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Sphingolipids and Cholesterol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Parperis C, Wallace MI. Single-molecule imaging of pore-forming toxin dynamics in droplet interface bilayers. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:431-459. [PMID: 33712195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-channel recording from pore-forming toxins (PFTs) provides a clear and direct molecular readout of toxin action. However to complete any mechanistic understanding of PFT behavior, this functional kinetic readout must be linked to the underlying changes in toxin structure, binding, conformation, or stoichiometry. Here we review how single-molecule imaging methods might be used to further our understanding of PFTs, and provide detailed practical guidance on the use of droplet interface bilayers as a method capable of examining both single-molecule fluorescence and single-channel electrical signals from PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Parperis
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Functional and Structural Variation among Sticholysins, Pore-Forming Proteins from the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238915. [PMID: 33255441 PMCID: PMC7727798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms constitute complex mixtures of many different molecules arising from evolution in processes driven by continuous prey-predator interactions. One of the most common compounds in these venomous cocktails are pore-forming proteins, a family of toxins whose activity relies on the disruption of the plasmatic membranes by forming pores. The venom of sea anemones, belonging to the oldest lineage of venomous animals, contains a large amount of a characteristic group of pore-forming proteins known as actinoporins. They bind specifically to sphingomyelin-containing membranes and suffer a conformational metamorphosis that drives them to make pores. This event usually leads cells to death by osmotic shock. Sticholysins are the actinoporins produced by Stichodactyla helianthus. Three different isotoxins are known: Sticholysins I, II, and III. They share very similar amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure but display different behavior in terms of lytic activity and ability to interact with cholesterol, an important lipid component of vertebrate membranes. In addition, sticholysins can act in synergy when exerting their toxin action. The subtle, but important, molecular nuances that explain their different behavior are described and discussed throughout the text. Improving our knowledge about sticholysins behavior is important for eventually developing them into biotechnological tools.
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Ramírez-Carreto S, Miranda-Zaragoza B, Rodríguez-Almazán C. Actinoporins: From the Structure and Function to the Generation of Biotechnological and Therapeutic Tools. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E539. [PMID: 32252469 PMCID: PMC7226409 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinoporins (APs) are a family of pore-forming toxins (PFTs) from sea anemones. These biomolecules exhibit the ability to exist as soluble monomers within an aqueous medium or as constitutively open oligomers in biological membranes. Through their conformational plasticity, actinoporins are considered good candidate molecules to be included for the rational design of molecular tools, such as immunotoxins directed against tumor cells and stochastic biosensors based on nanopores to analyze unique DNA or protein molecules. Additionally, the ability of these proteins to bind to sphingomyelin (SM) facilitates their use for the design of molecular probes to identify SM in the cells. The immunomodulatory activity of actinoporins in liposomal formulations for vaccine development has also been evaluated. In this review, we describe the potential of actinoporins for use in the development of molecular tools that could be used for possible medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Rodríguez-Almazán
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; (S.R.-C.); (B.M.-Z.)
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Yap WY, Tan KJSX, Hwang JS. Expansion of Hydra actinoporin-like toxin (HALT) gene family: Expression divergence and functional convergence evolved through gene duplication. Toxicon 2019; 170:10-20. [PMID: 31513812 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydra actinoporin-like toxin 1 (HALT-1) was previously shown to cause cytolysis and haemolysis in a number of human cells and has similar functional properties to the actinoporins equinatoxin and sticholysin. In addition to HALT-1, five other HALTs (HALTs 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7) were also isolated from Hydra magnipapillata and expressed as recombinant proteins in this study. We demonstrated that recombinant HALTs have cytolytic activity on HeLa cells but each exhibited a different range of toxicity. All six recombinant HALTs bound to sulfatide, while rHALT-1 and rHALT-3 bound to two additional sphingolipids, lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate as indicated by the protein-lipid overlay assay. When either tryptophan133 or tyrosine129 of HALT-1 was mutated, the mutant protein lost binding to sulfatide, lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate. As further verification of HALTs' binding to sulfatide, we performed ELISA for each HALT. To determine the cell-type specific gene expression of seven HALTs in Hydra, we searched for individual HALT expression in the single-cell RNA-seq data set of Single Cell Portal. The results showed that HALT-1, 4 and 7 were expressed in differentiating stenoteles. HALT-1 and HALT-6 were expressed in the female germline during oogenesis. HALT-2 was strongly expressed in the gland and mucous cells in the endoderm. Information on HALT-3 and HALT-5 could not be found in the single-cell data set. Our findings show that subfunctionalisation of gene expression following duplication enabled HALTs to become specialized in various cell types of the interstitial cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuen Yap
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Katrina Joan Shu Xian Tan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jung Shan Hwang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Zhou Y, Liu G, Cheng X, Wang Q, Wang B, Wang B, Zhang H, He Q, Zhang L. Antimicrobial activity of a newly identified Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor, CcKPI1, from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1945-1955. [PMID: 29054522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a jellyfish-derived Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, named CcKPI1, from Cyanea capillata. CcKPI1 has a calculated molecular mass of 19.02kDa and contains three typical Kazal domains. Soluble recombinant CcKPI1 (rCcKPI1) was successfully expressed and purified. rCcKPI1 exhibited significant inhibitory activities against elastase, subtilisin A and proteinase K, but not against trypsin or chymotrypsin. Kinetic studies showed that all of the inhibitory effects of rCcKPI1 were competitive, indicating that it may be a microbial serine protease inhibitor and can exhibit antimicrobial activity. As predicted, rCcKPI1 directly bound to various microorganisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, marine pathogenic vibrios Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and fungi Candida albicans, Candida parapsilokis and Candida glabrata. In addition, rCcKPI1 inhibited the growth of most of the tested microorganisms that it bound to. These findings indicate that CcKPI1 possesses marked antibacterial and antifungal activities and may play an important role in the immune defence of C. capillata, providing a novel view for the understanding of the immune system of jellyfish and also facilitating future research on antimicrobial agents from marine natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Soto C, del Valle A, Valiente PA, Ros U, Lanio ME, Hernández AM, Alvarez C. Differential binding and activity of the pore-forming toxin sticholysin II in model membranes containing diverse ceramide-derived lipids. Biochimie 2017; 138:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Antimicrobial properties of sea anemone Anthopleura nigrescens from Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Weber DK, Yao S, Rojko N, Anderluh G, Lybrand TP, Downton MT, Wagner J, Separovic F. Characterization of the Lipid-Binding Site of Equinatoxin II by NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biophys J 2016; 108:1987-96. [PMID: 25902438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equinatoxin II (EqtII) is a soluble, 20 kDa pore-forming protein toxin isolated from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Although pore formation has long been known to occur in distinct stages, including monomeric attachment to phospholipid membranes followed by detachment of the N-terminal helical domain and oligomerization into the final pore assembly, atomistic-level detail of the protein-lipid interactions underlying these events remains elusive. Using high-resolution solution state NMR of uniformly-(15)N-labeled EqtII at the critical micelle concentration of dodecylphosphocholine, we have mapped the lipid-binding site through chemical shift perturbations. Subsequent docking of an EqtII monomer onto a dodecylphosphocholine micelle, followed by 400 ns of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, saw several high-occupancy lipid-binding pockets stabilized by cation-π, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions; and stabilization of the loop housing the conserved arginine-glycine-aspartate motif. Additional simulation of EqtII with an N-acetyl sphingomyelin micelle, for which high-resolution NMR data cannot be obtained due to aggregate formation, revealed that sphingomyelin specificity might occur via hydrogen bonding to the 3-OH and 2-NH groups unique to the ceramide backbone by side chains of D109 and Y113; and main chains of P81 and W112. Furthermore, a binding pocket formed by K30, K77, and P81, proximate to the hinge region of the N-terminal helix, was identified and may be implicated in triggering pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Weber
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenggen Yao
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nejc Rojko
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew T Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Pore-forming toxins: Properties, diversity, and uses as tools to image sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:576-92. [PMID: 26498396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) represent a unique class of highly specific lipid-binding proteins. The cytotoxicity of these compounds has been overcome through crystallographic structure and mutation studies, facilitating the development of non-toxic lipid probes. As a consequence, non-toxic PFTs have been utilized as highly specific probes to visualize the diversity and dynamics of lipid nanostructures in living and fixed cells. This review is focused on the application of PFTs and their non-toxic analogs as tools to visualize sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine, two major phosphosphingolipids in mammalian and insect cells, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
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Makino A, Abe M, Murate M, Inaba T, Yilmaz N, Hullin‐Matsuda F, Kishimoto T, Schieber NL, Taguchi T, Arai H, Anderluh G, Parton RG, Kobayashi T. Visualization of the heterogeneous membrane distribution of sphingomyelin associated with cytokinesis, cell polarity, and sphingolipidosis. FASEB J 2014; 29:477-93. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Makino
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
| | - Motohide Murate
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
| | - Neval Yilmaz
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
| | - Françoise Hullin‐Matsuda
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
- TNSERM U1060‐Université LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | | | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- National Institute of ChemistryLjubljanaSlovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Microscopy and MicroanalysisUniversity of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, HirosawaWako‐shiSaitamaJapan
- TNSERM U1060‐Université LyonVilleurbanneFrance
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Ros U, Edwards MA, Epand RF, Lanio ME, Schreier S, Yip CM, Alvarez C, Epand RM. The sticholysin family of pore-forming toxins induces the mixing of lipids in membrane domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2757-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maula T, Isaksson YJE, García-Linares S, Niinivehmas S, Pentikäinen OT, Kurita M, Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto T, Katsumura S, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, Slotte JP. 2NH and 3OH are crucial structural requirements in sphingomyelin for sticholysin II binding and pore formation in bilayer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1390-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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