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Sarma H, Gogoi B, Guan CY, Yu CP. Nitro-PAHs: Occurrences, ecological consequences, and remediation strategies for environmental restoration. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141795. [PMID: 38548078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are persistent pollutants that have been introduced into the environment as a result of human activities. They are produced when PAHs undergo oxidation and are highly resistant to degradation, resulting in prolonged exposure and significant health risks for wildlife and humans. Nitro-PAHs' potential to induce cancer and mutations has raised concerns about their harmful effects. Furthermore, their ability to accumulate in the food chain seriously threatens the ecosystem and human health. Moreover, nitro-PAHs can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, leading to reproductive and developmental problems in humans and other organisms. Reducing nitro-PAHs in the environment through source management, physical removal, and chemical treatment is essential to mitigate the associated environmental and human health risks. Recent studies have focused on improving nitro-PAHs' phytoremediation by incorporating microorganisms and biostimulants. Microbes can break down nitro-PAHs into less harmful substances, while biostimulants can enhance plant growth and metabolic activity. By combining these elements, the effectiveness of phytoremediation for nitro-PAHs can be increased. This study aimed to investigate the impact of introducing microbial and biostimulant agents on the phytoremediation process for nitro-PAHs and identify potential solutions for addressing the environmental risks associated with these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemen Sarma
- Bioremediation Technology Research Group, Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Rangalikhata, Deborgaon, Kokrajhar (BTR), Assam, 783370, India.
| | - Bhoirob Gogoi
- Bioremediation Technology Research Group, Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Rangalikhata, Deborgaon, Kokrajhar (BTR), Assam, 783370, India
| | - Chung-Yu Guan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, 260, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University. B.S., Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š. New Aminobiphenylcysteine Derivatives in Globin and Urine of Rats Dosed with 4-Aminobiphenyl, a Tobacco Smoke Carcinogen. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:430-437. [PMID: 36861465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The 4-biphenylnitrenium ion (BPN), a reactive metabolic intermediate of the tobacco smoke carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), can react with nucleophilic sulfanyl groups in glutathione (GSH) as well as in proteins. The main site of attack of these S-nucleophiles was predicted using simple orientational rules of aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Thereafter, a series of presumptive 4-ABP metabolites and adducts with cysteine were synthesized, namely, S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (ABPC), N-acetyl-S-(4-amino-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-amino-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, ABPMA), S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (AcABPC), and N-acetyl-S-(4-acetamido-3-biphenyl)cysteine (4-acetamido-3-biphenylmercapturic acid, AcABPMA). Then, globin and urine of rats dosed with a single ip dose of 4-ABP (27 mg/kg b.w.) was analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS2. ABPC was identified in acid-hydrolyzed globin at levels of 3.52 ± 0.50, 2.74 ± 0.51, and 1.25 ± 0.12 nmol/g globin (mean ± S.D.; n = 6) on days 1, 3, and 8 after dosing, respectively. In the urine collected on day 1 (0-24 h) after dosing, excretion of ABPMA, AcABPMA, and AcABPC amounted to 1.97 ± 0.88, 3.09 ± 0.75, and 3.69 ± 1.49 nmol/kg b.w. (mean ± S.D.; n = 6), respectively. On day 2, excretion of the metabolites decreased by one order of magnitude followed by a slower decrease on day 8. Regarding the possible formation of AcABPC from ABPC, N-acetylation of the amino group at the biphenyl moiety prior to that at cysteine appears to be very unlikely. Thus, the structure of AcABPC indicates the involvement of N-acetyl-4-biphenylnitrenium ion (AcBPN) and/or its reactive ester precursors in in vivo reactions with GSH and protein-bound cysteine. ABPC in globin might become an alternative biomarker of the dose of toxicologically relevant metabolic intermediates of 4-ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang Z, Yue G, Ji X, Song H, Yan P, Zhao J, Jia X. Tandem Michael Addition-Cyclization of Nitroalkenes with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds Accompanied by Removal of Nitro Group. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14131-14143. [PMID: 34494850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A tandem Michael addition-cyclization of nitroalkenes with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds was developed using phase transfer catalyst (PTC), allowing for the synthesis of polysubstituted-[4,5]-dihydrofuran in high yields. A wide range of substrates were demonstrated by this one-step process. Meanwhile, nitro group was substituted to form corresponding nitrite ion detected in the aqueous phase providing a reasonable pathway for denitrating poisonous and explosive nitro-containing compounds. The proposed mechanism was also supported by our DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Guoren Yue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Hai Song
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Penji Yan
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, PR China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, PR China
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š, Tvrdíková M, Vachová H. Novel aminoarylcysteine adducts in globin of rats dosed with naphthylamine and nitronaphthalene isomers. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:79-89. [PMID: 33156369 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aminonaphthylcysteine (ANC) adducts, formed via naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors in the biotransformation of naphthylamines (NA) and nitronaphthalenes (NN), were identified and quantified in globin of rats dosed intraperitoneally with 0.16 mmol/kg b.w. of 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN. Using HPLC-ESI-MS2 analysis of the globin hydrolysates, S-(1-amino-2-naphthyl)cysteine (1A2NC) together with S-(4-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (4A1NC) were found in rats given 1-NA or 1-NN, and S-(2-amino-1-naphthyl)cysteine (2A1NC) in those given 2-NA or 2-NN. The highest level of ANC was produced by the most mutagenic and carcinogenic isomer 2-NA (35.8 ± 5.4 nmol/g globin). The ratio of ANC adduct levels for 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN was 1:2:100:3, respectively. Notably, the ratio of 1A2NC:4A1NC in globin of rats dosed with 1-NA and 1-NN differed significantly (2:98 versus 16:84 respectively), indicating differences in mechanism of the adduct formation. Moreover, aminonaphthylmercapturic acids, formed via conjugation of naphthylnitrenium ions and/or their metabolic precursors with glutathione, were identified in the rat urine. Their amounts excreted after dosing rats with 1-NA, 1-NN, 2-NA and 2-NN were in the ratio 1:100:40:2, respectively. For all four compounds tested, haemoglobin binding index for ANC was several-fold higher than that for the sulphinamide adducts, generated via nitrosoarene metabolites. Due to involvement of electrophilic intermediates in their formation, ANC adducts in globin may become toxicologically more relevant biomarkers of cumulative exposure to carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic arylamines and nitroarenes than the currently used sulphinamide adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Tvrdíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 100 42, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vachová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sola MCR, Santos AG, Martinez ST, Nascimento MM, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB. Occurrence of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and other powerful mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compounds in living organisms: polychaetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3465. [PMID: 32103055 PMCID: PMC7044212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the occurrence of powerful mutagenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), in addition to 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 6 oxygenated PAHs and 27 nitrated PAHs in polychaete worms. Benzanthrone (BA), another important mutagenic polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) also was detected in the samples. Polychaete annelids have great ecological relevance, being widely distributed in different environmental conditions, from intertidal zones up to seven thousand feet deep areas. They are abundantly found in both contaminated and uncontaminated areas and, therefore, used as indicators of the pollution status of a given area. As we know, so far, most of these PACs has not been previously reported in living organisms before. The 3-NBA concentrations determined in this study were within 0.11-5.18 µg g-1. Other relevant PACs such as PAHs, quinones and nitro-PAHs were found in maximum concentrations at 0.013 µg g-1 (coronene) to 11.1 µg g-1 (benzo[k]fluoranthene), 0.823 µg g-1 (9,10-phenenthrenequinone) to 12.1 µg g-1 (1,4-benzoquinone) and 0.434 (1-nitronaphthalene) µg g-1 to 19.2 µg g-1 (6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA), ternary correlations and diagnostic ratios were employed in order to propose probable sources for PACs. Although statistical analysis preliminarily has indicated both pyrogenic and petrogenic contributions, petrogenic sources were predominant reflecting the impacts of petroleum exploration and intensive traffic of boats in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia R Sola
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aldenor G Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Madson M Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele O da Rocha
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, 41650-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Santos AG, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB. Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1. [PMID: 30626917 PMCID: PMC6327027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3804] [Impact Index Per Article: 760.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g−1 and 4.39 µg g−1, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldenor G Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele O da Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,SENAI-CIMATEC University Center, 41650-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Linhart I, Hanzlíková I, Mráz J, Dušková Š. S-(3-Aminobenzanthron-2-yl)cysteine in the globin of rats as a novel type of adduct and possible biomarker of exposure to 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a potent environmental carcinogen. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3317-3325. [PMID: 28283705 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), a potent environmental mutagen and carcinogen, is known to be activated in vivo to 3-benzanthronylnitrenium ion which forms both NH and C2-bound adducts with DNA and also reacts with glutathione giving rise to urinary 3-aminobenzanthron-2-ylmercapturic acid. In this study, acid hydrolysate of globin from rats dosed intraperitoneally with 3-NBA was analysed by HPLC/MS to identify a novel type of cysteine adduct, 3-aminobenzanthron-2-ylcysteine (3-ABA-Cys), confirmed using a synthesised standard. The 3-ABA-Cys levels in globin peaked after single 3-NBA doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg on day 2 to attain 0.25 and 0.49 nmol/g globin, respectively, thereafter declining slowly to 70-80% of their maximum values during 15 days. After dosing rats for three consecutive days with 1 mg 3-NBA/kg a significant cumulation of 3-ABA-Cys in globin was observed. 3-ABA-Cys was also found in the plasma hydrolysate. Herein, after dosing with 1 and 2 mg 3-NBA/kg the adduct levels peaked on day 1 at 0.15 and 0.51 nmol/ml plasma, respectively, thereafter declining rapidly to undetectable levels on day 15. In addition, sulphinamide adducts were also found in the exposed rats, measured indirectly as 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) split off from globin by mild acid hydrolysis. Levels of both types of adducts in the globin samples parallelled very well with 3-ABA/3-ABA-Cys ratio being around 1:8. In conclusion, 3-ABA-Cys is the first example of arylnitrenium-cysteine adduct in globin representing a new promising class of biomarkers to assess cumulative exposures to aromatic amines, nitroaromatics and heteroaromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Hanzlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Šrobárova 48, 10042, Prague, Czech Republic
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