1
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Yamaguchi A, Aino H, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Fujii I. Humanization and characterization of an anti-ciguatoxin CTX3C monoclonal antibody. Toxicon 2024; 247:107848. [PMID: 38964619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP), caused by ciguatoxins (CTXs), is one of the most common food-borne diseases, affecting more than 50,000 people each year. In most cases, CP are managed with symptomatic and supportive remedies, and no specific treatment has been devised. In this study, toward the development of therapeutic antibodies for CP, we examined to humanize mouse anti-CTX3C antibody 10C9 (m10C9), which exhibited neutralizing activity against ciguatoxin in vitro and in vivo. The complementarity determining regions were grafted onto a human germline sequence with high sequence identity to m10C9, and the backmutations were examined to maintain the binding affinity. The optimized humanized antibody, Opt.h10C9Fab, showed a strong binding affinity to CTX3C with a high affinity (KD = 19.0 nM), and only two backmutations of ArgL46 and CysH94 in the framework regions were involved in determining the antigen binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aino
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan; Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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2
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Zhang S, Feng R, Wu H, Guo J, Zhou Y, Lai X, Sun Y, Shen Y, Liu B, Yang X, Wang B. Development of an ultrasensitive sandwich immunoassay for detecting small molecule semicarbazide. Food Chem 2023; 429:136835. [PMID: 37463535 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive sandwich immunoassays for detecting the small molecule semicarbazide (SEM) were developed based on derivatization. Several SEM derivatizing agents were synthesized by linking o-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) and biotin with dihydroxyalkanes (different lengths), which were then used to evaluate the distance effect of two epitopes. Sandwich ELISA for SEM derivatives was developed using an anti-SEM-NBA antibody and horseradish peroxidase-labeled avidin or anti-biotin antibody as a secondary conjugate. The advantageous distances of the two epitopes under the double-antibody sandwich and antibody-avidin sandwich modes were ≥12 and ≥13 Å, respectively. Under the distances, the sensitivities of the sandwich ELISA were no lower than those of competitive ELISA. The obtained optimal EC50 values were 11.2 pg/mL (double-antibody sandwich with the epitope distance ≥16 Å) and 7.3 pg/mL (antibody-avidin sandwich with the epitope distance ≥17 Å). Compared with competitive ELISA, the developed method achieved a 30-fold improvement in sensitivity, with simpler aquatic product pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ronghu Feng
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Huiling Wu
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jiping Guo
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xintian Lai
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Yudong Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xingxing Yang
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Bingzhi Wang
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, PR China
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3
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Reverté J, Alkassar M, Diogène J, Campàs M. Detection of Ciguatoxins and Tetrodotoxins in Seafood with Biosensors and Other Smart Bioanalytical Systems. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102043. [PMID: 37238861 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins such as ciguatoxins (CTXs) and tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in non-endemic regions may pose a serious food safety threat and public health concern if proper control measures are not applied. This article provides an overview of the main biorecognition molecules used for the detection of CTXs and TTXs and the different assay configurations and transduction strategies explored in the development of biosensors and other biotechnological tools for these marine toxins. The advantages and limitations of the systems based on cells, receptors, antibodies, and aptamers are described, and new challenges in marine toxin detection are identified. The validation of these smart bioanalytical systems through analysis of samples and comparison with other techniques is also rationally discussed. These tools have already been demonstrated to be useful in the detection and quantification of CTXs and TTXs, and are, therefore, highly promising for their implementation in research activities and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Reverté
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mounira Alkassar
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
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4
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Gaiani G, Cucchi F, Toldrà A, Andree KB, Rey M, Tsumuraya T, O'Sullivan CK, Diogène J, Campàs M. Electrochemical biosensor for the dual detection of Gambierdiscus australes and Gambierdiscus excentricus in field samples. First report of G. excentricus in the Balearic Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150915. [PMID: 34653452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several genera of marine dinoflagellates are known to produce bioactive compounds that affect human health. Among them, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa stand out for their ability to produce several toxins, including the potent neurotoxic ciguatoxins (CTXs), which accumulate through the food web. Once fishes contaminated with CTXs are ingested by humans, it can result in an intoxication named ciguatera. Within the two genera, only some species are able to produce toxins, and G. australes and G. excentricus have been highlighted to be the most abundant and toxic. Although the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are endemic to tropical areas, their presence in subtropical and temperate regions has been recently recorded. In this work, the combined use of species-specific PCR primers for G. australes and G. excentricus modified with short oligonucleotide tails allowed the development of a multiplex detection system for these two toxin-producing species. Simultaneous detection was achieved using capture probes specific for G. australes and G. excentricus immobilized on maleimide-coated magnetic beads (MBs), separately placed on the working electrodes of a dual electrode array. Additionally, a rapid DNA extraction technique based on a portable bead beater system and MBs was developed, significantly reducing the extraction time (from several hours to 30 min). The developed technique was able to detect as low as 10 cells of both Gambierdiscus species and allowed the first detection of G. excentricus in the Balearic Islands in 8 out of the 12 samples analyzed. Finally, field samples were screened for CTXs with an immunosensor, successfully reporting 13.35 ± 0.5 pg CTX1B equiv. cell-1 in one sample and traces of toxins in 3 out of the 9 samples analyzed. These developments provide rapid and cost-effective strategies for ciguatera risk assessment, with the aim of guaranteeing seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Francesca Cucchi
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita,UNITS, Via Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - María Rey
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, URV, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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5
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Campàs M, Leonardo S, Oshiro N, Kuniyoshi K, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Diogène J. A smartphone-controlled amperometric immunosensor for the detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in fish. Food Chem 2021; 374:131687. [PMID: 34891085 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine neurotoxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. CTXs may reach humans through food webs and cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). An immunosensor for the detection of Pacific CTXs in fish was developed using multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified carbon electrodes and a smartphone-controlled potentiostat. The biosensor attained a limit of detection (LOD) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6 and 27 pg/mL of CTX1B, respectively, which were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/kg in fish flesh. In the analysis of fish samples from Japan and Fiji, excellent correlations were found with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), a cell-based assay (CBA) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Stability of at least 3 months at -20 °C was predicted. In just over 2 h, the biosensor provides reliable, accurate and precise Pacific CTX contents in fish extracts, being suitable for monitoring and research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Sandra Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Naomasa Oshiro
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kuniyoshi
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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6
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Sasaki M, Iwasaki K, Arai K. Synthesis and Structural Implication of the JKLMN-Ring Fragment of Caribbean Ciguatoxin C-CTX-1. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4580-4597. [PMID: 33667088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the JKLMN-ring fragment of Caribbean ciguatoxin C-CTX-1, the causative toxin of ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and the Northeast Atlantic areas, is described in detail. Key to the synthesis are a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to construct a seven-membered α-hydroxy exo-enol ether, stereoselective construction of an angular tetrasubstituted stereogenic center on the seven-membered M-ring by a hydrogen atom transfer-based reductive olefin coupling, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of the KLMN-ring enol phosphate with a highly congested M-ring, and silica gel-mediated epoxide ring opening to form the J-ring. Comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data for the synthesized fragment with those for the natural product provided support for the formerly assigned structure of the N-ring in the right-hand terminal of C-CTX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kotaro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keisuke Arai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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8
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Gaiani G, Leonardo S, Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Andree KB, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Diogène J, O'Sullivan CK, Alcaraz C, Campàs M. Rapid detection of ciguatoxins in Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa with immunosensing tools. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111004. [PMID: 32768745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) leads to a foodborne disease known as ciguatera. Primary producers of CTXs are epibenthic dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. In this study, thirteen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains were cultured, harvested at exponential phase, and CTXs were extracted with an implemented rapid protocol. Microalgal extracts were obtained from pellets with a low cell abundance (20,000 cell/mL) and were then analyzed with magnetic bead (MB)-based immunosensing tools (colorimetric immunoassay and electrochemical immunosensor). It is the first time that these approaches are used to screen Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa strains, providing not only a global indication of the presence of CTXs, but also the ability to discriminate between two series of congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C). Analysis of the microalgal extracts revealed the presence of CTXs in 11 out of 13 strains and provided new information about Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa toxin profiles. The use of immunosensing tools in the analysis of microalgal extracts facilitates the elucidation of further knowledge regarding these dinoflagellate genera and can contribute to improved ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - S Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - À Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - A Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - K B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - T Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - M Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - J Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - C K O'Sullivan
- Departament D'Enginyeria Química, URV, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Alcaraz
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de La Ràpita, Spain.
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9
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Tudó À, Gaiani G, Rey Varela M, Tsumuraya T, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Diogène J. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110692. [PMID: 33142836 PMCID: PMC7693352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5-2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1) followed by G. australes (1.7-452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Rey Varela
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Advances in Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080494. [PMID: 32752046 PMCID: PMC7472146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is currently the most common marine biotoxin food poisoning worldwide, associated with human consumption of circumtropical fish and marine invertebrates that are contaminated with ciguatoxins. Ciguatoxins are very potent sodium-channel activator neurotoxins, that pose risks to human health at very low concentrations (>0.01 ng per g of fish flesh in the case of the most potent Pacific ciguatoxin). Symptoms of CFP are nonspecific and intoxication in humans is often misdiagnosed. Presently, there is no medically approved treatment of ciguatera. Therefore, to mitigate the risks of CFP, reliable detection of ciguatoxins prior to consumption of fish tissue is acutely needed, which requires application of highly sensitive and quantitative analytical tests. During the last century a number of methods have been developed to identify and quantify the concentration of ciguatoxins, including in vivo animal assays, cell-based assays, receptor binding assays, antibody-based immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and analytical techniques based on coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Development of these methods, their various advantages and limitations, as well as future challenges are discussed in this review.
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11
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Leonardo S, Gaiani G, Tsumuraya T, Hirama M, Turquet J, Sagristà N, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Caixach J, Diogène J, O'Sullivan CK, Alcaraz C, Campàs M. Addressing the Analytical Challenges for the Detection of Ciguatoxins Using an Electrochemical Biosensor. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4858-4865. [PMID: 32133843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in seafood safety and their emerging occurrence in locations far away from tropical areas highlight the need for simple and low-cost methods for the sensitive and rapid detection of these potent marine toxins to protect seafood consumers. Herein, an electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of CTXs is presented. A sandwich configuration is proposed, using magnetic beads (MBs) as immobilization supports for two capture antibodies, with their combination facilitating the detection of CTX1B, CTX3C, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C. PolyHRP-streptavidin is used for the detection of the biotinylated detector antibody. Experimental conditions are first optimized using colorimetry, and these conditions are subsequently used for electrochemical detection on electrode arrays. Limits of detection at the pg/mL level are achieved for CTX1B and 51-hydroxyCTX3C. The applicability of the immunosensor to the analysis of fish samples is demonstrated, attaining detection of CTX1B at contents as low as 0.01 μg/kg and providing results in correlation with those obtained using mouse bioassay (MBA) and cell-based assay (CBA), and confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS). This user-friendly bioanalytical tool for the rapid detection of CTXs can be used to mitigate ciguatera risk and contribute to the protection of consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Greta Gaiani
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Jean Turquet
- Citeb, C/o CYROI, 2 Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Núria Sagristà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, C. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, C. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, URV, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Alcaraz
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Tsumuraya T, Hirama M. Rationally Designed Synthetic Haptens to Generate Anti-Ciguatoxin Monoclonal Antibodies, and Development of a Practical Sandwich ELISA to Detect Ciguatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E533. [PMID: 31540301 PMCID: PMC6784113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
"Ciguatera" fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the well-known food poisoning caused by the ingestion of fish that have accumulated trace amounts of ciguatoxins (CTXs). CFP affects more than 50,000 individuals annually. The difficulty in preventing CFP comes from the lack of reliable methods for analysis of CTXs in contaminated fish, together with the normal appearance, taste, and smell of CTX-contaminated fish. Thus, a sensitive, accurate, routine, and portable analytical method to detect CTXs is urgently required. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific against either wing of major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) were generated by immunizing mice with rationally designed synthetic haptens-KLH conjugates instead of the CTXs. Haptenic groups with a surface area greater than 400 Å2 are required to produce mAbs that can strongly bind to CTXs. Furthermore, a highly sensitive fluorescence-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. This protocol can detect and quantify four major CTX congeners (CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX3C, and 51-hydroxyCTX3C) with a limit of detection (LOD) of less than 1 pg/mL. The LOD determined for this sandwich ELISA is sufficient to detect CTX1B-contaminated fish at the FDA guidance level of 0.01 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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13
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Tsumuraya T, Sato T, Hirama M, Fujii I. Highly Sensitive and Practical Fluorescent Sandwich ELISA for Ciguatoxins. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7318-7324. [PMID: 29770692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) caused by the consumption of fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) affects more than 50000 people annually. The spread of CFP causes enormous damage to public health, fishery resources, and the economies of tropical and subtropical endemic regions. The difficulty in avoiding CFP arises from the lack of sensitive and reliable analytical methods for the detection and quantification of CTXs in contaminated fish, along with the normal appearance, smell, and taste of fish contaminated with the causative toxins. Thus, an accurate, sensitive, routine, and portable detection method for CTXs is urgently required. We have successfully developed a highly sensitive fluorescent sandwich ELISA, which can detect, differentiate, and quantify four major CTX congeners (CTX1B, CTX3C, 51-hydroxyCTX3C, and 54-deoxyCTX1B) with a detection limit of less than 1 pg/mL. The ELISA protocol, using one microtiter plate coated with two mAbs (10C9 and 3G8), and ALP-linked 8H4, can detect any of the four CTX congeners in a single operation. CTX1B spiked into fish at the FDA guidance level of 0.01 ppb CTX1B equivalent toxicity in fish from Pacific regions was also proven to be reliably detected by this ELISA. Furthermore, the efficiency of extraction/purification procedures and the matrix effect of contaminants in fish were evaluated in detail, since pretreatment and matrix effects are critical for ELISA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Cell Science Inc. , Aoba-ku, Sendai , Miyagi 989-3212 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirama
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8570 , Japan
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14
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15
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Marine Toxins Analysis for Consumer Protection. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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HIRAMA M. Total synthesis and related studies of large, strained, and bioactive natural products. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:290-329. [PMID: 27725470 PMCID: PMC5243947 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our chemical syntheses and related scientific investigations of natural products with complex architectures and powerful biological activities are described, focusing on the very large 3 nm-long polycyclic ethers called the ciguatoxins, highly strained and labile chromoprotein antitumor antibiotics featuring nine-membered enediyne cores, and extremely potent anthelmintic macrolides called the avermectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro HIRAMA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Silva M, Pratheepa VK, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Emergent toxins in North Atlantic temperate waters: a challenge for monitoring programs and legislation. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:859-85. [PMID: 25785464 PMCID: PMC4379530 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Vijaya K Pratheepa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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18
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Horseradish peroxidase and antibody labeled gold nanoparticle probe for amplified immunoassay of ciguatoxin in fish samples based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Toxicon 2015; 96:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Kavanagh O, Elliott CT, Campbell K. Progress in the development of immunoanalytical methods incorporating recombinant antibodies to small molecular weight biotoxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2749-70. [PMID: 25716465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid immunoanalytical screening of food and environmental samples for small molecular weight (hapten) biotoxin contaminations requires the production of antibody reagents that possess the requisite sensitivity and specificity. To date animal-derived polyclonal (pAb) and monoclonal (mAb) antibodies have provided the binding element of the majority of these assays but recombinant antibodies (rAb) isolated from in vitro combinatorial phage display libraries are an exciting alternative due to (1) circumventing the need for experimental animals, (2) speed of production in commonly used in vitro expression systems and (3) subsequent molecular enhancement of binder performance. Short chain variable fragments (scFv) have been the most commonly employed rAb reagents for hapten biotoxin detection over the last two decades but antibody binding fragments (Fab) and single domain antibodies (sdAb) are increasing in popularity due to increased expression efficiency of functional binders and superior resistance to solvents. rAb-based immunochromatographic assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been reported to detect sub-regulatory levels of fungal (mycotoxins), marine (phycotoxins) and aquatic biotoxins in a wide range of food and environmental matrices, however this technology has yet to surpass the performances of the equivalent mAb- and pAb-based formats. As such the full potential of rAb technology in hapten biotoxin detection has yet to be achieved, but in time the inherent advantages of engineered rAb are set to provide the next generation of ultra-high performing binder reagents for the rapid and specific detection of hapten biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Kavanagh
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK,
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20
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Abstract
Reported fish allergy prevalence varies widely, with an estimated prevalence of 0.2% in the general population. Sensitization to fish can occur by ingestion, skin contact or inhalation. The manifestations can be IgE or non-IgE mediated. Several fish allergens have been identified, with parvalbumins being the major allergen in various species. Allergenicity varies among fish species and is affected by processing or preparation methods. Adverse reactions after eating fish are often claimed to be 'allergy' but could be a reaction to hidden food allergen, fish parasite, fish toxins or histamine in spoiled fish. Identifying such causes would allow free consumption of fish. Correct diagnosis of fish allergy, including the specific species, might provide the patient with safe alternatives. Patients have been generally advised for strict universal avoidance of fish. However, testing with various fish species or preparations might identify one or more forms that can be tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Mourad
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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21
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Yamashita S, Takeuchi K, Koyama T, Inoue M, Hayashi Y, Hirama M. Practical route to the left wing of CTX1B and total syntheses of CTX1B and 54-deoxyCTX1B. Chemistry 2014; 21:2621-8. [PMID: 25529606 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins, the principal causative agents of ciguatera seafood poisoning, are extremely large polycyclic ethers. We report herein a reliable route for constructing the left wing of CTX1B, which possesses the acid/base/oxidant-sensitive bisallylic ether moiety, by a 6-exo radical cyclization/ring-closing metathesis strategy. This new route enabled us to achieve the second-generation total synthesis of CTX1B and the first synthesis of 54-deoxyCTX1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578 (Japan).
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22
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Reverté L, Soliño L, Carnicer O, Diogène J, Campàs M. Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5719-63. [PMID: 25431968 PMCID: PMC4278199 DOI: 10.3390/md12125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins in water and seafood may have a considerable impact on public health. Although the tendency in Europe is to consolidate, when possible, official reference methods based on instrumental analysis, the development of alternative or complementary methods providing functional or toxicological information may provide advantages in terms of risk identification, but also low cost, simplicity, ease of use and high-throughput analysis. This article gives an overview of the immunoassays, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays and biosensors that have been developed for the screening and quantification of emerging marine toxins: palytoxins, ciguatoxins, cyclic imines and tetrodotoxins. Their advantages and limitations are discussed, as well as their possible integration in research and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Olga Carnicer
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Nicolas J, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A, Bovee TFH, Rietjens IMCM. Marine neurotoxins: State of the art, bottlenecks, and perspectives for mode of action based methods of detection in seafood. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:87-100. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicolas
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
- RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Sun J, Tu M, Han B, Xue X, Zhang Y, Wei J, Chen J, Lu Z, An Y, Cai B, Lv N, Jiang K, Miao Y, Gao W. Generation and characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Vasohibin-2 for determination of its intracellular localization. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:255-61. [PMID: 23615928 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasohibin-2 was recently identified as an important pro-angiogenesis factor in solid tumor and intracellular localization of its variants is important for elucidating the downstream mechanism(s) of its effects. Currently there are no reported antibodies affordable for intracellular localization. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize polyclonal antibodies against Vasohibin-2 and to determine the intracellular localization of Vasohibin-2. In this study, two polypeptides were synthesized and one prokaryotic Vasohibin-2 recombinant protein was custom-made. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with the polypeptide mixture and prokaryotic recombinant protein, respectively. The purified antibodies from the antiserum were validated by ELISA, western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoprecipitation (IP). In order to determine intracellular localization, the cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins of the human liver cancer cell line HepG2 were isolated for the detection of Vasohibin-2 by western blotting. Vasohibin-2 cDNA, coding for 311 and 355 amino acid residues, fused with or without a DDK/V5 tag at the c-terminus, respectively, was cloned into the Lv-CMV-EGFP vector. Lentiviruses were successfully packaged. Vasohibin-2-overexpressing HepG2-VASH2 (355 amino acid residues) and HepG2-VASH2-V5 (311 amino acid residues fused with V5 tag at the c-terminus) human liver cancer cell lines were established. Approximately 1-2x106 HepG2, HepG2-VASH2 and HepG2-VASH2-V5 cells were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of BALB/c nude mice. Xenograft tumors were harvested for immunohistochemistry. HepG2 cells were transiently transfected with the Lv-CMV-EGFP vectors containing Vasohibin-2 cDNA (coding for 311/355 amino acid residues with a DDK tag at the c-terminal), followed by anti-DDK immunofluorescence. The antibodies obtained were able to detect human VASH2 successfully as applied in western blotting, IF, IHC and IP. Results from IF, IHC and WB (post cytoplasmic/nuclear protein isolation) showed a quite different intracellular localization of VASH2 protein. The VASH2 (with 355 amino acid residues) was located in the cytoplasm while VASH2 (with 311 amino acid residues) was located in the nucleus. The former was found to be a relatively low abundance protein. We successfully generated three rabbit anti-human Vasohibin-2 polyclonal antibodies which can be used for western blotting, IF, IP and IHC. These antibodies will provide a convenient tool for further studies on Vasohibin-2. This is the first study to report differences in the intracellular localization of the VASH2 protein and, hence, a new research direction on the study of VASH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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