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Koshman YE, Kohnken R, Logan MR, Mittelstadt SW, Foley CM. Preclinical cardiovascular safety assessment of pharmacology-toxicology relationship for a set of novel kinase inhibitors. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:316-327. [PMID: 38191231 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular toxicity is one of the more common causes of attrition in preclinical and clinical drug development. Preclinical cardiovascular safety assessment involves numerous in vitro and in vivo endpoints which are being continually reviewed and improved to lower the incidence of cardiovascular toxicity that manifests only after the initiation of clinical trials. An example of notable preclinical toxicity is necrosis in the papillary muscle of the left ventricle in dogs that is induced by exaggerated pharmacological effects of vasodilators or positive inotropic/vasodilating off-target drug effects. Two distinct, small-molecule inhibitors that target an intracellular kinase, Compound A and Compound B, were profiled in 2-week dose-range finding and 4-week toxicity studies. Serum cardiac troponin (cTnI) was evaluated after a single dose and after 2-week and 4-week repeat dose studies with each kinase inhibitor. Acute effects on hemodynamic (heart rate, blood pressures, left ventricular contractility) and electrocardiographic (QTcV, PR, QRS intervals) endpoints by each inhibitor were assessed in an anesthetized dog cardiovascular model. Cardiovascular degeneration/necrosis with and without fibrosis was observed in dogs and correlated to increases in serum cTnI in repeat-dose toxicity studies. At the same doses used in toxicologic assessments, both kinase inhibitors produced sustained increases in heart rate, left ventricular contractility, and cardiac output, and decreases in mean arterial pressure. Cardiac pathology findings associated with these 2 kinase inhibitors were accompanied not only by cardiac troponin elevations but also associated with hemodynamic changes, highlighting the importance of the link of the physiologic-toxicologic interplay in cardiovascular safety assessment.
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Johnson TE, Fick ME, Haraschak JL, Vernier ME, Kadotani S. Successful management of minoxidil 5% toxicosis in 2 cats from the same household. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:454-459. [PMID: 37222073 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the successful management of 2 cats following ingestion of minoxidil 5%. SERIES SUMMARY Two 2-year-old neutered male Savannah cats were presented following suspected minoxidil 5% ingestion. Both cats developed significant myocardial injury, and clinical signs were consistent with congestive heart failure, supported by cardiac troponin I concentrations, echocardiogram, and thoracic radiographs. They required vasopressor therapy and were decontaminated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. Following decontamination, both cats were successfully discontinued from vasopressor therapy, and their clinical signs resolved within 24 hours. The cats were successfully discharged without long-lasting cardiac compromise. Their echocardiograms and cardiac troponin concentration 7 weeks after discharge were within reference intervals. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION This is the first detailed report of the successful management of cats following minoxidil 5% ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Johnson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Meghan E Fick
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jenica L Haraschak
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mara E Vernier
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Han HJ, Powers SJ, Gabrielson KL. The Common Marmoset-Biomedical Research Animal Model Applications and Common Spontaneous Diseases. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:628-637. [PMID: 35535728 PMCID: PMC9310150 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221095449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Marmosets are becoming more utilized in biomedical research due to multiple advantages including (1) a nonhuman primate of a smaller size with less cost for housing, (2) physiologic similarities to humans, (3) translatable hepatic metabolism, (4) higher numbers of litters per year, (5) genome is sequenced, molecular reagents are available, (6) immunologically similar to humans, (7) transgenic marmosets with germline transmission have been produced, and (8) are naturally occurring hematopoietic chimeras. With more use of marmosets, disease surveillance over a wide range of ages of marmosets has been performed. This has led to a better understanding of the disease management of spontaneous diseases that can occur in colonies. Knowledge of clinical signs and histologic lesions can assist in maximizing the colony's health, allowing for improved outcomes in translational studies within biomedical research. Here, we describe some basic husbandry, biology, common spontaneous diseases, and animal model applications for the common marmoset in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Han
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sarah J Powers
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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An BC, Yoon YS, Park HJ, Park S, Kim TY, Ahn JY, Kwon D, Choi O, Heo JY, Ryu Y, Kim JH, Eom H, Chung MJ. Toxicological Evaluation of a Probiotic-Based Delivery System for P8 Protein as an Anti-Colorectal Cancer Drug. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4761-4793. [PMID: 34866901 PMCID: PMC8637785 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s319930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to toxicological evaluate a probiotics-based delivery system for p8 protein as an anti-colorectal cancer drug. Introduction Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been widely ingested for many years and are regarded as very safe. Recently, a Pediococcus pentosaceus SL4 (PP) strain that secretes the probiotic-derived anti-cancer protein P8 (PP-P8) has been developed as an anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) biologic by Cell Biotech. We initially identified a Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR)-derived anti-cancer protein, P8, that suppresses CRC growth. We also showed that P8 penetrates specifically into CRC cells (DLD-1 cells) through endocytosis. We then confirmed the efficacy of PP-P8, showing that oral administration of this agent significantly decreased tumor mass (~42%) relative to controls in a mouse CRC xenograft model. In terms of molecular mechanism, PP-P8 induces cell-cycle arrest in G2 phase through down-regulation of Cyclin B1 and Cdk1. In this study, we performed in vivo toxicology profiling to obtain evidence that PP-P8 is safe, with the goal of receiving approval for an investigational new drug application (IND). Methods Based on gene therapy guidelines of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) of Korea, the potential undesirable effects of PP-P8 had to be investigated in intact small rodent or marmoset models prior to first-in-human (FIH) administration. The estimated doses of PP-P8 for FIH are 1.0×1010 – 1.0×1011 CFU/person (60 kg). Therefore, to perform toxicological investigations in non-clinical animal models, we orally administered PP-P8 at doses of 3.375 × 1011, 6.75 × 1011, and 13.5×1011 CFU/kg/day; thus the maximum dose was 800–8000-fold higher than the estimated dose for FIH. Results In our animal models, we observed no adverse effects of PP-P8 on clinicopathologic findings, relative organ weight, or tissue pathology. In addition, we observed no inflammation or ulceration during pathological necropsy. Conclusion These non-clinical toxicology studies could be used to furnish valuable data for the safety certification of PP-P8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chull An
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yeo-Sang Yoon
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sangkyun Park
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tai Yeub Kim
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jun Young Ahn
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Daebeom Kwon
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Oksik Choi
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin Young Heo
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yongku Ryu
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Joong-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Chungbuk, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Heejong Eom
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Chungbuk, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Myung Jun Chung
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Modulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery to Brain. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122024. [PMID: 34959306 PMCID: PMC8708282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) precisely controls brain microenvironment and neural activity by regulating substance transport into and out of the brain. However, it severely hinders drug entry into the brain, and the efficiency of various systemic therapies against brain diseases. Modulation of the BBB via opening tight junctions, inhibiting active efflux and/or enhancing transcytosis, possesses the potential to increase BBB permeability and improve intracranial drug concentrations and systemic therapeutic efficiency. Various strategies of BBB modulation have been reported and investigated preclinically and/or clinically. This review describes conventional and emerging BBB modulation strategies and related mechanisms, and safety issues according to BBB structures and functions, to try to give more promising directions for designing more reasonable preclinical and clinical studies.
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Willems A, Sinclair R. Alopecias in humans: biology, pathomechanisms and emerging therapies. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:596-e159. [PMID: 34431565 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hair follicle is a complete mini-organ with a complex biology. Recent discoveries have shed light on the pathogenesis and genetic basis of a number of hair loss conditions, offering novel treatment alternatives. OBJECTIVE To explore the biology and physiology of hair growth, the pathomechanism behind alopecias and emerging therapies. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hair growth is influenced by numerous physiological moderators. Greater understanding of the biology and physiology of the hair follicle and the pathomechanisms of hair disease facilitates development of targeted treatments. Sublingual minoxidil is a promising therapy in humans where optimised drug delivery enhances efficacy and reduces systemic adverse effects. Janice kinase inhibitors, which disrupt the inflammatory cascade, help maintain the hair follicle, preserve immune privilege, and regrow hair in alopecia areata. As the pathomechanisms of other forms of alopecia become better understood, new targeted therapies with greater efficacy will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese Willems
- Sinclair Dermatology, 2 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Rodney Sinclair
- Sinclair Dermatology, 2 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Alan Gilbert Building University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Gheshlaghi F, Zoofaghari S, Dorooshi G. Unstable Angina: A Rare Presentation of Minoxidil Intoxication: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Res Pharm Pract 2018; 7:210-212. [PMID: 30622990 PMCID: PMC6298144 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_18_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Minoxidil is an antihypertensive direct vasodilator that can cause severe toxicity when sufficiently ingested. We report a case of accidental ingestion of 5 ml topical minoxidil solution 5% presented with chest pain and new-onset ST depressions. After giving IV saline and performing echocardiography/angiography, the patient fully recovered without any pharmacotherapy such as vasopressors and discharged 4 days after admission. The clinical toxicology, treatment, and previous case reports of minoxidil poisoning have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Gheshlaghi
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shafeajafar Zoofaghari
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamali Dorooshi
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Fernando P, Yan X, Lockwood J, Duan Y, Wei L, Glenn Wells R, Bensimon C, Mullett WM, Ruddy T. Toxicological evaluation of a rotenone derivative in rodents for clinical myocardial perfusion imaging. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2015; 14:170-82. [PMID: 24395712 PMCID: PMC4032473 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a valuable clinical tool for assessing coronary blood flow deficits in patients. We recently synthesized a new iodinated compound (123I-CMICE-013) based on rotenone and showed that it has excellent performance as a radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging. Here, we describe the cellular toxicity and subacute toxicity of CMICE-013 in rats. Cultured hepatocytes displayed sensitivity to rotenone but not CMICE-013 at equimolar concentrations. Following i.v. injection of CMICE-013 for 14 days, body weight, ambulation, behavior, grooming, guarding (abdominal, muscular), pale conjunctivae, and food intake were observed. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological changes in tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and brain) and echocardiography at pre- and post-dosing were also examined. All animals responded well to the daily injections of CMICE-013 and showed no mortality or adverse reactions with respect to the parameters above. Subacute i.v. injections at high- (5 μg/kg) and low (1 μg/kg)-dose levels did not result in any significant changes to either biochemical or hematological parameters and no detectable changes in histopathology compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Echocardiographic analyses, including the measurements of cardiac function and anatomy (wall thickness, left atrial size, and left ventricular mass), were not different at pre- versus post-dose measures and were not different compared to the vehicle or untreated animals. Our observations in small animals reveal that CMICE-013 induces minimal toxicity when delivered intravenously for 14 days.
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Bendjama K, Guionaud S, Aras G, Arber N, Badimon L, Bamberger U, Bratfalean D, Brott D, David M, Doessegger L, Firat H, Gallas JF, Gautier JC, Hoffmann P, Kraus S, Padro T, Saadoun D, Szczesny P, Thomann P, Vilahur G, Lawton M, Cacoub P. Translation Strategy for the Qualification of Drug-induced Vascular Injury Biomarkers. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:658-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314527644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is a common preclinical toxicity usually characterized by hemorrhage, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle damage, and inflammation. DIVI findings can cause delays or termination of drug candidates due to low safety margins. The situation is complicated by the absence of sensitive, noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring vascular injury and the uncertain relevance to humans. The Safer And Faster Evidence-based Translation (SAFE-T) consortium is a public–private partnership funded within the European Commission’s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) aiming to accelerate drug development by qualifying biomarkers for drug-induced organ injuries, including DIVI. The group is using patients with vascular diseases that have key histomorphologic features (endothelial damage, smooth muscle damage, and inflammation) in common with those observed in DIVI, and has selected candidate biomarkers associated with these features. Studied populations include healthy volunteers, patients with spontaneous vasculitides and other vascular disorders. Initial results from studies with healthy volunteers and patients with vasculitides show that a panel of biomarkers can successfully discriminate the population groups. The SAFE-T group plans to seek endorsement from health authorities (European Medicines Agency and Food and Drug Administration) to qualify the biomarkers for use in regulatory decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadir Arber
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uwe Bamberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Nonclinical Drug Safety Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - David Brott
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Translational Patient Safety and Enabling Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Maayan David
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Preclinical safety, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah Kraus
- Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Saadoun
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Lawton
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire I2B, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France
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