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Duque BR, Bruno SF, Ferreira V, Guedes TB, Machado C, Hamdan B. Venomous snakes of medical importance in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro: habitat and taxonomy against ophidism. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e272811. [PMID: 37909585 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.272811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a major global health problem that kills or disables half a million people in the world's poorest countries. Identifying the biting snake and its habitat use is key to understanding snakebite eco-epidemiology and optimizing its clinical management. To prevent and combat the neglected snakebite disease, we characterize the morphology, geographic distribution, habitat use, and snakebites of medically important venomous snakes in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Despite Philodryas spp. not being considered of medical importance by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, we also explore their data once the bites may require medical intervention, may cause death, and their consequences are underestimated. Methods: We assessed taxonomy and geographic data from specimens housed in scientific collections, the literature, and the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Our data revealed fragility in the morphological characters recommended to distinguish Bothrops jararaca from B. jararacussu, identify the subspecies of Crotalus durissus and distinguish the species of Philodryas. To help identify these species, we present an identification key to the venomous snake species from Rio de Janeiro based on the morphological data collected. We record the genera Bothrops and Micrurus in all mesoregions of the state. Here, we provide the first record of C. durissus in the Serrana region, supporting the hypothesis of geographic expansion of the species in the state. The crotalic antivenom must not be missing in Médio Paraíba, Centro-Sul Fluminense, and Serrana, where the rattlesnake C. durissus occurs. Bothrops bilineatus and Lachesis muta have historical records presented for the first time herein. However, these species are likely endangered or extinct in the state. There were 7,483 snakebites reported between 2001 and 2019, with an annual average of 393.8 cases. The Bothrops genus is responsible for the majority of accidents. The highest number of cases occurred in the Serrana region, the largest pole of family agriculture in Rio de Janeiro. We improve the identification of venomous snake species, better delimit their distribution, and update the number of cases of snakebites, thus providing greater precision in the attention to this problem in Rio de Janeiro. We emphasize the importance of clinical studies to test using bothropic-crotalic antivenom and heparin in all mesoregions to treat B. jararacussu envenomation; and mechanical ventilation, atropine, and anticholinesterases in the emergency health centers in the Metropolitana and Norte Fluminense regions due to the occurrence of the coral M. lemniscatus in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Duque
- Instituto Vital Brazil - IVB, Laboratório de Coleções Biológicas e Biodiversidade, Diretoria Científica, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecoturismo e Conservação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - S F Bruno
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - V Ferreira
- Instituto Vital Brazil - IVB, Laboratório de Coleções Biológicas e Biodiversidade, Diretoria Científica, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - T B Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center - GGBC, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - C Machado
- Instituto Vital Brazil - IVB, Laboratório de Coleções Biológicas e Biodiversidade, Diretoria Científica, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - B Hamdan
- Instituto Vital Brazil - IVB, Laboratório de Coleções Biológicas e Biodiversidade, Diretoria Científica, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Ferreira E Ferreira AA, Dos Reis VP, Santana HM, Nery NM, Evangelista JR, Serrath SN, da Silva Dutra RS, Rego CMA, Tavares MNM, Silva MDS, Soares AM, Rodrigues MMS, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP. Bothrops atrox mice experimental envenoming treatment using light-emitting diode (led) as an adjunct therapy to conventional serum therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:53. [PMID: 36695923 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of anti-venom is one of the main control measures for snakebite envenoming when applied immediately after the snakebite. Systemic effects of the envenoming are usually reversed; however, neutralization of local effects is hardly achieved. The need for adjuvant therapies associated with serum therapy can improve the treatment for local effects of envenoming, with greater effectiveness in preventing or delaying the progression of damage, reducing the clinical signs and symptoms of victims of snakebites. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the photobiomodulation therapy using LED and/or dexamethasone associated with conventional serum therapy for the treatment of local damage caused by Bothrops atrox envenomation in a murine model. For this, experimental envenoming was carried out in the gastrocnemius muscle of male Swiss mice weighing 18 to 22 g divided into 8 groups of animals, distributed in groups non-treat, treated with anti-bothropic serum, dexamethasone, and LED, or the associated treatments, by intramuscular inoculation of 50 µg of venom or sterile PBS (control). After 30 min, the proposed treatments were administered alone or in combination. After 3 h, blood and muscle samples were collected for myotoxicity, cytotoxicity, histological analysis, and IL-1β assays. The evaluation of the treatment alone showed that serum therapy is not effective for the treatment of local damage and photobiomodulation demonstrated to be an effective therapy to reduce leukocyte infiltration, hemorrhage, and myotoxicity in experimental envenoming; dexamethasone proved to be a good resource for the treatment of the inflammatory process reducing the leukocyte infiltration. The association of serum therapy, LED, and dexamethasone was the best treatment to reduce the local effects caused by Bothrops atrox venom. All in all, the association of photobiomodulation therapy using LED with conventional serum therapy and the anti-inflammatory drug is the best treatment for reducing the undesirable local effects caused by snakebite accidents involving B. atrox species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Augusto Ferreira E Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Valdison Pereira Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Neriane Monteiro Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jaína Rodrigues Evangelista
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Suzanne Nery Serrath
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Segundo da Silva Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Maria Naiara Macedo Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas E Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas À Saúde (CEBio), - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Moreno Magalhães S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Análise e Visualização de Dados - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada À Saúde, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671 BR364, Km 3,5 - CEP 76812-245 - Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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Sitprija S, Chanhome L, Reamtong O, Thiangtrongjit T, Vasaruchapong T, Khow O, Noiphrom J, Laoungbua P, Tubtimyoy A, Chaiyabutr N, Kumkate S. Proteomics and immunocharacterization of Asian mountain pit viper (Ovophis monticola) venom. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260496. [PMID: 34851989 PMCID: PMC8635378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The venomic profile of Asian mountain pit viper Ovophis monticola is clarified in the present study. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, 247 different proteins were identified in crude venom of O. monticola found in Thailand. The most abundant proteins were snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP) (36.8%), snake venom serine proteases (SVSP) (31.1%), and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) (12.1%). Less abundant proteins included L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) (5.7%), venom nerve growth factor (3.6%), nucleic acid degrading enzymes (3.2%), C-type lectins (CTL) (1.6%), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) (1.2%) and disintegrin (1.2%). The immunoreactivity of this viper's venom to a monovalent antivenom against green pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris, or to a polyvalent antivenom against hemotoxic venom was investigated by indirect ELISA and two-dimensional (2D) immunoblotting. Polyvalent antivenom showed substantially greater reactivity levels than monovalent antivenom. A titer for the monovalent antivenom was over 1:1.28x107 dilution while that of polyvalent antivenom was 1:5.12x107. Of a total of 89 spots comprising 173 proteins, 40 spots of predominantly SVMP, SVSP and PLA2 were specific antigens for antivenoms. The 49 unrecognized spots containing 72 proteins were characterized as non-reactive proteins, and included certain types of CTLs and CRISPs. These neglected venom constituents could limit the effectiveness of antivenom-based therapy currently available for victims of pit viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siravit Sitprija
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lawan Chanhome
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (LC); (SK)
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taksa Vasaruchapong
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawan Khow
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jureeporn Noiphrom
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panithi Laoungbua
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arissara Tubtimyoy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Research and Development, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Kumkate
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (LC); (SK)
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4
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Clinical implications of ontogenetic differences in the coagulotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu venoms. Toxicol Lett 2021; 348:59-72. [PMID: 34044056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Is snake venom activity influenced by size? This is a long-standing question that can have important consequences for the treatment of snake envenomation. Ontogenetic shifts in venom composition are a well-documented characteristic of numerous snake species. Although snake venoms can cause a range of pathophysiological disturbances, establishing the coagulotoxic profiles related to such shifts is a justified approach because coagulotoxicity can be deadly, and its neutralisation is a challenge for current antivenom therapy. Thus, we aimed to assess the coagulotoxicity patterns on plasma and fibrinogen produced by B othrops jararacussu venoms from individuals of different sizes and sex, and the neutralisation potential of SAB (anti bothropic serum produced by Butantan Institute). The use of a metalloproteinase inhibitor (Prinomastat) and a serine proteinase inhibitor (AEBSF) enabled us to determine the toxin class responsible for the observed coagulopathy: activity on plasma was found to be metalloprotease driven, while the activity on fibrinogen is serine protease driven. To further explore differences in venom activity, the activation of Factor X and prothrombin as a function of snake size was also evaluated. All the venoms exhibited a potent procoagulant effect upon plasma and were less potent in their pseudo-procoagulant clotting effect upon fibrinogen. On human plasma, the venoms from smaller snakes produced more rapid clotting than the larger ones. In contrast, the venom activity on fibrinogen had no relation with size or sex. The difference in procoagulant potency was correlated with the bigger snakes being proportionally better neutralized by antivenom due to the lower levels of procoagulant toxins, than the smaller. Thus, while the antivenom ultimately neutralized the venoms, proportionally more would be needed for an equal mass of venom from a small snake than a large one. Similarly, the neutralisation by SAB of the pseudo-procoagulant clotting effects was also correlated with relative potency, with the smaller and bigger snakes being neutralized proportional to potency, but with no correlation to size. Thromboelastography (TEG) tests on human and toad plasma revealed that small snakes' venoms acted quicker than large snakes' venom on both plasmas, with the action upon amphibian plasma consistent with smaller snakes taking a larger proportion of anuran prey than adults. Altogether, the ontogenetic differences regarding coagulotoxic potency and corresponding impact upon relative antivenom neutralisation of snakes with different sizes were shown, underscoring the medical importance of investigating ontogenetic changes in order to provide data crucial for evidence-based design of clinical management strategies.
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5
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Barbosa LG, Costa TR, Borges IP, Costa MS, Carneiro AC, Borges BC, Silva MJB, Amorim FG, Quinton L, Yoneyama KAG, de Melo Rodrigues V, Sampaio SV, Rodrigues RS. A comparative study on the leishmanicidal activity of the L-amino acid oxidases BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II isolated from Brazilian Bothrops snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:267-278. [PMID: 33242552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops snake venom (SV-LAAOs) were cytotoxic to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, two causative agents of leishmaniasis, which is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The SV-LAAOs BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venom, respectively, through a three-step chromatography process that used molecular exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity columns. BmooLAAO-II is a new SV-LAAO isoform that we isolated in this study. The purified BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II had high L-amino acid oxidase-specific activity: 3481.17 and 4924.77 U/mg/min, respectively. Both SV-LAAOs were strongly cytotoxic to the two Leishmania species, even at low concentrations. At the same concentration, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II exerted different cytotoxic effects on the parasites. We reported for the first time that the SV-LAAOs suppressed cell proliferation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of the two Leishmania species. Surprisingly, BjussuLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (L.) amazonensis, while BmooLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (V.) braziliensis, indicating that these SV-LAAOs had a certain specificity of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Pacheco Borges
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mônica Soares Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecília Carneiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Targeted identification of C-type lectins in snake venom by 2DE and Western blot. Toxicon 2020; 185:57-63. [PMID: 32598989 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTL) and CTL-like proteins (snaclecs) are important toxins found in snake venom which can disrupt hemostasis by binding platelet membrane glycoproteins. Traditional identification of these toxins usually relies on an "activity-directed fractionation" approach which is very arduous. Here, we report a new method for rapid screening of these proteins in snake venom. METHODS A conserved and immunogenic peptide found in svCTLs (CTL and snaclecs) was identified by sequence alignment using DNAStar software. The peptide was de novo synthesized and conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Rabbit antibodies were generated against the peptide by classical immunization. Deinagkistrodon acutus venom was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) followed by Western blot and CTLs immunodetected using the isolated polyclonal antibody. The same svCTL spots on a parallel 2DE gel were isolated and analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. RESULTS A highly conserved peptide with the sequence "KTWDDAEKFCTEQ" was identified as a common epitope in svCTLs. The polyclonal antibody against the 13aa-peptide was successfully prepared and purified. Its usefulness to detect svCTLs in D. acutus venom was tested by 2DE-WB and we determined that it positively identified all known D. acutus venom CTLs. CONCLUSIONS Immunodetection with antibodies against KTWDDAEKFCTEQ is an efficient strategy to identify novel svCTLs in the context of a complex proteome.
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Ontogenetic study of Bothrops jararacussu venom composition reveals distinct profiles. Toxicon 2020; 186:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Campos LB, Pucca MB, Silva LC, Pessenda G, Filardi BA, Cerni FA, Oliveira IS, Laustsen AH, Arantes EC, Barbosa JE. Identification of cross-reactive human single-chain variable fragments against phospholipases A 2 from Lachesis muta and Bothrops spp venoms. Toxicon 2020; 184:116-121. [PMID: 32505638 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bushmasters (Lachesis spp) and lancehead vipers (Bothrops spp) are two of the most dangerous snakes found in Latin America. Victims of envenoming by these snakes require urgent administration of antivenom. Here, we report the identification of a small set of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies targeting key phospholipases A2 from Lachesis and Bothrops spp using phage display technology and demonstrate their in vitro efficacy using a hemolysis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Luciano C Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Toronto Recombinant Antibody Centre, The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriela Pessenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Filardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Cerni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora S Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José E Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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9
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Jorge RJB, Martins RD, Araújo RM, da Silva MA, Monteiro HSA, Ximenes RM. Plants and Phytocompounds Active Against Bothrops Venoms. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2003-2031. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190723153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Snakebite envenomation is an important health problem in tropical countries, with severe
human and social consequences. In Latin America, the Bothrops species constitute the main threat to
humans, and the envenomation caused by these species quickly develops into severe local tissue damage,
including swelling, hemorrhaging, myonecrosis, skin ulceration, and pain. The systemic effects of
envenomation are usually neutralized by antivenom serum therapy, despite its intrinsic risks. However,
neutralization of local tissue damage remains a challenge. To improve actual therapy, two major alternatives
are proposed: the rational design of new specific antibodies for most of the tissue damaging/
poor immunogenic toxins, or the search for new synthetic or natural compounds which are able to
inhibit these toxins and complement the serum therapy. Natural compounds isolated from plants,
mainly from those used in folk medicine to treat snakebite, are a good choice for finding new lead
compounds to improve snakebite treatment and minimize its consequences for the victims. In this article,
we reviewed the most promising plants and phytocompounds active against bothropic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - René Duarte Martins
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100611. [PMID: 31652611 PMCID: PMC6832493 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview on the development of research on spider venoms with a focus on structure and function of venom components and techniques of analysis. Major venom component groups are small molecular mass compounds, antimicrobial (also called cytolytic, or cationic) peptides (only in some spider families), cysteine-rich (neurotoxic) peptides, and enzymes and proteins. Cysteine-rich peptides are reviewed with respect to various structural motifs, their targets (ion channels, membrane receptors), nomenclature, and molecular binding. We further describe the latest findings concerning the maturation of antimicrobial, and cysteine-rich peptides that are in most known cases expressed as propeptide-containing precursors. Today, venom research, increasingly employs transcriptomic and mass spectrometric techniques. Pros and cons of venom gland transcriptome analysis with Sanger, 454, and Illumina sequencing are discussed and an overview on so far published transcriptome studies is given. In this respect, we also discuss the only recently described cross contamination arising from multiplexing in Illumina sequencing and its possible impacts on venom studies. High throughput mass spectrometric analysis of venom proteomes (bottom-up, top-down) are reviewed.
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Inhibitory effects of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) against local paw edema and mechanical hypernociception induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1046-1056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Oliveira ISD, Pucca MB, Sampaio SV, Arantes EC. Antivenomic approach of different Crotalus durissus collilineatus venoms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:34. [PMID: 30534148 PMCID: PMC6260869 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group has previously performed a proteomic study verifying that individual variations can occur among Crotalus durissus collilineatus venoms. These variations may lead to differences in venom toxicity and may result in lack of neutralization of some components by antivenom. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the Brazilian anticrotalic serum capacity in recognizing twenty-two Crotalus durissus collilineatus venoms, as well as their fractions. METHODS The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was chosen to evaluate the efficacy of heterologous anticrotalic serum produced by Instituto Butantan (Brazil) in recognizing the twenty-two Crotalus durissus collilineatus venoms and the pool of them. Moreover, the venom pool was fractionated using reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography (RP-FPLC) and the obtained fractions were analyzed concerning antivenom recognition. RESULTS Evaluation of venom variability by ELISA showed that all venom samples were recognized by the Brazilian anticrotalic antivenom. However, some particular venom fractions were poorly recognized. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the Brazilian anticrotalic serum recognizes all the different twenty-two venoms of C. d. collilineatus and their fractions, although in a quantitatively different way, which may impact the effectiveness of the antivenom therapy. These results confirm the need to use a pool of venoms with the greatest possible variability in the preparation of antivenoms, in order to improve their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | | | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane Candiani Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
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Amazonas DR, Portes-Junior JA, Nishiyama-Jr MY, Nicolau CA, Chalkidis HM, Mourão RH, Grazziotin FG, Rokyta DR, Gibbs HL, Valente RH, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Moura-da-Silva AM. Molecular mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation in snake venom. J Proteomics 2018; 181:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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A new l -amino acid oxidase from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: Isolation, partial characterization, and assessment of pro-apoptotic and antiprotozoal activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lomonte B, Calvete JJ. Strategies in 'snake venomics' aiming at an integrative view of compositional, functional, and immunological characteristics of venoms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:26. [PMID: 28465677 PMCID: PMC5408369 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work offers a general overview on the evolving strategies for the proteomic analysis of snake venoms, and discusses how these may be combined through diverse experimental approaches with the goal of achieving a more comprehensive knowledge on the compositional, toxic, and immunological characteristics of venoms. Some recent developments in this field are summarized, highlighting how strategies have evolved from the mere cataloguing of venom components (proteomics/venomics), to a broader exploration of their immunological (antivenomics) and functional (toxicovenomics) characteristics. Altogether, the combination of these complementary strategies is helping to build a wider, more integrative view of the life-threatening protein cocktails produced by venomous snakes, responsible for thousands of deaths every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501 Costa Rica
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Structural and Functional Venomics Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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Araujo RT, Corrêa-Netto C, Brazil-Más L, Silveira CRF, Fernandes I, Zingali RB. Can anti-bothropstoxin-I antibodies discriminate between Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops jararacussu venoms? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:12. [PMID: 28293253 PMCID: PMC5346246 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakes of the genus Bothrops, popularly known as pit vipers, are responsible for most cases of snakebite in Brazil. Within this genus, Bothrops jararacussu and B. jararaca deserve special attention due to the severity of their bites and for inhabiting densely populated areas. Regarding the treatment of snakebites by Bothrops jararacussu, questions have been raised about the effectiveness of the specific bothropic antivenom in neutralizing myotoxic effects; however, there are no accurate data for humans. Thus, the development of a differential diagnostic kit for this species would be of great interest because it provides, for healthcare professionals, a tool that would allow us to determine whether the accident was caused by B. jararacussu or other species of the genus. It would also make it possible to evaluate the specificity of the treatment and to provide data for epidemiological studies. Methods First, we produced a species-specific polyclonal antibody – a potential biomarker of Bothrops jararacussu venom – against bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I), which is also found in smaller quantities in the venoms of B. jararaca from southern Brazil. Results Polyclonal antibodies against bothropstoxin-I could be separated into several species-specific immunoglobulins. Then, aiming to develop a system of safe and standardized immunoassay, we produced monoclonal antibodies. Seven hybridomas were obtained. Five of them were specific to the venom of B. jararacussu and two recognized the venom of B. jararaca from the southeastern population. The use of monoclonal antibodies also made it possible to differentiate B. jararacussu from B. jararaca venom obtained from the southern population. Analyzing the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against other bothropic venoms, we found mAb Bt-3 to be more specific than others for B. jararacussu venom. Conclusions These results show the potential of BthTx-I for producing monoclonal antibodies that differentiate between B. jararacussu and other Bothrops species venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Teixeira Araujo
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil.,Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ Brasil
| | - Carlos Corrêa-Netto
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil.,Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil
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Proteomic Analyses of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix Venom Using 2D Electrophoresis and MS Techniques. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120372. [PMID: 27983581 PMCID: PMC5198566 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides which in the Viperidae is mainly hemotoxic. The diversity of these components causes the venom to be an extremely interesting object of study. Discovered components can be used in search for new pharmaceuticals used primarily in the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. In order to determine the protein composition of the southern copperhead venom, we have used high resolution two dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI ToF/ToF MS-based identification. We have identified 10 groups of proteins present in the venom, of which phospholipase A2 and metalloprotease and serine proteases constitute the largest groups. For the first time presence of 5′-nucleotidase in venom was found in this group of snakes. Three peptides present in the venom were also identified. Two of them as bradykinin-potentiating agents and one as an inhibitor.
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Debono J, Cochran C, Kuruppu S, Nouwens A, Rajapakse NW, Kawasaki M, Wood K, Dobson J, Baumann K, Jouiaei M, Jackson TNW, Koludarov I, Low D, Ali SA, Smith AI, Barnes A, Fry BG. Canopy Venom: Proteomic Comparison among New World Arboreal Pit-Viper Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070210. [PMID: 27399777 PMCID: PMC4963843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central and South American pitvipers, belonging to the genera Bothrops and Bothriechis, have independently evolved arboreal tendencies. Little is known regarding the composition and activity of their venoms. In order to close this knowledge gap, venom proteomics and toxin activity of species of Bothriechis, and Bothrops (including Bothriopsis) were investigated through established analytical methods. A combination of proteomics and bioactivity techniques was used to demonstrate a similar diversification of venom composition between large and small species within Bothriechis and Bothriopsis. Increasing our understanding of the evolution of complex venom cocktails may facilitate future biodiscoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chip Cochran
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Sanjaya Kuruppu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Niwanthi W Rajapakse
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Minami Kawasaki
- Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia.
| | - Kelly Wood
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mahdokht Jouiaei
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Dolyce Low
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Syed A Ali
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - A Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Mohanty I, Arunvikram K, Behera D, Milton AAP, Elaiyaraja G, Rajesh G, Dhama K. Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Potential of Zootoxins (Venom and Toxins) on the Way Towards Designing and Developing Novel Drugs/Medicines: An Overview. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.126.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ayres LR, Récio ADR, Burin SM, Pereira JC, Martins AC, Sampaio SV, de Castro FA, Pereira-Crott LS. Bothrops snake venoms and their isolated toxins, an L-amino acid oxidase and a serine protease, modulate human complement system pathways. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:29. [PMID: 26273289 PMCID: PMC4535386 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the complement system plays an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions, and contributes to inflammatory responses triggered by envenomation provoked by Bothrops snakes. The present study aimed to assess whether Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops pirajai crude venoms and their isolated toxins, namely serine protease (BjussuSP-I) and L-amino acid oxidase (BpirLAAO-I), modulate human complement system pathways. Methods Lyophilized venom and toxin samples solubilized in phosphate buffered saline were diluted in appropriate buffers to evaluate their hemolytic activity on the alternative and classical pathways of the complement system. Venom- and toxin-treated normal human serum was added to the erythrocyte suspension, and the kinetic of hemolysis was measured spectrophotometrically at 700 nm. The kinetic 96-well microassay format was used for this purpose. We determined the t½ values (time required to lyse 50 % of target erythrocytes), which were employed to calculate the percentage of inhibition of the hemolytic activity promoted by each sample concentration. To confirm complement system activation, complement-dependent human neutrophil migration was examined using the Boyden chamber model. Results At the highest concentration tested (120 μg/mL), B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms inhibited the hemolytic activity of the classical pathway (65.3 % and 72.4 %, respectively) more strongly than they suppressed the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (14.2 and 13.6 %, respectively). BjussuSP-I (20 μg/mL) did not affect the hemolytic activity of the classical pathway, but slightly decreased the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway (13.4 %). BpirLAAO-I (50 μg/mL) inhibited 24.3 and 12.4 % of the hemolytic activity of the classical and alternative pathways, respectively. Normal human serum treated with B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms induced human neutrophil migration at a level similar to that induced by zymosan-activated normal human serum. Conclusion Together, the results of the kinetics of hemolysis and the neutrophil chemotaxis assay suggest that pre-activation of the complement system by B. jararacussu and B. pirajai crude venoms consumes complement components and generates the chemotactic factors C3a and C5a. The kinetic microassay described herein is useful to assess the effect of venoms and toxins on the hemolytic activity of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rocha Ayres
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Alex Dos Reis Récio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Sandra Mara Burin
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Juliana Campos Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Andrea Casella Martins
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Fabíola Attié de Castro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
| | - Luciana Simon Pereira-Crott
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brasil
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De-Simone S, Napoleão-Pêgo P. Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-I, BthTX-II and BthA-I, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. BMC Proc 2014. [PMCID: PMC4204216 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Calvete JJ. Proteomic tools against the neglected pathology of snake bite envenoming. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:739-58. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Snake venomics: From the inventory of toxins to biology. Toxicon 2013; 75:44-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mora-Obando D, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Prieto-Sánchez R, Beltrán J, Rucavado A, Sasa M, Gutiérrez JM, Ayerbe S, Lomonte B. Proteomic and functional profiling of the venom of Bothrops ayerbei from Cauca, Colombia, reveals striking interspecific variation with Bothrops asper venom. J Proteomics 2013; 96:159-72. [PMID: 24231109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bothrops ayerbei, a pitviper inhabiting the Patía River's basin (Valle Alto del Río Patía) in the Southwestern Department of Cauca, Colombia, was considered as a variant form of Bothrops asper prior to being proposed as a new species in 2010, on the basis of subtle morphological differences. This study reports the proteomic and functional profiling of B. ayerbei venom. Its most striking feature is an almost complete absence (0.7%) of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), which is in contrast to the high proportion of these enzymes (25.3%) in the venom of B. asper from Cauca, as well as in other species of Bothrops. The predominant proteins in B. ayerbei venom are metalloproteinases (53.7%), in agreement with its higher hemorrhagic and lethal activities compared to B. asper venom. Moreover, the negligible content of PLA2s in B. ayerbei venom correlates with its weaker myotoxic effect, in contrast to B. asper venom, here shown to contain abundant Asp49- and Lys49-type PLA2s responsible for its strong myotoxic activity. Other components identified in B. ayerbei venom include bradykinin-potentiating-like peptides and proteins belonging to the C-type lectin/lectin-like, serine proteinase, l-amino acid oxidase, disintegrin, cysteine-rich secretory protein, nerve growth factor, and phosphodiesterase families. The venom composition of B. ayerbei resembles that of neonate specimens of B. asper, which shows a predominance of metalloproteinases, with only low amounts of PLA2s. Therefore, the present findings suggest that the expression of venom proteins in B. ayerbei, in contrast to B. asper, might retain a marked 'paedomorphic' condition. Altogether, the proteomic and toxicological characterization of the venom of B. ayerbei here reported argues in favor of its taxonomical separation from B. asper in Cauca, Colombia. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE B. ayerbei, a pitviper found in Cauca, Colombia, had been considered as a variant form of B. asper, but was recently described as a new species on the basis of subtle morphological differences. Our study provides the first detailed proteomic and functional analysis of the venom of B. ayerbei, revealing striking interspecific variation from B. asper, thus arguing in favor of their taxonomical separation. In addition, the observed composition of the venom of B. ayerbei correlates well with its functional and toxicological properties, helping to predict the main clinical manifestations in envenomings by this species, which inflicts a considerable number of snakebites in the Southwestern regions of Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mora-Obando
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jimmy Alexander Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Herpetológicas y Toxinológicas, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - José Beltrán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Santiago Ayerbe
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Comparison of phylogeny, venom composition and neutralization by antivenom in diverse species of bothrops complex. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2442. [PMID: 24069493 PMCID: PMC3772048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Latin America, Bothrops snakes account for most snake bites in humans, and the recommended treatment is administration of multispecific Bothrops antivenom (SAB – soro antibotrópico). However, Bothrops snakes are very diverse with regard to their venom composition, which raises the issue of which venoms should be used as immunizing antigens for the production of pan-specific Bothrops antivenoms. In this study, we simultaneously compared the composition and reactivity with SAB of venoms collected from six species of snakes, distributed in pairs from three distinct phylogenetic clades: Bothrops, Bothropoides and Rhinocerophis. We also evaluated the neutralization of Bothrops atrox venom, which is the species responsible for most snake bites in the Amazon region, but not included in the immunization antigen mixture used to produce SAB. Using mass spectrometric and chromatographic approaches, we observed a lack of similarity in protein composition between the venoms from closely related snakes and a high similarity between the venoms of phylogenetically more distant snakes, suggesting little connection between taxonomic position and venom composition. P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the most antigenic toxins in the venoms of snakes from the Bothrops complex, whereas class P-I SVMPs, snake venom serine proteinases and phospholipases A2 reacted with antibodies in lower levels. Low molecular size toxins, such as disintegrins and bradykinin-potentiating peptides, were poorly antigenic. Toxins from the same protein family showed antigenic cross-reactivity among venoms from different species; SAB was efficient in neutralizing the B. atrox venom major toxins. Thus, we suggest that it is possible to obtain pan-specific effective antivenoms for Bothrops envenomations through immunization with venoms from only a few species of snakes, if these venoms contain protein classes that are representative of all species to which the antivenom is targeted. Snakebite envenomation is a serious health issue in Latin America, particularly in the Amazon, where antivenom administration may be delayed due to logistic constraints. Bothrops snakes are involved in most of the snakebite-related accidents in Brazil. This work reports a comparative study of the toxin composition and antigenicity of the Bothrops venoms used to prepare the commercial antivenom and its effectiveness against the venom from Bothrops atrox, a prevalent Amazon species that is not included in the pool. Our data show a lack of connection between Bothrops taxonomic identity and venom composition. We also show that different toxins display distinct reactivity with the tested antivenom. However, the antivenom reacted similarly with each class of toxin present in the venoms of the different snakes studied. Important evidence was the neutralization of the major toxic effects of B. atrox venom, not included in the mixture of antigens used to produce the antivenom. Based on the observed antigenicity of the distinct protein classes of toxins, we suggest that it is possible to obtain pan-specific and efficient Bothrops antivenoms via immunization with venoms from a few species of snakes that are representative of the protein composition of a large number of targeted species.
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Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-1, BthTX-II and BthA-1, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. Toxicon 2013; 72:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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In vitro comparison of enzymatic effects among Brazilian Bothrops spp. venoms. Toxicon 2013; 76:1-10. [PMID: 23998940 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In various types of snake venom, the major toxic components are proteinases and members of the phospholipase A2 family, although other enzymes also contribute to the toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the proteolytic, phospholipase, and L-Amino acid oxidase activities in the venom of five Bothrops species-Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops neuwiedi, and Bothrops alternatus-all of which are used in the production of commercial antivenom, prepared in horses. The enzymatic activities of each species' venom were classified as high, moderate, or low. B. moojeni venom demonstrated the highest enzymatic activity profile, followed by the venom of B. neuwiedi, B. jararacussu, B. jararaca, and B. alternatus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare all of these enzymes from multiple species, which is significant in view of the activity of L-amino acid oxidase across Bothrops species.
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Assessing the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms: From the lethality neutralization assay to antivenomics. Toxicon 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Burin SM, Ayres LR, Neves RP, Ambrósio L, de Morais FR, Dias-Baruffi M, Sampaio SV, Pereira-Crott LS, de Castro FA. L-Amino Acid Oxidase Isolated fromBothrops pirajaiInduces Apoptosis in BCR-ABL-Positive Cells and Potentiates Imatinib Mesylate Effect. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:103-12. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Burin
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Lorena R. Ayres
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Renata P. Neves
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Luciana Ambrósio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fabiana R. de Morais
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Suely V. Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fabíola A. de Castro
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
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The production and characterization of anti-bothropic and anti-crotalic IgY antibodies in laying hens: A long term experiment. Toxicon 2013; 66:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Proteomic analysis of Bothrops pirajai snake venom and characterization of BpirMP, a new P-I metalloproteinase. J Proteomics 2013; 80:250-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Roncolato EC, Pucca MB, Funayama JC, Bertolini TB, Campos LB, Barbosa JE. Human antibody fragments specific for Bothrops jararacussu venom reduce the toxicity of other Bothrops sp. venoms. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:160-8. [PMID: 22954026 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.703253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20,000 snakebites are registered each year in Brazil. The classical treatment for venomous snakebite involves the administration of sera obtained from immunized horses. Moreover, the production and care of horses is costly, and the use of heterologous sera can cause hypersensitivity reactions. The production of human antibody fragments by phage display technology is seen as a means of overcoming some of these disadvantages. The studies here attempted to test human monoclonal antibodies specific to Bothrops jararacussu against other Bothrops sp. venoms, using the Griffin.1 library of human single-chain fragment-variable (scFv) phage antibodies. Using the Griffin.1 phage antibody library, this laboratory previously produced scFvs capable of inhibiting the phospholipase and myotoxic activities of Bothrops jararacussu venom. The structural and functional similarities of the various forms of phospholipase A2 (PLA₂) in Bothrops venom served as the basis for the present study wherein the effectiveness of those same scFvs were evaluated against B. jararaca, B. neuwiedi, and B. moojeni venoms. Each clone was found to recognize all three Bothrops venoms, and purified scFvs partially inhibited their in vitro phospholipase activity. In vivo assays demonstrated that the scFv clone P2B7 reduced myotoxicity and increased the survival of animals that received the test venoms. The results here indicate that the scFv P2B7 is a candidate for inclusion in a mixture of specific antibodies to produce a human anti-bothropic sera. This data demonstrates that the human scFv P2B7 represents an alternative therapeutic approach to heterologous anti-bothropic sera available today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Crosara Roncolato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Torres MCM, das Chagas L Pinto F, Braz-Filho R, Silveira ER, Pessoa ODL, Jorge RJB, Ximenes RM, Monteiro HSA, Monteiro Evangelista JSA, Diz-Filho EBS, Toyama MH. Antiophidic solanidane steroidal alkaloids from Solanum campaniforme. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2168-2173. [PMID: 21962208 DOI: 10.1021/np200479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three new solanidane alkaloids bearing a 22,23-epoxy ring (1-3) and four known compounds were isolated from leaves of Solanum campaniforme. The structures were determined using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS experiments. The antiophidic activity of the alkaloids was tested against Bothrops pauloensis venom. Compounds 1-3 completely inhibited myotoxicity without inhibiting phospholipase A2 activity of the venom, while hemorrhage and skin necrosis were significantly reduced in the presence of alkaloids 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conceição M Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 12.200, Fortaleza-CE, 60.021-970, Brazil
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Ciscotto PHC, Rates B, Silva DAF, Richardson M, Silva LP, Andrade H, Donato MF, Cotta GA, Maria WS, Rodrigues RJ, Sanchez E, De Lima ME, Pimenta AMC. Venomic analysis and evaluation of antivenom cross-reactivity of South American Micrurus species. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1810-25. [PMID: 21803179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coral snakes from Micrurus genus are the main representatives of the Elapidae family in South America. However, biochemical and pharmacological features regarding their venom constituents remain poorly investigated. Here, venomic analyses were carried out aiming at a deeper understanding on the composition of M. frontalis, M. ibiboboca, and M. lemniscatus venoms. In the three venoms investigated, proteins ranging from 6 to 8 kDa (3FTx) and 12 to 14 kDa (PLA(2)) were found to be the most abundant. Also, the N-terminal sequences of four new proteins, purified from the M. lemniscatus venom, similar to 3FTx, PLA(2) and Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from other Micrurus and elapid venoms are reported. Cross-reactivity among different Micrurus venoms and homologous or heterologous antivenoms was carried out by means of 2D-electrophoresis and immunoblotting. As, expected, the heterologous anti-Elapid venom displayed the highest degree of cross-reactivity. Conversely, anti-M. corallinus reacted weakly against the tested venoms. In gel digestions, followed by mass spectrometry sequencing and similarity searching, revealed the most immunogenic protein families as similar to short and long neurotoxins, weak neurotoxins, PLA(2), β-bungarotoxin, venom protein E2, frontoxin III, LAO and C-type lectin. The implications of our results for the production of Micrurus antivenoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula H C Ciscotto
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Williams DJ, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Wüster W, Ratanabanangkoon K, Paiva O, Brown NI, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Rowley PD, O'Shea M, Jensen SD, Winkel KD, Warrell DA. Ending the drought: new strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1735-67. [PMID: 21640209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of snake antivenoms more than a century ago should have heralded effective treatment of the scourge of snakebite envenoming in impoverished, mostly rural populations around the world. That snakebite still exists today, as a widely untreated illness that maims, kills and terrifies men, women and children in vulnerable communities, is a cruel anachronism. Antivenom can be an effective, safe and affordable treatment for snakebites, but apathy, inaction and the politicisation of public health have marginalised both the problem (making snakebite arguably the most neglected of all neglected tropical diseases) and its solution. For lack of any coordinated approach, provision of antivenoms has been pushed off the public health agenda, leading to an incongruous decline in demand for these crucial antidotes, excused and fed by new priorities, an absence of epidemiological data, and a poor regulatory framework. These factors facilitated the infiltration of poor quality products that degrade user confidence and undermine legitimate producers. The result is that tens of thousands are denied an essential life-saving medicine, allowing a toll of human suffering that is a summation of many individual catastrophes. No strategy has been developed to address this problem and to overcome the intransigence and inaction responsible for the global tragedy of snakebite. Attempts to engage with the broader public health community through the World Health Organisation (WHO), GAVI, and other agencies have failed. Consequently, the toxinology community has taken on a leadership role in a new approach, the Global Snakebite Initiative, which seeks to mobilise the resources, skills and experience of scientists and clinicians for whom venoms, toxins, antivenoms, snakes and snakebites are already fields of interest. Proteomics is one such discipline, which has embraced the potential of using venoms in bio-discovery and systems biology. The fields of venomics and antivenomics have recently evolved from this discipline, offering fresh hope for the victims of snakebites by providing an exciting insight into the complexities, nature, fundamental properties and significance of venom constituents. Such a rational approach brings with it the potential to design new immunising mixtures from which to raise potent antivenoms with wider therapeutic ranges. This addresses a major practical limitation in antivenom use recognised since the beginning of the 20th century: the restriction of therapeutic effectiveness to the specific venom immunogen used in production. Antivenomic techniques enable the interactions between venoms and antivenoms to be examined in detail, and if combined with functional assays of specific activity and followed up by clinical trials of effectiveness and safety, can be powerful tools with which to evaluate the suitability of current and new antivenoms for meeting urgent regional needs. We propose two mechanisms through which the Global Snakebite Initiative might seek to end the antivenom drought in Africa and Asia: first by establishing a multidisciplinary, multicentre, international collaboration to evaluate currently available antivenoms against the venoms of medically important snakes from specific nations in Africa and Asia using a combination of proteomic, antivenomic and WHO-endorsed preclinical assessment protocols, to provide a validated evidence base for either recommending or rejecting individual products; and secondly by bringing the power of proteomics to bear on the design of new immunising mixtures to raise Pan-African and Pan-Asian polyvalent antivenoms of improved potency and quality. These products will be subject to rigorous clinical assessment. We propose radically to change the basis upon which antivenoms are produced and supplied for the developing world. Donor funding and strategic public health alliances will be sought to make it possible not only to sustain the financial viability of antivenom production partnerships, but also to ensure that patients are relieved of the costs of antivenom so that poverty is no longer a barrier to the treatment of this important, but grossly neglected public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Williams
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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Halassy B, Brgles M, Habjanec L, Balija ML, Kurtović T, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Križaj I, Allmaier G. Intraspecies variability in Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom related to its toxicity and immunogenic potential. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:223-30. [PMID: 20971215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vipera ammodytes is the most venomous European snake, whose venom has been used as antigen for immunization of antivenom-producing animals. Same as venom of any other snake, it is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and other compounds which biochemical and pharmacological variability has been demonstrated at interspecies and intraspecies level. In this work we demonstrated intraspecific variability between 8 venom production batches using both the conventional and the new methodology. Moreover, in contrast to the literature on different venoms' variability, for the first time we were able to select those biochemical differences that are related to and give information on the venom's toxicity and immunogenicity. We have shown that methods quantifying ammodytoxin (the most toxic compound identified so far in the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom) content of the venom clearly distinguish between high and low immunogenic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Halassy
- Research and Development Department, Institute of Immunology, Inc., Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Cardoso KC, Da Silva MJ, Costa GGL, Torres TT, Del Bem LEV, Vidal RO, Menossi M, Hyslop S. A transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in the venom gland of the snake Bothrops alternatus (urutu). BMC Genomics 2010; 11:605. [PMID: 20977763 PMCID: PMC3017861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Bothrops is widespread throughout Central and South America and is the principal cause of snakebite in these regions. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have examined the venom composition of several species in this genus, but many others remain to be studied. In this work, we used a transcriptomic approach to examine the venom gland genes of Bothrops alternatus, a clinically important species found in southeastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina and eastern Paraguay. Results A cDNA library of 5,350 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was produced and assembled into 838 contigs and 4512 singletons. BLAST searches of relevant databases showed 30% hits and 70% no-hits, with toxin-related transcripts accounting for 23% and 78% of the total transcripts and hits, respectively. Gene ontology analysis identified non-toxin genes related to general metabolism, transcription and translation, processing and sorting, (polypeptide) degradation, structural functions and cell regulation. The major groups of toxin transcripts identified were metalloproteinases (81%), bradykinin-potentiating peptides/C-type natriuretic peptides (8.8%), phospholipases A2 (5.6%), serine proteinases (1.9%) and C-type lectins (1.5%). Metalloproteinases were almost exclusively type PIII proteins, with few type PII and no type PI proteins. Phospholipases A2 were essentially acidic; no basic PLA2 were detected. Minor toxin transcripts were related to L-amino acid oxidase, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, hyaluronidase, three-finger toxins and ohanin. Two non-toxic proteins, thioredoxin and double-specificity phosphatase Dusp6, showed high sequence identity to similar proteins from other snakes. In addition to the above features, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, transposable elements and inverted repeats that could contribute to toxin diversity were observed. Conclusions Bothrops alternatus venom gland contains the major toxin classes described for other Bothrops venoms based on trancriptomic and proteomic studies. The predominance of type PIII metalloproteinases agrees with the well-known hemorrhagic activity of this venom, whereas the lower content of serine proteases and C-type lectins could contribute to less marked coagulopathy following envenoming by this species. The lack of basic PLA2 agrees with the lower myotoxicity of this venom compared to other Bothrops species with these toxins. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the physiopathology of envenoming by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara C Cardoso
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Snake venomics and antivenomics of Crotalus durissus subspecies from Brazil: Assessment of geographic variation and its implication on snakebite management. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1758-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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