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Schaefers C, Schmeißer W, John H, Worek F, Rein T, Rothmiller S, Schmidt A. Effects of the nerve agent VX on hiPSC-derived motor neurons. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1859-1875. [PMID: 38555327 PMCID: PMC11106096 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Poisoning with the organophosphorus nerve agent VX can be life-threatening due to limitations of the standard therapy with atropine and oximes. To date, the underlying pathomechanism of VX affecting the neuromuscular junction has not been fully elucidated structurally. Results of recent studies investigating the effects of VX were obtained from cells of animal origin or immortalized cell lines limiting their translation to humans. To overcome this limitation, motor neurons (MN) of this study were differentiated from in-house feeder- and integration-free-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) by application of standardized and antibiotic-free differentiation media with the aim to mimic human embryogenesis as closely as possible. For testing VX sensitivity, MN were initially exposed once to 400 µM, 600 µM, 800 µM, or 1000 µM VX and cultured for 5 days followed by analysis of changes in viability and neurite outgrowth as well as at the gene and protein level using µLC-ESI MS/HR MS, XTT, IncuCyte, qRT-PCR, and Western Blot. For the first time, VX was shown to trigger neuronal cell death and decline in neurite outgrowth in hiPSC-derived MN in a time- and concentration-dependent manner involving the activation of the intrinsic as well as the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Consistent with this, MN morphology and neurite network were altered time and concentration-dependently. Thus, MN represent a valuable tool for further investigation of the pathomechanism after VX exposure. These findings might set the course for the development of a promising human neuromuscular test model and patient-specific therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Schaefers
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schmeißer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Institute of Sport Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577, Neubiberg, Germany
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Mouret S, Wartelle J, Batal M, Emorine S, Bertoni M, Poyot T, Cléry-Barraud C, Bakdouri NE, Peinnequin A, Douki T, Boudry I. Time course of skin features and inflammatory biomarkers after liquid sulfur mustard exposure in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:68-78. [PMID: 25275893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong bifunctional alkylating agent that produces severe tissue injuries characterized by erythema, edema, subepidermal blisters and a delayed inflammatory response after cutaneous exposure. However, despite its long history, SM remains a threat because of the lack of effective medical countermeasures as the molecular mechanisms of these events remain unclear. This limited number of therapeutic options results in part of an absence of appropriate animal models. We propose here to use SKH-1 hairless mouse as the appropriate model for the design of therapeutic strategies against SM-induced skin toxicity. In the present study particular emphasis was placed on histopathological changes associated with inflammatory responses after topical exposure of dorsal skin to three different doses of SM (0.6, 6 and 60mg/kg) corresponding to a superficial, a second-degree and a third-degree burn. Firstly, clinical evaluation of SM-induced skin lesions using non invasive bioengineering methods showed that erythema and impairment of skin barrier increased in a dose-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of skin sections exposed to SM revealed that the time to onset and the severity of symptoms including disorganization of epidermal basal cells, number of pyknotic nuclei, activation of mast cells and neutrophils dermal invasion were dose-dependent. These histopathological changes were associated with a dose- and time-dependent increase in expression of specific mRNA for inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (IL1β and IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α, MIP-2 and MIP-1αR) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC also called CXCL1) as well as adhesion molecules (L-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)) and growth factor (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Csf3)). A dose-dependent increase was also noted after SM exposure for mRNA of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9) and laminin-γ2 which are associated with SM-induced blisters formation. Taken together, our results show that SM-induced skin histopathological changes related to inflammation is similar in SKH-1 hairless mice and humans. SKH-1 mouse is thus a reliable animal model for investigating the SM-induced skin toxicity and to develop efficient treatment against SM-induced inflammatory skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouret
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Julien Wartelle
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Mohamed Batal
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France; UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Sandy Emorine
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thomas Poyot
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Cécile Cléry-Barraud
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Nacera El Bakdouri
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - André Peinnequin
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
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