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Li XY, Lin XJ, Zhong BJ, Yu H. Effects of the application timing of anti-erosive agents on dentin erosion. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105512. [PMID: 36274553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application timing of anti-erosive agents on dentin erosion. Eighty dentin specimens with dimensions of 2 × 2 × 2 mm were prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups based on the treatment solutions: 1.23 × 104 μg/ml sodium fluoride (NaF), 120 μg/ml chlorhexidine (CHX), 300 μg/ml quercetin (QUE), and deionized water (DW, negative control). The specimens in each group were further divided into 2 subgroups according to the application timing of the treatment solutions (n = 10): before the erosive challenges (PRE) and after the erosive challenges (POST). All specimens were submitted to 4 daily erosive challenges for 5 d. For each erosive challenge, the specimens in the subgroup PRE were treated with the respective solutions for 2 min and then immersed in cola drinks for 5 min, while the specimens in the subgroup POST were immersed in cola drinks for 5 min followed by treatment with the respective solutions for 2 min. The erosive dentin loss (EDL) was measured using a contact profilometer, and the surface morphology of the dentin specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy at the end of the experiment. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's test (α = 0.05). Significantly less EDL was observed in the groups NaF, CHX, and QUE than in the group DW (all P < 0.001). Significantly lower EDL was observed in the groups CHX and QUE than in the group NaF (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). For CHX, subgroup POST exhibited significantly less EDL than subgroup PRE (P < 0.001). Regarding QUE, subgroup PRE showed significantly less EDL than subgroup POST (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a relatively greater number of obliterated dentinal tubules was visible in the subgroup POST rather than in the subgroup PRE of the group CHX, while in the group QUE, narrower dentinal tubules were observed in the subgroup PRE than those in subgroup POST. In conclusion, CHX and QUE showed the best performance in controlling dentin erosion. CHX was more effective in reducing EDL when applied after erosive challenges, whereas QUE worked more effectively when used before erosive attacks. The application timing should be considered when evaluating the effects of anti-erosive agents because it may determine their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yu Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Xiu-Jiao Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Bing-Jie Zhong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China; Department of Prosthodontics & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, Fujian Medical University, China.
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McLaughlin M, Gilea MA, Earle MJ, Seddon KR, Gilmore BF, Kelly SA. Characterization of ionic liquid cytotoxicity mechanisms in human keratinocytes compared with conventional biocides. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129432. [PMID: 33422997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to chemically modify ionic liquids (ILs) has led to an expansion in interest in their use in a diversity of applications, not least as antimicrobials and biocides. Relatively little is known about cytotoxicity mechanisms of ILs in comparison to other biocides currently in widespread use, as well as their practical significance for the ecological environment and human health. Using NCTC 2544 and HaCat human keratinocyte cells, this study aimed to characterize cytotoxicity rates and mechanisms of a range of ILs. Using both lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity assays, it was confirmed that at biocide-relevant concentrations, ILs with longer alkyl chains exhibited greater biocidal activity than those with shorter alkyl chains, with comparable activity to the commonly used biocides chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride, at relevant in-use biocide concentrations. Mode of cell death, measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and caspase 3/7 activity, determined necrosis to be the primary cytotoxic mechanism at higher concentrations of the biocides stated above, and with ILs [C14MIM]Cl and [C14quin]Br, with apoptosis observed at borderline necrotic concentrations. Perhaps most interestingly, modification of anion had a significant effect on cytotoxicity. The use of N[SO2CF3] as an anion to [C16MIM] attenuated cytotoxicity 10-fold in comparison to other anions, suggesting cytotoxicity may also be a tuneable property when using ILs as biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin McLaughlin
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK; Institute for Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Manuela A Gilea
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Martyn J Earle
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Kenneth R Seddon
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Stephen A Kelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Geng Vivanco R, Tonani-Torrieri R, Souza ABS, Marquele-Oliveira F, Pires-de-Souza FDCP. Effect of natural primer associated to bioactive glass-ceramic on adhesive/dentin interface. J Dent 2021; 106:103585. [PMID: 33465450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of propolis associated with Biosilicate on the bond strength (BS) and gelatinolytic activity at the adhesive/dentin interface. METHODS Occlusal cavities were prepared in 320 human molars. Half of them were submitted to cariogenic challenge. All the teeth were separated into eight groups (n = 20): Control - Adhesive System (Single Bond Universal, 3 MESPE); CHX - 0.12 % Chlorhexidine; Bio - 10 % Biosilicate; P16 - Propolis with low levels of polyphenols; P45 - Propolis with high levels of polyphenols; CHX Bio - CHX + Bio; P16 Bio - P16+Bio; P45 Bio - P45+Bio. The adhesive was applied (self-etch mode) after treatments. Restorations (Filtek Z350, 3 MESPE) were performed and samples sectioned into sticks, separated and stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, 6 months and 1 year. Microtensile BS (0.5 mm/min) was tested and analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni's Test, p < .05 and Weibull analysis). Fracture patterns (VH-M100, Keyence) and adhesive interfaces (SEM, EVO-MA10, ZEISS and TEM, JEM-1010, JEOL) were observed; and biodegradation and in situ zymography performed. RESULTS P16 presented the highest BS values on sound dentin after 6 months. In caries-affected dentin (CAD), the association of treatments promoted the highest BS after 24 h. Sound dentin obtained significantly higher Weibull modulus than CAD. SEM displayed resin tags in P16, P45 and association of treatments. TEM showed good interaction between adhesive and dentin. According to the in situ zymography and biodegradation assay all natural primers reduced the gelatinolytic activity. P45 presented the lowest biodegradation and enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS Propolis and the association of treatments promoted the highest bond strength results and preserved the dentin. All the experimental groups exhibited low gelatinolytic activity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Propolis and the association of treatments with Biosilicate could preserve the dentin substrate and improve the longevity of composite restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Geng Vivanco
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av do Cafe, s/nº, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Rafaella Tonani-Torrieri
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av do Cafe, s/nº, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz Silva Souza
- University of Ribeirao Preto, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201 - Nova Ribeirânia, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14096-900, Brazil.
| | - Franciane Marquele-Oliveira
- Eleve Science Research and Development, Av. Dra. Nadir Águiar, 1805 - Jd. Dr. Paulo Gomes Romeo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14056-680, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av do Cafe, s/nº, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil.
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Mechanistic Role of mPTP in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:169-189. [PMID: 28551787 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The treatment of choice for reducing ischemic injury and limiting infarct size (IS) in patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) is timely and effective myocardial reperfusion via primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, myocardial reperfusion itself may induce further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury (RI). The opening of a large pore in the mitochondrial membrane, namely, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), is widely recognized as the final step of RI and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. Although myocardial reperfusion interventions continue to improve, there remain no effective therapies for preventing RI due to incomplete knowledge regarding RI components and mechanisms and to premature translations of findings from animals to humans. In the last year, increasing amounts of data describing mPTP components, structure, regulation and function have surfaced. These data may be crucial for gaining a better understanding of RI genesis and for planning future trials evaluating new cardioprotective strategies. In this chapter, we review the role of the mPTP in RI pathophysiology and report on recent studies investigating its structure and components. Finally, we provide a brief overview of principal cardioprotective strategies and their pitfalls.
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Silva Sousa AB, Vidal CMP, Leme-Kraus AA, Pires-de-Souza FCP, Bedran-Russo AK. Experimental primers containing synthetic and natural compounds reduce enzymatic activity at the dentin-adhesive interface under cyclic loading. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1248-1255. [PMID: 27524231 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of experimental primers (chlorhexidine, enriched mixture of proanthocyanidins, and doxycycline) on the adhesive properties and gelatinolytic activity at dentin-resin interfaces of occlusal Class I restorations. METHODS The inactivation of enzymes by the experimental primers was assessed by fluorescence assay and gelatin zymography. To assess the adhesive properties, occlusal Class I cavities were prepared in sound human molars, etched with phosphoric acid and restored with one of the primers and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Adper Single Bond Plus-3M ESPE). After the restorative procedures, specimens were divided into two subgroups (n=6) consisting of storage in incubation buffer or axial cyclic loading at 50N and 1,000,000 cycles. Then, the specimens were sectioned and slices were assigned to in situ zymography assay and microtensile bond strength (TBS) test. RESULTS Fluorescence assay and gelatin zymography revealed that the experimental primers inactivated rMMPs. In situ zymography (2-way ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05) showed that cyclic loading increased the gelatinolytic activity at the resin-dentin interface and the experimental primers decreased the gelatinolytic activity at the adhesive interface. The experimental primers had no significant effects on dentin-adhesive bond strengths with or without cyclic loading (2-way ANOVA, p>0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The use of experimental primers impaired the enzymatic activity at the dentin-adhesive interface after cyclic loading and the activity of rMMPs. Cyclic loading did not have a significant effect on the bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Silva Sousa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina M P Vidal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ariene Arcas Leme-Kraus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernanda C P Pires-de-Souza
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA.
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Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Tang M, Takeshita H. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1795-803. [PMID: 21339254 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a cationic biguanide compound that has been widely used for disinfection of skin, mucous membranes, and medical instruments. Poisoning has been occurred occasionally due to its easy accessibility. Some fatal cases developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from aspiration of CHX directly into the lung. There is no preclinical information about the pulmonary toxicity of CHX available since the products of CHX are usually developed for disinfection by topical use. In this study, the acute pulmonary toxic effects of CHX following an intratracheal instillation in rats were investigated. Rats were exposed either to CHX at concentrations of 0.02% and 0.2% or to distilled water at a volume of 500 μl/kg b.w. CHX at concentration of 0.2% caused changes in hematological and biochemical values including white blood cell count (WBC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE), and induced inflammatory reactions including intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhages, as well as resulted in the target organ concentration in lungs at the level of about 1.0 μg/g and maintained for more than 1 week, when administered intratracheally in rats. The cytotoxic action of CHX might induce those detrimental reactions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Fuangthong M, Julotok M, Chintana W, Kuhn K, Rittiroongrad S, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. Exposure of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 to the biocide chlorhexidine leads to acquired resistance to the biocide itself and to oxidants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 66:319-22. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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De Munck J, Mine A, Van den Steen PE, Van Landuyt KL, Poitevin A, Opdenakker G, Van Meerbeek B. Enzymatic degradation of adhesive-dentin interfaces produced by mild self-etch adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:494-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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De Munck J, Van den Steen P, Mine A, Van Landuyt K, Poitevin A, Opdenakker G, Van Meerbeek B. Inhibition of Enzymatic Degradation of Adhesive-Dentin Interfaces. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1101-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509346952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive procedures activate dentin-associated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and so iatrogenically initiate bond degradation. We hypothesized that adding MMP inhibitors to adhesive primers may prevent this endogenous enzymatic degradation, thereby improving bond durability. A non-specific MMP inhibitor (chlorhexidine) and a MMP-2/9-specific inhibitor (SB-3CT) were admixed to the primers of an etch & rinse and a self-etch adhesive, both considered as gold-standard adhesives within their respective categories. For dentin powder exposed to the adhesives under clinical application conditions, gelatin zymography revealed the release of MMP-2 (not of MMP-9) by the etch & rinse adhesive, while no release of enzymes could be detected for the mild self-etch adhesive, most likely because of its limited dentin demineralization effect. The built-in MMP inhibitors appeared effective in reducing bond degradation only for the etch & rinse adhesive, and not for the self-etch adhesive. Water sorption of adhesive interfaces most likely remains the principal mechanism of bond degradation, while endogenous enzymes appear to contribute to bond degradation of only etch & rinse adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. De Munck
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - P.E. Van den Steen
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Mine
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - K.L. Van Landuyt
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Poitevin
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - G. Opdenakker
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - B. Van Meerbeek
- Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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Chlorhexidine-induced apoptosis or necrosis in L929 fibroblasts: A role for endoplasmic reticulum stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 234:256-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Do endodontic compounds induce genetic damage? A comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Grassi TF, Camargo EA, Salvadori DMF, Marques MEA, Ribeiro DA. DNA damage in multiple organs after exposure to chlorhexidine in Wistar rats. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210:163-7. [PMID: 17084670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since chlorhexidine is effective against microorganisms, it is widely recommended in dentistry. However, studies have provided evidence that chlorhexidine is toxic for a variety of cell types. In order to identify potential genotoxins in different cell types, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether chlorhexidine digluconate is able to cause, in terms of DNA damage, alterations in leukocytes, liver, kidney and urinary bladder by the single cell gel (comet) assay. Ten male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a negative control and the experimental group treated with 3ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate by gavage once a day for 8 days. Statistically significant increases of DNA damage was observed in leukocytes and kidney cells of the chlorhexidine digluconate treated group as depicted by the mean tail moment. Taken together, the data indicate that leukocytes and kidney cells are potential targets for primary DNA damage following oral exposure to chlorhexidine digluconate as detected by single cell gel (comet) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony F Grassi
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP, 18618-000 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Cheng Z, Li Y. What is responsible for the initiating chemistry of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation: an update. Chem Rev 2007; 107:748-66. [PMID: 17326688 DOI: 10.1021/cr040077w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
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Faria G, Celes MRN, De Rossi A, Silva LAB, Silva JS, Rossi MA. Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts. J Endod 2007; 33:715-22. [PMID: 17509413 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because chlorhexidine (CHX) has been recommended as either an endodontic irrigant or root canal dressing, this study aimed to characterize, in vivo, the lesion induced by injections of CHX in the paw of mice at selected time intervals (24 and 48 hours and 7 and 14 days) and, in vitro, the mode of cell death, necrosis and/or apoptosis, and the cellular stress caused by exposition of cultured L929 fibroblasts to ascending concentrations of CHX for 24 hours. CHX injected in the subplantar space of the hind paw of mice induced severe toxic effects, as evidenced by necrotic changes in the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue in association with reactive inflammatory response, particularly at higher concentrations. In addition, in cultured fibroblasts, CHX induced apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations and increased expression of heat-shock protein 70, an indicator of cellular stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that CHX may have an unfavorable effect on the resolution of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Faria
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carlo Ceschel G, Bergamante V, Calabrese V, Biserni S, Ronchi C, Fini A. Design and evaluation in vitro of controlled release mucoadhesive tablets containing chlorhexidine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2006; 32:53-61. [PMID: 16455604 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500388300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This investigation deals with the development of buccal tablets containing chlorhexidine (CHX), a bis-bis-guanide with antimicrobial and antiseptic effects in the oral cavity, and able to adhere to the buccal mucosa to give local controlled release of drug. A mucoadhesive formulation was designed to swell and form a gel adhering to the mucosa and controlling the drug release into the oral cavity. Some batches of tablets were developed by direct compression, containing different amounts of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and carbomer; changing the amount ratio of these excipients in formulations, it is possible easily modulate the mucoadhesive effect and release of drug. The in vitro tests were performed using the USP 26/NF paddle apparatus, a specifically developed apparatus, and a modified Franz diffusion cells apparatus. This last method allows a simultaneous study of drug release rate from the tablets and drug permeation through the buccal mucosa. Similar tests have also been carried out on a commercial product, Corsodyl gel, in order to compare the drug release control of gel with respect to that of the mucoadhesive tablet, as a formulation for buccal delivery of CHX. While the commercial formulation does not appear to control the release, the formulation containing 15% w/w methocel behaves the best, ensuring the most rapid and complete release of the drug, together with a negligible absorption of the active agent as required for a local antiseptic action in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Ceschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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16
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Petti S, Hausen H. Caries-Preventive Effect of Chlorhexidine Gel Applications among High-Risk Children. Caries Res 2006; 40:514-21. [PMID: 17063023 DOI: 10.1159/000095651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the caries-preventive effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) among high-risk children is inconclusive, possibly because obscured by fluoride exposure. We investigated the effect of CHX among initially 3-year-old subjects whose baseline d(3)ft was = 0 and whose only regular fluoride exposure came from toothpaste. The subjects were assigned to three groups: high-risk test (HRT, n = 70), high-risk control (HRC, n = 71), and low-risk control (LRC, n = 70). Risk classification was based on salivary mutans streptococcal levels (MS, </>or=1.0 x 10(5) cfu/ml). Basic measures (oral hygiene, dietary counselling every 4 months) were given to all groups. HRT also underwent CHX gel applications for 3 consecutive days at 3-month intervals for 15 months. Eighteen months after baseline d(3)ft increments and proportions of children with d(3)ft increment >or=1 (%d(3)ft increment >or=1) among all groups were assessed. Anti-MS effect on high-risk children and caries-preventive effect on all children were statistically analysed by residual change analysis (MS), non-parametric tests and logistic regression analysis (caries). No differences were found between the groups in basic programme compliance. CHX significantly reduced MS levels. %d(3)ft increment >or=1 and mean d(3)ft increments were 34.3%, 0.56 (HRT), 32.4%, 0.54 (HRC) and 11.4%, 0.11 (LRC), with HRT/HRC values statistically significantly higher than LRC values and no significant difference between HRT and HRC. HRT children were not less likely to show new lesions than HRC children (OR = 1.09; 95% confidence interval 0.54-2.19), while high-risk children were 4 times more likely to show new lesions than low-risk children (OR = 3.71; 95% confidence interval 1.53-9.03). CHX gel applications showed moderate anti-MS effect but negligible caries-preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petti
- G. Sanarelli Department of Public Health Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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