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Zhu Z, Guo W, Cheng H, Zhao H, Wang J, Abdallah MF, Zhou X, Lei H, Tu W, Wang H, Yang J. Co-contamination and interactions of multiple mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134695. [PMID: 38815395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and heavy metals extensively contaminate grains and grain products, posing severe health risks. This work implements validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods to quantify the concentration of 12 mycotoxins and five heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour samples marketed in Shanghai. The mixed contamination characteristics were analyzed using correlation cluster analysis and co-contamination index, and the probabilities of all cross combinations of contaminations were analyzed using a self-designed JAVA language program. The results showed that grains and grain products were frequently contaminated with both mycotoxins and heavy metals, mostly with deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). All the samples (100 %) were contaminated with two or more contaminants, and 77.3 % of the samples were co-contaminated with more than four contaminants. In cereals and cereal products, the following combinations were closely associated: (FB3 +3-ADON), (FB1 +As), (FB1 +FB2), (DON+FB1), (DON+Cd), (As+Cd), (DON+Cd+As), (FB1 +FB2 +As), and (DON+3-ADON+15-ADON). The results indicated that mycotoxins and heavy metals frequently co-occurred in Shanghai grains and grain products, and they provided primary data for safety assessments, early warnings, and regulatory measures on these contaminants to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyin Zhu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Haisheng Cheng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hanke Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium; Laboratory of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Xinli Zhou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Hulong Lei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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Fu Y, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. Combined toxicity of food-borne mycotoxins and heavy metals or pesticides. Toxicon 2022; 217:148-154. [PMID: 35995097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Food can be contaminated by multiple classes of toxic substances, mainly including mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides, which leads to a possibility of simultaneous exposure to two or more food contaminants for humans. Thus, it is necessary to examine whether the combined exposure could result in enhanced toxicity. Initially, the studies on the combined toxicity of food contaminants mainly focus on the mixtures of same classes of food contaminants due to their co-occurrence feature in foodstuffs, such as mixtures of mycotoxins or mixtures of heavy metals. Given the possibility that consumers are likely exposed to mixtures of different classes of food contaminants, recently, studies on the combined toxicity of different classes of food contaminants have been receiving increasing attentions. In this review article, we summarize the findings of combined toxicity studies related to co-exposure to food-borne mycotoxins and other classes of food contaminants mainly heavy metals or pesticides, and propose issues that need to be addressed in future studies for more accurately performing risk assessment of co-exposure to mycotoxins and other classes of food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No2 Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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Kateryna T, Monika L, Beata J, Joanna R, Edyta R, Marcin B, Agnieszka KW, Ewa J. Cadmium and breast cancer – current state and research gaps in the underlying mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2022; 361:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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