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Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Bufalin reprograms erythrocyte lifespan through p38 MAPK and Rac1 GTPase. Toxicon 2024; 240:107636. [PMID: 38316294 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that bufalin (BFN), a cardiotonic steroid in Bufo toad toxin, possesses a potent anticancer activity mainly by stimulating apoptosis in cancer cells. Human red blood cells (RBCs) undergo eryptosis which contributes to a plethora of pathological conditions. No reports, however, have examined the potential toxicity of BFN to RBCs. This study aims to characterize the biochemical mechanisms governing the influence of BFN on the physiology and lifespan of RBCs. Isolated RBCs from healthy volunteers were exposed to anticancer concentrations of commercially available BFN from the skin of Bufo gargarizans (10-200 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C. Photometric assays were used to estimate hemolysis and hemolytic markers, and flow cytometry was used to detect eryptotic markers. Phosphatidylserine externalization was captured by fluorescein isothiocyante-labeled annexin V, cellular dimensions by light scatter patterns, and intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorogenic dyes Fluo4/AM and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), respectively. BFN caused Ca2+-independent hemolysis and release of LDH, AST, CK, and K+, and increased annexin V-bound cells, cytosolic Ca2+, cell shrinkage, and ROS levels. BFN also disrupted Na+ and Mg2+ trafficking, and was sensitive to PEG 8000, sucrose, SB203580, and NSC 23766. In whole blood, BFN depleted hemoglobin stores, increased fragmented RBCs, and was selectively toxic to reticulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. In conclusion, BFN elicits premature RBC death, subject to regulation by p38 MAPK and Rac1 GTPase, and is detrimental to other peripheral blood cells. Altogether, these novel findings prompt cautious consideration of the toxin in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia
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Alghareeb SA, Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Rosmarinic Acid Elicits Calcium-Dependent and Sucrose-Sensitive Eryptosis and Hemolysis through p38 MAPK, CK1α, and PKC. Molecules 2023; 28:8053. [PMID: 38138543 PMCID: PMC10745317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosmarinic acid (RA) possesses promising anticancer potential, but further development of chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their toxicity to off-target tissue. In particular, chemotherapy-related anemia is a major obstacle in cancer therapy, which may be aggravated by hemolysis and eryptosis. This work presents a toxicity assessment of RA in human RBCs and explores associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS RBCs isolated from healthy donors were treated with anticancer concentrations of RA (10-800 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C, and hemolysis and related markers were photometrically measured. Flow cytometry was used to detect canonical markers of eryptosis, including phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V-FITC, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo4/AM, cell size by FSC, and oxidative stress by H2DCFDA. Ions and pH were assessed by an ion-selective electrode, while B12 was detected by chemiluminescence. RESULTS RA elicited concentration-dependent hemolysis with AST and LDH release but rescued the cells from hypotonic lysis at sub-hemolytic concentrations. RA also significantly increased annexin-V-positive cells, which was ameliorated by extracellular Ca2+ removal and isosmotic sucrose. Furthermore, a significant increase in Fluo4-positive cells and B12 content and a decrease in FSC and extracellular pH with KCl efflux were noted upon RA treatment. Hemolysis was augmented by blocking KCl efflux and was blunted by ATP, SB203580, staurosporin, D4476, isosmotic urea, and PEG 8000. CONCLUSIONS RA stimulates Ca2+-dependent and sucrose-sensitive hemolysis and eryptosis characterized by PS exposure, Ca2+ accumulation, loss of ionic regulation, and cell shrinkage. These toxic effects were mediated through energy deprivation, p38 MAPK, protein kinase C, and casein kinase 1α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
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Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Metabolic exhaustion and casein kinase 1α drive deguelin-induced premature red blood cell death. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:445-453. [PMID: 37590011 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2248492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Deguelin (DGN), a retinoid isolated from many plants, exhibits a potent anticancer activity against a wide spectrum of tumour cells. There is a dearth of evidence, however, regarding the toxicity of DGN to red blood cells (RBCs). This is relevant given the prevalent chemotherapy-associated anaemia observed in cancer patients.2. RBCs were exposed to 1-100 μM of DGN for 24 h at 37 °C. Haemolysis and related markers were photometrically measured while flow cytometry was employed to detect phosphatidylserine exposure through Annexin-V-FITC binding and light scatter properties. Additionally, cytosolic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species were quantified using Fluo4/AM and H2DCFDA, respectively. DGN was also tested against specific signalling inhibitors in addition to vitamin C and ATP.3. DGN caused a significant increase in Annexin-V-positive cells which was accompanied by cell shrinkage without Ca2+ elevation or oxidative stress. DGN also elicited dose-responsive haemolysis which was ameliorated by preventing KCl efflux and in the presence of sucrose, D4476, and ATP. In whole blood, DGN significantly reduced the reticulocyte count and increased platelet distribution width and large cell count.4. DGN triggers premature RBC eryptosis and haemolysis through casein kinase 1α and ATP depletion, and exhibits a specific toxicity towards reticulocytes and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Liu J, Mamun Bhuyan AA, Ma K, Zhu X, Zhou K, Lang F. Myricetin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4253-4260. [PMID: 36905403 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myricetin, a type of flavonol commonly found in fruits and herbs, has demonstrated anticancer properties by triggering the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells. Despite the absence of mitochondria and nuclei, erythrocytes can undergo programmed cell death, also known as eryptosis.This process is characterized by cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane, and the formation of membrane blebs. The signaling of eryptosis involves Ca2+ influx, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of cell surface ceramide. The present study explored the effects of myricetin on eryptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human erythrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of myricetin (2-8 µM) for 24 h. Flow cytometry was used to assess the markers of eryptosis, including PS exposure, cellular volume, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and ceramide accumulation. In addition, the levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. The myricetin-treated (8 µM) erythrocytes significantly increased Annexin-positive cells, Fluo-3 fluorescence intensity, DCF fluorescence intensity, and the accumulation of ceramide. The impact of myricetin on the binding of annexin-V was significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by the nominal removal of extracellular Ca2+. CONCLUSION Myricetin triggers eryptosis, which is accompanied and, at least in part, caused by Ca2+ influx, oxidative stress and increase of ceramide abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6250, Bangladesh
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xuexue Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kuo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Wilhlmstr. 56, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065079. [PMID: 36982153 PMCID: PMC10049269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death can be caused by, or a symptom of, a wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators have also been recognized as triggers and inhibitors of eryptosis. Eukaryotic RBCs are unique among their cell membrane distribution of phospholipids. The change in the RBC membrane composition of the outer leaflet occurs in a variety of diseases, including sickle cell disease, renal diseases, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Eryptotic erythrocytes exhibit various morphological alterations such as shrinkage, swelling, and increased granulation. Biochemical changes include cytosolic Ca2+ increase, oxidative stress, stimulation of caspases, metabolic exhaustion, and ceramide accumulation. Eryptosis is an effective mechanism for the elimination of dysfunctional erythrocytes due to senescence, infection, or injury to prevent hemolysis. Nevertheless, excessive eryptosis is associated with multiple pathologies, most notably anemia, abnormal microcirculation, and prothrombotic risk; all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathophysiological relevance of eryptosis, as well as the potential role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating RBC survival and death.
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Liang X, Cao Y, Duan Z, Wang M, Zhang N, Ding Y, Luo C, Lu N, Chen S. Discovery of new small molecule inhibitors of the BPTF bromodomain. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106453. [PMID: 36898211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling regulates many basic cellular processes, such as gene transcription, DNA repair, and programmed cell death. As the largest member of nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF), BPTF plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of cancer. Currently, BPTF bromodomain inhibitors are still in development. In this study, by conducting homogenous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (HTRF) assay, we identified a potential, novel BPTF inhibitor scaffold Sanguinarine chloride with the IC50 value of 344.2 ± 25.1 nM. Biochemical analysis revealed that compound Sanguinarine chloride exhibited high binding affinity to the BPTF bromodomain. Molecular docking predicted the binding mode of Sanguinarine chloride and elucidated the activities of its derivatives. Moreover, Sanguinarine chloride showed a potent anti-proliferative effect in MIAPaCa-2 cells and inhibited the expression of BPTF target gene c-Myc. Taken together, Sanguinarine chloride provides a qualified chemical tool for developing potent BPTF bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhe Duan
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingchen Wang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiluan Ding
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shijie Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Alsughayyir J, Alshaiddi W, Alsubki R, Alshammary A, Basudan AM, Alfhili MA. Geraniin inhibits whole blood IFN-γ and IL-6 and promotes IL-1β and IL-8, and stimulates calcium-dependent and sucrose-sensitive erythrocyte death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115881. [PMID: 35026210 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between circulating cytokine levels and disease states are well established, and pharmacological modulation of the immune response is thus an important aspect of the assessment of investigational new drugs. Moreover, chemotherapy-related anemia is a major obstacle in cancer treatment. Geraniin (GRN), a tannin extracted from Geranium and other plants, possesses promising antitumor potential. However, the effect of GRN on whole blood (WB) cytokine response and RBC physiology remains unexplored. Heparinized blood from consented, healthy adults was challenged with 100 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without pretreatment with 10 μM of GRN for 24 h at 37 °C, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were assayed by ELISA. Moreover, single-cell RBC suspensions were treated with 5-100 μM of GRN for 24 or 48 h at 37 °C and cytotoxicity and canonical eryptotic markers were examined by flow cytometry. It was revealed that GRN significantly attenuated LPS-induced IFN-γ levels, increased IL-1β, decreased IL-6 only in absence of LPS, and aggravated LPS-induced IL-8 while together with LPS significantly diminished IL-10. Furthermore, GRN induced dose-responsive, Ca2+-dependent, and sucrose-sensitive hemolysis, along with phosphatidylserine exposure and Ca2+ accumulation with no appreciable cell shrinkage or oxidative damage. GRN was also selectively toxic to platelets, significantly delayed reticulocyte maturation, and significantly disrupted leukocyte proportions. In conclusion, GRN regulates the WB cytokine response and promotes premature hemolysis and eryptosis. This study provides insights into the therapeutic utility of GRN in a highly relevant cellular model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Alshaiddi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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Alfhili MA, Aljuraiban GS. Lauric Acid, a Dietary Saturated Medium-Chain Fatty Acid, Elicits Calcium-Dependent Eryptosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123388. [PMID: 34943896 PMCID: PMC8699421 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and dietary habits represent a major risk factor for dyslipidemia; a hallmark of CVD. Saturated fatty acids contribute to CVD by aggravating dyslipidemia, and, in particular, lauric acid (LA) raises circulating cholesterol levels. The role of red blood cells (RBCs) in CVD is increasingly being appreciated, and eryptosis has recently been identified as a novel mechanism in CVD. However, the effect of LA on RBC physiology has not been thoroughly investigated. RBCs were isolated from heparin-anticoagulated whole blood (WB) and exposed to 50-250 μM of LA for 24 h at 37 °C. Hemoglobin was photometrically examined as an indicator of hemolysis, whereas eryptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC for phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, Fluo4/AM for Ca2+, light scatter for cellular morphology, H2DCFDA for oxidative stress, and BODIPY 581/591 C11 for lipid peroxidation. WB was also examined for RBC, leukocyte, and platelet viability and indices. LA caused dose-responsive hemolysis, and Ca2+-dependent PS exposure, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cytosolic Ca2+ overload, cell shrinkage and granularity, oxidative stress, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and stimulation of casein kinase 1α (CK1α). In WB, LA disrupted leukocyte distribution with elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) due to selective toxicity to lymphocytes. In conclusion, this report provides the first evidence of the pro-eryptotic potential of LA and associated mechanisms, which informs dietary interventions aimed at CVD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alfhili
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-504-262-597
| | - Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban
- Department of Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
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Alfhili MA, Basudan AM, Alsughayyir J. Antiproliferative Wnt inhibitor wogonin prevents eryptosis following ionophoric challenge, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and metabolic deprivation. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13977. [PMID: 34664287 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of chemotherapy and may arise due to premature or suicidal death of red blood cells (RBCs). Prevention of RBC death thus lends itself as a promising strategy to counteract anemia. Wogonin (WGN; 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) is a Wnt inhibitor derived from Scutellaria baicalensis plant with potent cytotoxic and antitumor potential. However, the nature of interaction of WGN with human RBCs is unknown. RBCs from healthy participants were exposed to different hemolytic and eryptotic stimuli for 24 or 48 hr at 37°C in the presence and absence of 100 μM WGN. Calcium overload was induced by 2 μM ionomycin, hyperosmotic shock with excessive sucrose, oxidative stress by 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and metabolic deprivation by exclusion of glucose. Hemolysis was estimated from extracellular hemoglobin, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by Annexin V-FITC, intracellular calcium by Fluo4/AM, and oxidative stress by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2 DCFDA). While WGN did not rescue the cells from the hemolytic activity of ionomycin, it reduced PS externalization by interfering with calcium influx under both ionomycin treatment and metabolic exhaustion. WGN also significantly inhibited PS exposure upon hyperosmotic shock, but the effect was independent of calcium entry. Moreover, WGN exhibited antihemolytic and anti-eryptotic activities against PEITC without appreciable reduction in ROS levels. Altogether, WGN prevents PEITC-induced hemolysis and suppresses eryptosis due to calcium accumulation, hyperosmotic shock, oxidative stress, and metabolic exhaustion. These novel insights may open new avenues into the therapeutic application of WGN for conditions in which anemia is commonly encountered, most notably cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The herbal supplement Sho-Saiko-To (Xiaochaihu-tang) is commonly prescribed to relieve symptoms of liver disease. Flavonoids from the herbal constituents of Sho-Saiko-To have demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. In this work, we identify WGN, a major flavonoid in Sho-Saiko-To, as a novel inhibitor of hemolysis and eryptosis of human erythrocytes. Since inordinate erythrocyte death is a major obstacle in therapeutic drug development, our findings argue for the use of WGN as a natural alternative, either as a primary or an adjuvant drug, for a wide assortment of pathological conditions including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alfhili MA, Basudan AM, Aljaser FS, Dera A, Alsughayyir J. Bioymifi, a novel mimetic of TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL), stimulates eryptosis. Med Oncol 2021; 38:138. [PMID: 34633592 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine that initiates apoptosis upon binding to death receptor 5 (DR5) on cancer cells. Small molecule TRAIL mimetics have therefore been investigated as promising chemotherapeutic agents. Since anemia of chemotherapy is common, our goal is to investigate the hemolytic and eryptotic properties of novel DR5 agonist bioymifi (BMF) and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Whole blood (WB) was stimulated with 100 μM of BMF, whereas red blood cells (RBCs) were treated with 10-100 μM of BMF for 24 h at 37 °C. WB was analyzed for RBC, leukocyte, and platelet indices, while RBCs were examined for hemolysis by light absorbance of free hemoglobin, membrane scrambling by Annexin V-FITC, calcium by Fluo4/AM, cellular morphology by light scatter, and oxidative stress by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) using flow cytometry. Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, p38 inhibitor SB203580, casein kinase 1α inhibitor D4476, receptor-interacting protein 1 inhibitor necrostatin-2, reduced glutathione, or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor aspirin were added accordingly. BMF exerted dose-responsive, calcium-independent hemolysis, reduced RBC hemoglobin, significantly increased Annexin V-, Fluo4-, and DCF-positive cells, along with a dual effect on forward and side light scatter. Notably, the cytotoxic potential of BMF was significantly mitigated upon pharmacological inhibition of p38. Furthermore, BMF exhibited selective toxicity to eosinophils and significantly diminished reticulocyte hemoglobin content. Altogether, these novel findings highlight the adverse outcomes of BMF exposure on RBC physiology and provide the first toxicological assessment of BMF as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feda S Aljaser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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