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Zhang M, Dai Z, Chen X, Qin D, Zhu G, Zhu T, Chen G, Ding Y, Wu G, Gao X. Identification and functional analysis of serine protease inhibitor gene family of Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1248354. [PMID: 37795265 PMCID: PMC10545863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1248354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The predatory natural enemy Eocanthecona furcellata plays a crucial role in agricultural ecosystems due to its effective pest control measures and defensive venom. Predator venom contains serine protease inhibitors (SPIs), which are the primary regulators of serine protease activity and play key roles in digestion, development, innate immunity, and other physiological regulatory processes. However, the regulation mechanism of SPIs in the salivary glands of predatory natural enemies is still unknown. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of E. furcellata salivary gland and identified 38 SPIs genes named EfSPI1∼EfSPI38. Through gene structure, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) expression profiles of different developmental stages and different tissues were analyzed. RNAi technology was used to explore the gene function of EFSPI20. The results showed that these 38 EfSPIs genes contained 8 SPI domains, which were serpin, TIL, Kunitz, Kazal, Antistasin, Pacifastin, WAP and A2M. The expression profile results showed that the expression of different types of EfSPIs genes was different at different developmental stages and different tissues. Most of the EfSPIs genes were highly expressed in the egg stage. The EfSPI20, EfSPI21, EfSPI22, and EfSPI24 genes of the Pacifastin subfamily and the EfSPI35 gene of the A2M subfamily were highly expressed in the nymphal and adult stages, which was consistent with the RT-qPCR verification results. These five genes are positively correlated with each other and have a synergistic effect on E. furcellata, and they were highly expressed in salivary glands. After interfering with the expression of the EfSPI20 gene, the survival rate and predatory amount of male and female adults were significantly decreased. Taken together, we speculated some EfSPIs may inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, and some EfSPIs may be involved in autoimmune responses. EfSPI20 was essential for the predation and digestion of E. furcellata, and the functions of other EfSPIs were discussed. Our findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of EfSPIs in E. furcellata and the potential functions of regulating their predation, digestion and innate immunity, which may be of great significance for developing new pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenlin Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Deqiang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Yunan Tobacco Company Chuxiong Prefecture Company, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yishu Ding
- Yunan Tobacco Company Chuxiong Prefecture Company, Chuxiong, China
| | - Guoxing Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Qu Y, Walker AA, Meng L, Herzig V, Li B. The Predatory Stink Bug Arma custos (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Produces a Complex Proteinaceous Venom to Overcome Caterpillar Prey. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050691. [PMID: 37237505 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Predatory stink bugs capture prey by injecting salivary venom from their venom glands using specialized stylets. Understanding venom function has been impeded by a scarcity of knowledge of their venom composition. We therefore examined the proteinaceous components of the salivary venom of the predatory stink bug Arma custos (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). We used gland extracts and venoms from fifth-instar nymphs or adult females to perform shotgun proteomics combined with venom gland transcriptomics. We found that the venom of A. custos comprised a complex suite of over a hundred individual proteins, including oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, ligases, protease inhibitors, and recognition, transport and binding proteins. Besides the uncharacterized proteins, hydrolases such as venom serine proteases, cathepsins, phospholipase A2, phosphatases, nucleases, alpha-amylases, and chitinases constitute the most abundant protein families. However, salivary proteins shared by and unique to other predatory heteropterans were not detected in the A. custos venom. Injection of the proteinaceous (>3 kDa) venom fraction of A. custos gland extracts or venom into its prey, the larvae of the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865), revealed insecticidal activity against lepidopterans. Our data expand the knowledge of heteropteran salivary proteins and suggest predatory asopine bugs as a novel source for bioinsecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qu
- Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Volker Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Baoping Li
- Department of Entomology, School of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Madasamy M, Sahayaraj K, Sayed SM, Al-Shuraym LA, Selvaraj P, El-Arnaouty SA, Madasamy K. Insecticidal Mechanism of Botanical Crude Extracts and Their Silver Nanoliquids on Phenacoccus solenopsis. TOXICS 2023; 11:305. [PMID: 37112532 PMCID: PMC10145954 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, intensive studies have been carried out on the management of agricultural insect pests using botanical insecticides in order to decrease the associated environmental hazards. Many studies have tested and characterized the toxic action of plant extracts. Four plant extracts (Justicia adhatoda, Ipomea carnea, Pongamia glabra, and Annona squamosa) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were studied for their effects on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using the leaf dip method. The effects were estimated based on assays of hydrolytic enzyme (amylase, protease, lipase, acid phosphatase, glycosidase, trehalase, phospholipase A2, and invertase) and detoxification enzyme (esterase and lactate dehydrogenase) levels; macromolecular content (total body protein, carbohydrate, and lipid); and protein profile. The results show that the total body of P. solenopsis contains trypsin, pepsin, invertase, lipase, and amylase, whereas J. adathoda and I. carnea aqueous extracts considerably decreased the protease and phospholipase A2 levels, and A. squamosa aqueous extract dramatically increased the trehalase level in a dose-dependent manner. The enzyme levels were dramatically decreased by P. glabura-AgNPs (invertase, protease, trehalase, lipase, and phospholipase A2); I. carnea-AgNPs (invertase, lipase, and phospholipase A2); A. squamosa-AgNPs (protease, phospholipase A2); and J. adathoda-AgNPs (protease, lipase, and acid phosphatase). Plant extracts and their AgNPs significantly reduced P. solenopsis esterase and lactate dehydrogenase levels in a dose-dependent manner. At higher concentrations (10%), all of the investigated plants and their AgNPs consistently decreased the total body carbohydrate, protein, and fat levels. It is clear that the plant extracts, either crude or together with AgNPs, may result in the insects having inadequate nutritional capacity, which will impact on all critical actions of the affected hydrolytic and detoxication enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan Madasamy
- Crop Protection Research Centre (CPRC), Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai 627002, India
| | - Kitherian Sahayaraj
- Crop Protection Research Centre (CPRC), Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai 627002, India
| | - Samy M. Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parthas Selvaraj
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai 627002, India
| | - Sayed-Ashraf El-Arnaouty
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Koilraj Madasamy
- Crop Protection Research Centre (CPRC), Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai 627002, India
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Rügen N, Jenkins TP, Wielsch N, Vogel H, Hempel BF, Süssmuth RD, Ainsworth S, Cabezas-Cruz A, Vilcinskas A, Tonk M. Hexapod Assassins' Potion: Venom Composition and Bioactivity from the Eurasian Assassin Bug Rhynocoris iracundus. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070819. [PMID: 34356883 PMCID: PMC8301361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assassin bug venoms are potent and exert diverse biological functions, making them potential biomedical goldmines. Besides feeding functions on arthropods, assassin bugs also use their venom for defense purposes causing localized and systemic reactions in vertebrates. However, assassin bug venoms remain poorly characterized. We collected the venom from the assassin bug Rhynocoris iracundus and investigated its composition and bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. It caused lysis of murine neuroblastoma, hepatoma cells, and healthy murine myoblasts. We demonstrated, for the first time, that assassin bug venom induces neurolysis and suggest that it counteracts paralysis locally via the destruction of neural networks, contributing to tissue digestion. Furthermore, the venom caused paralysis and melanization of Galleria mellonella larvae and pupae, whilst also possessing specific antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but not Listeria grayi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A combinatorial proteo-transcriptomic approach was performed to identify potential toxins responsible for the observed effects. We identified neurotoxic Ptu1, an inhibitory cystin knot (ICK) toxin homologous to ω-conotoxins from cone snails, cytolytic redulysins homologous to trialysins from hematophagous kissing bugs, and pore-forming hemolysins. Additionally, chitinases and kininogens were found and may be responsible for insecticidal and cytolytic activities. We demonstrate the multifunctionality and complexity of assassin bug venom, which renders its molecular components interesting for potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Rügen
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (N.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Timothy P. Jenkins
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Benjamin-Florian Hempel
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (B.-F.H.); (R.D.S.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies BCRT, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (B.-F.H.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Stuart Ainsworth
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (N.R.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miray Tonk
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Campos JM, Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Weigand W, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Insecticide potential of two saliva components of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1868008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena Institut fuer Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Jena, Germany
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Fischer ML, Wielsch N, Heckel DG, Vilcinskas A, Vogel H. Context-dependent venom deployment and protein composition in two assassin bugs. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9932-9947. [PMID: 33005355 PMCID: PMC7520181 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heteroptera are a diverse suborder of phytophagous, hematophagous, and zoophagous insects. The shift to zoophagy can be traced back to the transformation of salivary glands into venom glands, but the venom is used not only to kill and digest invertebrate prey but also as a defense strategy, mainly against vertebrates. In this study, we used an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach to compare the composition of venoms from the anterior main gland (AMG) and posterior main gland (PMG) of the reduviid bugs Platymeris biguttatus L. and Psytalla horrida Stål. In both species, the AMG and PMG secreted distinct protein mixtures with few interspecific differences. PMG venom consisted mostly of S1 proteases, redulysins, Ptu1-like peptides, and uncharacterized proteins, whereas AMG venom contained hemolysins and cystatins. There was a remarkable difference in biological activity between the AMG and PMG venoms, with only PMG venom conferring digestive, neurotoxic, hemolytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects. Proteomic analysis of venom samples revealed the context-dependent use of AMG and PMG venom. Although both species secreted PMG venom alone to overwhelm their prey and facilitate digestion, the deployment of defensive venom was species-dependent. P. biguttatus almost exclusively used PMG venom for defense, whereas P. horrida secreted PMG venom in response to mild harassment but AMG venom in response to more intense harassment. This intriguing context-dependent use of defensive venom indicates that future research should focus on species-dependent differences in venom composition and defense strategies among predatory Heteroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike L. Fischer
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/ProteomicsMax‐Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect BiotechnologyJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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Arbuckle K. Evolutionary Context of Venom in Animals. EVOLUTION OF VENOMOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6458-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Walker AA, Weirauch C, Fry BG, King GF. Venoms of Heteropteran Insects: A Treasure Trove of Diverse Pharmacological Toolkits. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:43. [PMID: 26907342 PMCID: PMC4773796 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies that include predation and blood-feeding. Crucial to the success of each of these strategies is the injection of venom. Here we review the current state of knowledge with regard to heteropteran venoms. Predaceous species produce venoms that induce rapid paralysis and liquefaction. These venoms are powerfully insecticidal, and may cause paralysis or death when injected into vertebrates. Disulfide-rich peptides, bioactive phospholipids, small molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5-trithiepane, and toxic enzymes such as phospholipase A2, have been reported in predatory venoms. However, the detailed composition and molecular targets of predatory venoms are largely unknown. In contrast, recent research into blood-feeding heteropterans has revealed the structure and function of many protein and non-protein components that facilitate acquisition of blood meals. Blood-feeding venoms lack paralytic or liquefying activity but instead are cocktails of pharmacological modulators that disable the host haemostatic systems simultaneously at multiple points. The multiple ways venom is used by heteropterans suggests that further study will reveal heteropteran venom components with a wide range of bioactivities that may be recruited for use as bioinsecticides, human therapeutics, and pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christiane Weirauch
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Martínez LC, Fialho MDCQ, Barbosa LCA, Oliveira LL, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Stink bug predator kills prey with salivary non-proteinaceous compounds. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:71-78. [PMID: 26631600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a predator insect with potential applications in biological control because both nymphs and adults have been shown to prey on other insect pests by injection of toxic salivary gland contents. This study identified non-proteinaceous compounds with insecticidal activity from the saliva of P. nigrispinus in Anticarsia gemmatalis. In particular, the ether extract from P. nigrispinus saliva led to mortality in A. gemmatalis larvae, with a LC50 = 2.04 μL and LC90 = 3.27 μL. N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5-trithiepane fractions were identified as non-proteinaceous extract components. N,N-dimethylaniline had a LC50 = 136.1 nL and LC90 = 413.8 nL, suggesting that it could be responsible for toxicity in P. nigrispinus saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Leandro Licursi Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Stevenson DJ, Stohlgren KM. Predation on the Scorpion Centruroides hentzi(Banks) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) by the Assassin Bug Microtomus purcis(Drury) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae). SOUTHEAST NAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1656/058.014.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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