoxin was capable of inhibiting growth and inducing the apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner, causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. After 48 h of treatment, the apoptotic morphology of SGC-7901 cells was clear, exhibiting cell protuberance, concentrated cytoplasms and apoptotic bodies. Following 24 h of treatment, the MMP of the SGC-7901 cells decreased. In addition, after 48 h, the expression of cyt-c was shown to be upregulated, while the expression levels of pro-caspase-9 and pro-caspase-3 in the SGC-7901 cells were shown to be downregulated. In conclusion, apoptosis can be induced in SGC-7901 cells by podophyllotoxin, potentially via a mitochondrial pathway, indicating that podophyllotoxin may be a potent agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Feng Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China ; Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China ; Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
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6
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Wang CC, Xia Q, Li M, Wang S, Zhao Y, Tolleson WH, Yin JJ, Fu PP. Metabolic activation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids leading to phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity in human HaCaT keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2014; 32:362-384. [PMID: 25436474 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.969980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, produced by a large number of poisonous plants with wide global distribution, are associated with genotoxicity, tumorigenicity, and hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. Mammalian metabolism converts pyrrolizidine alkaloids to reactive pyrrolic metabolites (dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids) that form covalent protein and DNA adducts. Although a mechanistic understanding is currently unclear, pyrrolizidine alkaloids can cause secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitization and induce skin cancer. In this study, the phototoxicity of monocrotaline, riddelliine, dehydromonocrotaline, dehydroriddelliine, and dehydroretronecine (DHR) in human HaCaT keratinocytes under ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation was determined. UVA irradiation of HaCaT cells treated with dehydromonocrotaline, dehydroriddelline, and DHR resulted in increased release of lactate dehydrogenase and enhanced photocytotoxicity proportional to the UVA doses. UVA-induced photochemical DNA damage also increased proportionally with dehydromonocrotaline and dehydroriddelline. UVA treatment potentiated the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts induced by dehydromonocrotaline in HaCaT skin keratinocytes. Using electron spin resistance trapping, we found that UVA irradiation of dehydromonocrotaline and dehydroriddelliine generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and superoxide, and electron transfer reactions, indicating that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of these compounds could be mediated by ROS. Our results suggest that dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids formed or delivered to the skin cause pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced secondary photosensitization and possible skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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7
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Karagoz S, Ilgin S, Atli O, Perk BO, Burukoglu D, Ergun B, Sirmagul B. IsN-acetyl cysteine protective against monocrotaline-induced toxicity? TOXIN REV 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2013.809547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Tu M, Sun S, Wang K, Peng X, Wang R, Li L, Zeng S, Zhou H, Jiang H. Organic cation transporter 1 mediates the uptake of monocrotaline and plays an important role in its hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2013; 311:225-30. [PMID: 23831208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MCT) is a kind of toxic retronecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from plants of Crotalaria, which can be bio-activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in liver and then induce hepatotoxicity. Since CYPs are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, the influx of MCT to the liver is the key step for its hepatotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), a transporter mainly expressed in liver, in the uptake of MCT and in hepatotoxicity induced by MCT. The results revealed that MCT markedly inhibited the uptake of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), an OCT1 substrate, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stably expressing human OCT1 (MDCK-hOCT1) with the IC50 of 5.52±0.56μM. The uptake of MCT was significantly higher in MDCK-hOCT1 cells than in MDCK-mock cells, and MCT uptake in MDCK-hOCT1 cells followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with the Km and Vmax values of 25.0±6.7μM and 266±64pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Moreover, the OCT1 inhibitors, such as quinidine, d-tetrahydropalmatine (d-THP), obviously inhibited the uptake of MCT in MDCK-hOCT1 cells and isolated rat primary hepatocytes, and attenuated the viability reduction and LDH release of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes caused by MCT. In conclusion, OCT1 mediates the hepatic uptake of MCT and may play an important role in MCT induced-hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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9
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Shibuya T, Tsujimoto Y. Deleterious effects of mitochondrial ROS generated by KillerRed photodynamic action in human cell lines and C. elegans. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2012; 117:1-12. [PMID: 23000754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
KillerRed, a red fluorescent protein, is a photosensitizer that efficiently generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) when irradiated with green light. Because KillerRed is genetically encoded, it can be expressed in a spatially and temporally regulated manner under control of a chosen promoter and thus is a powerful tool for studying the downstream cellular effects of ROS. However, information is still limited about the effects of KillerRed-mediated production of ROS inside the mitochondria (mtROS). Therefore, we investigated whether mtROS generated by KillerRed could trigger mitochondrial damage and cell death by generating human cell lines (HEK293T and HeLa cells) that stably expressed mitochondria-targeting KillerRed (mtKillerRed). We found that mtROS generated by mtKillerRed caused depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and morphological changes, which were partly due to the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), as well as inducing both caspase-dependent cell death (apoptosis) and caspase-independent cell death. In order to study the pathological processes initiated by mtROS in animals, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing mtKillerRed in muscle tissue were generated. Transgenic larvae showed developmental delay following light irradiation, suggesting that mtROS influenced the development of C. elegans larvae. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that the photosensitizer KillerRed is effective at inducing oxidative damage in the mitochondria, and indicated that our experimental systems may be useful for studying the downstream cellular effects of mtROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Shibuya
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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10
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Maioli MA, Lemos DECV, Guelfi M, Medeiros HCD, Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RMT, Barbosa-Filho JM, Mingatto FE. Mechanism for the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by juliprosopine on rat brain mitochondria. Toxicon 2012; 60:1355-62. [PMID: 23031819 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prosopis juliflora, popularly known as Algaroba, is a major problem because the lack of food during the driest times of the year and its high palatability and nutritional value make its fruits (pods) much appreciated by cattle, goats, sheep and other animals. However, the consumption of this plant for long periods can cause a disease called cara-torta (pie face), which is characterized by cranial nerve dysfunction, mainly due to the degeneration and disappearance of neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus. Algaroba contains piperidine alkaloids that have been suggested as being responsible for its toxicity; one of these alkaloids is juliprosopine. This study was conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of action of juliprosopine in isolated rat brain mitochondria to evaluate the potential mechanisms that lead to neurotoxicity in animals intoxicated by algaroba. Juliprosopine stimulated state-4 respiration at concentrations of 10-25 μM, affected the membrane potential at all concentrations studied (5-25 μM) and affected ATP production only at higher concentrations (15 and 25 μM). Juliprosopine cannot be classified as a member of the protonophoric class of uncouplers, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol or CCCP (m-chlorophenylhydrazone), due to its inability to promote mitochondrial swelling in the hyposmotic medium of potassium acetate. In addition, carboxyatractyloside, Mg(2+), cyclosporine A and dithiothreitol did not protect the uncoupling induced by juliprosopine. Because juliprosopine increased the fluorescence responses of mitochondria labeled with 1-aniline-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene), we suggested that its uncoupling action must be attributed to a modification of the arrangement of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Maioli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
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11
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Ji YB, Ji CF, Zhang H. Laminarin induces apoptosis of human colon cancer LOVO cells through a mitochondrial pathway. Molecules 2012; 17:9947-60. [PMID: 22907156 PMCID: PMC6268208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17089947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many scientific studies have shown that laminarin has anti-tumor effects, but the anti-tumor mechanism was unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of laminarin on the induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer LOVO cells and the molecular mechanism involved. LOVO cells were treated with different concentrations of laminarin at different times. Morphology observations were performed to determine the effects of laminarin on apoptosis of LOVO cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pH. Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) was used to analyze intracellular calcium ion concentration, mitochondrion permeability transition pore (MPTP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Western blotd were performed to analyze the expressions of Cyt-C, Caspase-9 and -3. The results showed the apoptosis morphology, which showed cell protuberance, concentrated cytoplasm and apoptotic bodies, was obvious after 72 h treatment. Laminarin treatment for 24 h increased the intracellular level of ROS and Ca2+; decreased pH value; activated intracellular MPTP and decreased MMP in dose-dependent manners. It also induced the release of Cyt-C and the activation of Caspase-9 and -3. In conclusion, laminarin induces LOVO cell apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway, suggesting that it could be a potent agent for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Anticancer Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; E-Mail:
| | - Chen Feng Ji
- Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-451-8484-4242; Fax: +86-451-8484-4417
| | - He Zhang
- Center of Research on Life Science and Environmental Science, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China; E-Mail:
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Gill RS, Lee TF, Liu JQ, Chaudhary H, Brocks DR, Bigam DL, Cheung PY. Cyclosporine treatment reduces oxygen free radical generation and oxidative stress in the brain of hypoxia-reoxygenated newborn piglets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40471. [PMID: 22792343 PMCID: PMC3392221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It has previously been shown in traumatic brain injury animal models that treatment with cyclosporine reduces brain injury. However, the potential neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine in asphyxiated neonates has yet to be fully studied. Using an acute newborn swine model of hypoxia-reoxygenation, we evaluated the effects of cyclosporine on the brain, focusing on hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production and markers of oxidative stress. Piglets (1-4 d, 1.4-2.5 kg) were block-randomized into three hypoxia-reoxygenation experimental groups (2 h hypoxia followed by 4 h reoxygenation) (n = 8/group). At 5 min after reoxygenation, piglets were given either i.v. saline (placebo, controls) or cyclosporine (2.5 or 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus) in a blinded-randomized fashion. An additional sham-operated group (n = 4) underwent no hypoxia-reoxygenation. Systemic hemodynamics, carotid arterial blood flow (transit-time ultrasonic probe), cerebral cortical H(2)O(2) production (electrochemical sensor), cerebral tissue glutathione (ELISA) and cytosolic cytochrome-c (western blot) levels were examined. Hypoxic piglets had cardiogenic shock (cardiac output 40-48% of baseline), hypotension (mean arterial pressure 27-31 mmHg) and acidosis (pH 7.04) at the end of 2 h of hypoxia. Post-resuscitation cyclosporine treatment, particularly the higher dose (10 mg/kg), significantly attenuated the increase in cortical H(2)O(2) concentration during reoxygenation, and was associated with lower cerebral oxidized glutathione levels. Furthermore, cyclosporine treatment significantly attenuated the increase in cortical cytochrome-c and lactate levels. Carotid blood arterial flow was similar among groups during reoxygenation. Conclusively, post-resuscitation administration of cyclosporine significantly attenuates H(2)O(2) production and minimizes oxidative stress in newborn piglets following hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richdeep S. Gill
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tze-Fun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hetal Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dion R. Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David L. Bigam
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Po-Yin Cheung
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Maioli MA, Alves LC, Perandin D, Garcia AF, Pereira FTV, Mingatto FE. Cytotoxicity of monocrotaline in isolated rat hepatocytes: effects of dithiothreitol and fructose. Toxicon 2011; 57:1057-64. [PMID: 21530570 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MCT) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid present in plants of the Crotalaria species that causes cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, including hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. It is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 in the liver to the alkylating agent dehydromonocrotaline (DHM). In previous studies using isolated rat liver mitochondria, we observed that DHM, but not MCT, inhibited the activity of respiratory chain complex I and stimulated the mitochondrial permeability transition with the consequent release of cytochrome c. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MCT and DHM on isolated rat hepatocytes. DHM, but not MCT, caused inhibition of the NADH-linked mitochondrial respiration. When hepatocytes of rats pre-treated with dexamethasone were incubated with MCT (5 mM), they showed ALT leakage, impaired ATP production and decreased levels of intracellular reduced glutathione and protein thiols. In addition, MCT caused cellular death by apoptosis. The addition of fructose or dithiotreitol to the isolated rat hepatocyte suspension containing MCT prevented the ATP depletion and/or glutathione or thiol oxidation and decreased the ALT leakage and apoptosis. These results suggest that the toxic effect of MCT on hepatocytes may be caused by metabolite-induced mitochondrial energetic impairment, together with a decrease of cellular glutathione and protein thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Maioli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, 17900-000 Dracena, SP, Brazil
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14
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Zhuang Y, Miskimins WK. Metformin induces both caspase-dependent and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:603-15. [PMID: 21422199 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that metformin, a drug used to treat type 2 diabetics, is potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for cancer. However, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which metformin promotes cell-cycle arrest and cell death of cancer cells is necessary. It will also be important to understand how the response of tumor cells differs from normal cells and why some tumor cells are resistant to the effects of metformin. We have found that exposure to metformin induces cell death in all but one line, MDA-MB-231, in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. MCF10A nontransformed breast epithelial cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of metformin, even after extended exposure to the drug. In sensitive lines, cell death was mediated by both apoptosis and a caspase-independent mechanism. The caspase-independent pathway involves activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and correlates with enhanced synthesis of PARP and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which plays an important role in mediating cell death. Metformin-induced, PARP-dependent cell death is associated with a striking enlargement of mitochondria. Mitochondrial enlargement was observed in all sensitive breast cancer cell lines but not in nontransformed cells or resistant MDA-MB-231. Mitochondrial enlargement was prevented by inhibiting PARP activity or expression. A caspase inhibitor blocked metformin-induced apoptosis but did not affect PARP-dependent cell death or mitochondrial enlargement. Thus, metformin has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells through 2 independent pathways. These findings will be pertinent to efforts directed at using metformin or related compounds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Zhuang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 East 60th Street-North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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15
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Garcia AF, Medeiros HCD, Maioli MA, Lima MC, Rocha BA, da Costa FB, Curti C, Groppo M, Mingatto FE. Comparative effects of lantadene A and its reduced metabolite on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Toxicon 2010; 55:1331-7. [PMID: 20152851 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lantana (Lantana camara Linn.) is a noxious weed to which certain medicinal properties have been attributed, but its ingestion has been reported to be highly toxic to animals and humans, especially in the liver. The main hepatotoxin in lantana leaves is believed to be the pentacyclic triterpenoid lantadene A (LA), but the precise mechanism by which it induces hepatotoxicity has not yet been established. This work addressed the action of LA and its reduced derivative (RLA) on mitochondrial bioenergetics. At the concentration range tested (5-25 microM), RLA stimulated state-4 respiration, inhibited state-3 respiration, circumvented oligomycin-inhibited state-3 respiration, dissipated membrane potential and depleted ATP in a concentration-dependent manner. However, LA did not stimulate state-4 respiration, nor did it affect the other mitochondrial parameters to the extent of its reduced derivative. The lantadenes didn't inhibit the CCCP-uncoupled respiration but increased the ATPase activity of intact coupled mitochondria. The ATPase activity of intact uncoupled or disrupted mitochondria was not affected by the compounds. We propose, therefore, that RLA acts as a mitochondrial uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, a property that arises from the biotransformation (reduction) of LA, and LA acts in other mitochondrial membrane components rather than the ATP synthase affecting the mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such effects may account for the well-documented hepatoxicity of lantana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa F Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Zootecnia, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Experimental de Dracena, Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil
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