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Lian Q, Zhong L, Fu K, Ji Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Huang C. Hepatic inhibitors expression profiling of venom-challenged Sinonatrix annularis and antidotal activities. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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van Thiel J, Khan MA, Wouters RM, Harris RJ, Casewell NR, Fry BG, Kini RM, Mackessy SP, Vonk FJ, Wüster W, Richardson MK. Convergent evolution of toxin resistance in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1823-1843. [PMID: 35580905 PMCID: PMC9543476 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Convergence is the phenomenon whereby similar phenotypes evolve independently in different lineages. One example is resistance to toxins in animals. Toxins have evolved many times throughout the tree of life. They disrupt molecular and physiological pathways in target species, thereby incapacitating prey or deterring a predator. In response, molecular resistance has evolved in many species exposed to toxins to counteract their harmful effects. Here, we review current knowledge on the convergence of toxin resistance using examples from a wide range of toxin families. We explore the evolutionary processes and molecular adaptations driving toxin resistance. However, resistance adaptations may carry a fitness cost if they disrupt the normal physiology of the resistant animal. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between maintaining a functional molecular target and reducing toxin susceptibility. There are relatively few solutions that satisfy this trade‐off. As a result, we see a small set of molecular adaptations appearing repeatedly in diverse animal lineages, a phenomenon that is consistent with models of deterministic evolution. Convergence may also explain what has been called ‘autoresistance’. This is often thought to have evolved for self‐protection, but we argue instead that it may be a consequence of poisonous animals feeding on toxic prey. Toxin resistance provides a unique and compelling model system for studying the interplay between trophic interactions, selection pressures and the molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jory van Thiel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Muzaffar A Khan
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel M Wouters
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80639-0017, U.S.A
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, U.K
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fortes-Dias CL, Macedo DHF, Barbosa RP, Souza-Silva G, Ortolani PL. Identification and characterization of the first endogenous phospholipase A 2 inhibitor from a non-venomous tropical snake, Boa constrictor (Serpentes: Boidae). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190044. [PMID: 32231698 PMCID: PMC7092641 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous phospholipase A2 inhibitors from snake blood (sbPLIs) have been isolated from several species around the world, with the primary function of self-protection against the action of toxic phospholipases A2. In American snakes, sbPLIs were solely described in pit vipers, in which the natural protection role is justified. In this study, we described a sbPLI in Boa constrictor (popularly known as jiboia), a non-venomous snake species from America. Methods PLA2 inhibitory activity was tested in the blood plasma of B. constrictor using C. d. terrificus venom as the enzyme source. Antibodies developed against CNF, a sbγPLI from Crotalus durissus terrificus, were used to investigate the presence of homologues in the blood plasma of B. constrictor. A CNF-like molecule with a PLA2 inhibitory activity was purified by column chromatography. The encoding gene for the inhibitor was cloned from B. constrictor liver tissue. The DNA fragment was cloned, purified and sequenced. The deduced primary sequence of interest was aligned with known sbγPLIs from the literature. Results The blood plasma of B. constrictor displayed PLA2 inhibitory activity. A CNF-like molecule (named BcNF) was identified and purified from the blood plasma of B. constrictor. Basic properties such as molecular mass, composing amino acids, and pI were comparable, but BcNF displayed reduced specific activity in PLA2 inhibition. BcNF showed highest identity scores (ISs) with sbγPLIs from pit vipers from Latin America (90-100%), followed by gamma inhibitors from Asian viperid (80-90%). ISs below 70% were obtained for BcNF and non-venomous species from Asia. Conclusion A functional sbγPLI (BcNF) was described in the blood plasma of B. constrictor. BcNF displayed higher primary identity with sbγPLIs from Viperidae than to sbγPLIs from non-venomous species from Asia. The physiological role played by sbγPLIs in non-venomous snake species remains to be understood. Further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Souza-Silva
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Ladeira Ortolani
- Research & Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rodrigues CFB, Serino-Silva C, de Morais-Zani K, Kavazoi VK, Carvalho MPN, Grego KF, Chiarelli T, Tashima AK, Toyama MH, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. BoaγPLI: Structural and functional characterization of the gamma phospholipase A2 plasma inhibitor from the non-venomous Brazilian snake Boa constrictor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229657. [PMID: 32106235 PMCID: PMC7046197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma in several organisms has components that promote resistance to envenomation by inhibiting specific proteins from snake venoms, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). The major hypothesis for inhibitor's presence would be the protection against self-envenomation in venomous snakes, but the occurrence of inhibitors in non-venomous snakes and other animals has opened new perspectives for this molecule. Thus, this study showed for the first time the structural and functional characterization of the PLA2 inhibitor from the Boa constrictor serum (BoaγPLI), a non-venomous snake that dwells extensively the Brazilian territory. Therefore, the inhibitor was isolated from B. constrictor serum, with 0.63% of recovery. SDS-PAGE showed a band at ~25 kDa under reducing conditions and ~20 kDa under non-reducing conditions. Chromatographic analyses showed the presence of oligomers formed by BoaγPLI. Primary structure of BoaγPLI suggested an estimated molecular mass of 22 kDa. When BoaγPLI was incubated with Asp-49 and Lys-49 PLA2 there was no severe change in its dichroism spectrum, suggesting a non-covalent interaction. The enzymatic assay showed a dose-dependent inhibition, up to 48.2%, when BoaγPLI was incubated with Asp-49 PLA2, since Lys-49 PLA2 has a lack of enzymatic activity. The edematogenic and myotoxic effects of PLA2s were also inhibited by BoaγPLI. In summary, the present work provides new insights into inhibitors from non-venomous snakes, which possess PLIs in their plasma, although the contact with venom is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas—Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas—Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas—Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tassia Chiarelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas—Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Serino-Silva C, Morais-Zani K, Hikari Toyama M, Toyama DDO, Gaeta HH, Rodrigues CFB, Aguiar WDS, Tashima AK, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Purification and characterization of the first γ-phospholipase inhibitor (γPLI) from Bothrops jararaca snake serum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193105. [PMID: 29505564 PMCID: PMC5837083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes acting on the cell membrane phospholipids resulting in fatty acids and lysophospholipids and deconstructing the cell membrane. This protein is commonly found in snake venoms, causing tissue inflammation in the affected area. Evidence indicates that snakes have natural resistance to their own venom due to protective properties in plasma, that inhibit the action of proteins present in their venom. Given that, this study aimed to purify and characterize a γPLI from Bothrops jararaca serum, named γBjPLI. PLA2 inhibitor was isolated using two chromatographic steps: an ion exchange column (DEAE), followed by an affinity column (crotoxin coupled to a CNBr-activated Sepharose resin). The purity and biochemical characterization of the isolated protein were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SEC, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism and mass spectrometry. The ability to inhibit PLA2 was determined by enzymatic activity, neutralization of paw edema and myonecrosis. The protein purity was confirmed by RP-HPLC and SEC, whilst an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa and 20 kDa was obtained by SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively. According to mass spectrometry analysis, this protein showed 72% and 68% of coverage when aligned to amino acid sequences of two proteins already described as PLIs. Thus, the inhibitory activity of enzymatic, edema and myonecrotic activities by γBjPLI suggests a role of this inhibitor for protection of these snakes against self-envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karen Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Oliveira Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Henrique Hessel Gaeta
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wéslei da Silva Aguiar
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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