1
|
Weng Q, Zhang R, Wu P, Chen J, Pan X, Zhao D, Wang J, Zhang H, Qi X, Wu X, Han J, Zhou B. An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:624. [PMID: 37999487 PMCID: PMC10675454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) may adversely affect human health. Therefore, this study aimed to show the prevalence of PSTs from commercially available shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China, during the period of frequent red tides, investigate the factors affecting the distribution of PSTs, and assess the risk of PST intake following the consumption of bivalve shellfish among the Zhejiang population. A total of 546 shellfish samples were collected, 7.0% of which had detectable PSTs at concentrations below the regulatory limit. Temporal, spatial, and interspecific variations in the occurrence of PSTs were observed in some cases. The dietary exposure to PSTs among the general population of consumers only was low. However, young children in the extreme scenario (the 95th percentile of daily shellfish consumption combined with the maximum PST concentration), defined as 89-194% of the recommended acute reference doses, were possibly at risk of exposure. Notably, Arcidae and mussels were the major sources of exposure to toxins. From the public health perspective, PSTs from commercially available shellfish do not pose a serious health risk; however, more attention should be paid to acute health risks, especially for young children, during periods of frequent red tides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Weng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Dong Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Jikai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Hexiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| | - Junde Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Biao Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (X.P.); (D.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Q.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim YS, An HJ, Kim J, Jeon YJ. Current Situation of Palytoxins and Cyclic Imines in Asia-Pacific Countries: Causative Phytoplankton Species and Seafood Poisoning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4921. [PMID: 35457784 PMCID: PMC9026528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among marine biotoxins, palytoxins (PlTXs) and cyclic imines (CIs), including spirolides, pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, and gymnodimines, are not managed in many countries, such as the USA, European nations, and South Korea, because there are not enough poisoning cases or data for the limits on these biotoxins. In this article, we review unregulated marine biotoxins (e.g., PlTXs and CIs), their toxicity, causative phytoplankton species, and toxin extraction and detection protocols. Due to global warming, the habitat of the causative phytoplankton has expanded to the Asia-Pacific region. When ingested by humans, shellfish that accumulated toxins can cause various symptoms (muscle pain or diarrhea) and even death. There are no systematic reports on the occurrence of these toxins; however, it is important to continuously monitor causative phytoplankton and poisoning of accumulating shellfish by PlTXs and CI toxins because of the high risk of toxicity in human consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sang Kim
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo An
- Asia Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaeseong Kim
- Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, Department of Marine Life Science, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63333, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Z, Qiu J, Wang G, Ji Y, Hess P, Li A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:793. [PMID: 34822577 PMCID: PMC8621799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a fast-acting microalgal toxin and its production of certified materials requires an efficient harvesting technology from the large-scale cultures of toxigenic microalgae. In this study the recoveries of GYM-A were compared between several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) treatments including solvents, ratios and stirring times to optimize the LLE technique for harvesting GYM-A from Karenia selliformis cultures, of which the dichloromethane was selected as the extractant and added to microalgal cultures at the ratio 55 mL L-1 (5.5%, v/v). The recovery of GYM-A obtained by the LLE technique was also compared with filtration and centrifugation methods. The stability of GYM-A in culture media were also tested under different pH conditions. Results showed that both the conventional filter filtration and centrifugation methods led to fragmentation of microalgal cells and loss of GYM-A in the harvesting processes. A total of 5.1 µg of GYM-A were obtained from 2 L of K. selliformis cultures with a satisfactory recovery of 88%. Interestingly, GYM-A obviously degraded in the culture media with the initial pH 8.2 and the adjusted pH of 7.0 after 7 days, but there was no obvious degradation in the acidic medium at pH 5.0. Therefore, the LLE method developed here permits the collection of large-volume cultures of K. selliformis and the high-efficiency extraction of GYM-A. This work provides a simple and valuable technique for harvesting toxins from large-scale cultures of GYM-producing microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biessy L, Boundy MJ, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Hawes I, Wood SA. Tetrodotoxin in marine bivalves and edible gastropods: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124404. [PMID: 31545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for countless human intoxications and deaths around the world. The distribution of TTX and its analogues is diverse and the toxin has been detected in organisms from both marine and terrestrial environments. Increasing detections seafood species, such as bivalves and gastropods, has drawn attention to the toxin, reinvigorating scientific interest and regulatory concerns. There have been reports of TTX in 21 species of bivalves and edible gastropods from ten countries since the 1980's. While TTX is structurally dissimilar to saxitoxin (STX), another neurotoxin detected in seafood, it has similar sodium channel blocking action and potency and both neurotoxins have been shown to have additive toxicities. The global regulatory level for the STX group toxins applied to shellfish is 800 μg/kg. The presence of TTX in shellfish is only regulated in one country; The Netherlands, with a regulatory level of 44 μg/kg. Due to the recent interest surrounding TTX in bivalves, the European Food Safety Authority established a panel to assess the risk and regulation of TTX in bivalves, and their final opinion was that a concentration below 44 μg of TTX per kg of shellfish would not result in adverse human effects. In this article, we review current knowledge on worldwide TTX levels in edible gastropods and bivalves over the last four decades, the different methods of detection used, and the current regulatory status. We suggest research needs that will assist with knowledge gaps and ultimately allow development of robust monitoring and management protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casabianca S, Capellacci S, Giacobbe MG, Dell'Aversano C, Tartaglione L, Varriale F, Narizzano R, Risso F, Moretto P, Dagnino A, Bertolotto R, Barbone E, Ungaro N, Penna A. Plastic-associated harmful microalgal assemblages in marine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:617-626. [PMID: 30384067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris carry fouling a variety of class-size organisms, among them harmful microorganisms that potentially play a role in the dispersal of allochthonous species and toxic compounds with ecological impacts on the marine environment and human health. We analyzed samples of marine plastics floating at the sea surface using a molecular qPCR assay to quantify the attached microalgal taxa, in particular, harmful species. Diatoms were the most abundant group of plastic colonizers with maximum abundance of 8.2 × 104 cells cm-2 of plastics, the maximum abundance of dinoflagellates amounted to 1.1 × 103 cells cm-2 of plastics. The most abundant harmful microalgal taxon was the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp., including at least 12 toxic species, and the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata with 6606 and 259 cells cm-2, respectively. The abundance of other harmful microalgal species including the toxic allochthonous dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum ranged from 1 to 73 cells cm-2. In the present study, a direct relationship between the abundance of harmful algal species colonizing the plastic substrates and their toxin production was found. The levels of potential toxins on plastic samples ranged from 101 to 102 ng cm-2, considering the various toxin families produced by the colonized harmful microalgal species. We also measured the rate of adhesion by several target microalgal species. It ranged from 1.8 to 0.3 day-1 demonstrating the capacity of plastic substrate colonizing rapidly by microalgae. The present study reports the first estimates of molecular quantification of microorganisms including toxin producing species that can colonize plastics. Such findings provide important insights for improving the monitoring practice of plastics and illustrate how the epi-plastic community can exacerbate the harmful effects of plastics by dispersal, acting as an alien and toxic species carrier and potentially being ingested through the marine trophic web.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giacobbe
- IRBIM CNR, Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Varriale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Narizzano
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Fulvia Risso
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Moretto
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dagnino
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Rosella Bertolotto
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPAL), Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Barbone
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Puglia (ARPA Puglia), Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Ungaro
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Puglia (ARPA Puglia), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, 61121, Pesaro, Italy; CONISMA, Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze del Mare, 00184, Roma, Italy; IRBIM CNR, Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|