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da Silva WRGB, de Siqueira Santos L, Lira D, de Oliveira Luna KP, Fook SML, Alves RRN. Who are the most affected by Bothrops snakebite envenoming in Brazil? A Clinical-epidemiological profile study among the regions of the country. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011708. [PMID: 37856557 PMCID: PMC10617728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming represents an important Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that mainly affects tropical and subtropical developing countries according to the World Health Organization (WHO). As a priority issue in the tropics, it is estimated that accidental encounter between snakes and humans is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all NTDs in the world. In Brazil, an extremely diverse country with continental dimensions, snakebite envenoming is the second leading cause of reported human envenoming. Treating the disease has been an unprecedented challenge for Brazilian Health Systems for decades. Despite access to Antivenom therapy and distributing it free of charge across the country, Brazil faces numerous issues regarding the notification process and accurate treatment targeting for at-risk populations. Thus, this study aimed to identify the temporal epidemiological dynamics of accidents caused by Bothrops snakes in Brazil, the country's major group of venomous snakes, based on secondary information from the online database provided by The Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). For this purpose, reported Bothrops snakebites between 2012 and 2021 were counted, then the data were analyzed. We looked at the frequency, occurrence, mortality rates, case fatality rate (CFR), age and gender distribution, and the time lapse between the incident and the initiation of Antivenom therapy. The data were also organized considering regional variations of the country. Throughout the studied period, a total of 202,604 cases of envenoming caused by Bothrops spp. were notified, resulting in 766 fatalities. These accidents were found to occur in variable proportions across different regions in Brazil, with notable concentrations observed in the North, Northeast, and Southeast regions. The epidemiological profile of patients varied greatly between the regions, revealing that snake envenoming is much more a social, economic, and ecological problem than a medical one. In conclusion, our study provides an overview of the clinical and epidemiological profile of envenoming by Bothrops snakes in Brazil. Notably, this is the first study to present such information in a country as vast and diverse as Brazil, encompassing a comparative analysis of its regions using SINAN data, that proves to be a very useful national tool to improve the control and management of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley Ruan Guimarães Borges da Silva
- Department of Biology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Siqueira Santos
- Graduate Program in Geodetic Sciences and Geoinformation Technologies, Department of Cartographic Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Derick Lira
- Department of Biology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Karla Patrícia de Oliveira Luna
- Department of Biology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Science Teaching and Mathematics Education, Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Sayonara Maria Lia Fook
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves
- Department of Biology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ethnobiology and Nature Conservation, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Zuliani JP. Alarmins and inflammatory aspects related to snakebite envenomation. Toxicon 2023; 226:107088. [PMID: 36924999 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is characterized by the injection of a mixture of proteins/toxins present in venom following the bite of a venomous snake. The toxins have potent bioactivity capability to impact different aspects of envenomation evolution. The cascade of immune responses initiated by the participation of venom and/or toxins isolated from snake venom can contribute to the systemic and local inflammatory effects observed in victims of envenomation. To understand envenomation, a deeper comprehension of the numerous cells, mediators, and components that comprise the immune system reaction to the venom components is required. Thus, activities related to the immune response are highlighted in this study, including the initial line of defense of the innate immune response as signals for the complicated reaction led by specialized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Oliveira DS, de Souza JG, Alvarez-Flores MP, Cunegundes PS, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Lobba AM, Gomes RN, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Lonomia obliqua Venom Induces NF-κB Activation and a Pro-Inflammatory Profile in THP-1-Derived Macrophage. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:462. [PMID: 34209394 PMCID: PMC8309978 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation caused by contact with Lonomia obliqua bristles is characterized by pain, an intense systemic proinflammatory reaction and disturbances in the coagulation cascade that can cause severe clinical manifestations and death. However, the role of immune system components in these effects is still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of L. obliqua venom on THP-1-derived macrophages and its ability to modulate inflammatory markers, as well as the cytokine and chemokine release profile. Our results show that L. obliqua venom is able to directly exert a potent pro-inflammatory reaction in macrophages, characterized by the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor pathway, the expression of CD80 and CD83, and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10. These results suggest that macrophages can play an important role during the orchestration of the inflammatory response present in envenomation caused by Lonomia obliqua caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Souza Oliveira
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Vila Clementino 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean Gabriel de Souza
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
| | - Miryam Paola Alvarez-Flores
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Cunegundes
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Vila Clementino 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Maia Lobba
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata N. Gomes
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (D.S.O.); (J.G.d.S.); (M.P.A.-F.); (P.S.C.); (C.D.-P.); (A.M.L.); (R.N.G.)
- Development and Innovation Department, Butantan Institute, Butantã 05503-900, SP, Brazil
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Muller JDAI, Lencina JDS, Souza MIL, Mortari MR, Toffoli-Kadri MC. Macrophage activation in vitro by Parachartergus fraternus venom. Toxicon 2021; 198:48-53. [PMID: 33940047 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parachartergus fraternus wasp induces inflammation with a predominance of mononuclear cells, that can acquire macrophage functions at the sting site, amplifying the response. These cells can be activated by venomous animals and are involved in destruction of injurious agents and release of inflammatory mediators. The objective of this work was to evaluate the activity of P. fraternus venom (Pfv) on isolated murine macrophage function. The cells were obtained from peritoneal cavity of Swiss male mice and incubated with Pfv (2.5, 5 and 10 μg/mL). Cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assay. Adhesion and detachment were evaluated using violet crystal dye. Spreading was evaluated based on morphological parameters. Phagocytosis was performed with opsonized zymosan. Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) were quantified using the phenol red and Griess assays, respectively. Pfv at concentrations evaluated was not cytotoxic in MTT assay and did not cause macrophage detachment in cell culture plates. However, it increased adhesion of macrophage, spreading and phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan, as well as induced production of H2O2 and NO. Therefore, Pfv induces macrophage activation in vitro and the response of these cells can be correlated with the previously reported inflammatory process triggered by this wasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica de Araujo Isaias Muller
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, FACFAN/Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; PhD Student of the Multicenter Program of Post-Graduation in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INBIO/Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joyce Dos Santos Lencina
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Inflammation, FACFAN/Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Master of Science Student of the Program of Post-Graduation in Pharmacy, FACFAN/ Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Lenz Souza
- Laboratory of Biophysiopharmacology, INBIO/ Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, CB/University of Brasilia, Brazil
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Reis VP, Rego CMA, Setúbal SS, Tavares MNM, Boeno CN, Ferreira E Ferreira AA, Paloschi MV, Soares AM, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP. Effect of light emitting diode photobiomodulation on murine macrophage function after Bothrops envenomation. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109347. [PMID: 33259806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have suggested that photobiomodulation, owing to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects, may be an effective therapeutic option for local effects of snakebites when the availability and accessibility of conventional serum therapy are inefficient and far from medical care centers. Although there have been studies that demonstrate the application of photobiomodulation in the treatment of local adverse events due to snakebites from snakes of the genus Bothrops, its role in the activation of leukocytes, particularly macrophages, has not been evaluated. Here, we assessed the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) treatment on macrophage activation induced by B. jararacussu venom (BjV). LED treatment caused an increase in the viability of macrophages incubated with BjV. This treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. However, LED treatment did not interfere with IL-1β and IL-10 production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. In conclusion, this study showed that LED treatment has the potential to be used in combination with conventional serum therapy to prevent or minimize the progression of local to severe symptoms after Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdison P Reis
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina M A Rego
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita S Setúbal
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Charles N Boeno
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro V Paloschi
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Dep. Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR) e FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas (UNISL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Dep. Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR) e FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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