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Rathod AM, Verpaele S, Kelvin M, Sullivan KV, Leybourne MI. Uranium: an overview of physicochemical properties, exposure assessment methodologies, and health effects of environmental and occupational exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1183-1200. [PMID: 35711076 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is chemo- and radiotoxic element which can cause multifactorial health hazards. Natural and anthropogenic uranium contamination raises concerns about potential public health problems. Natural contamination plays a significant role with regard to uranium exposure in the general population, whereas anthropogenic contamination leads to occupational uranium exposure, particularly in nuclear industry workers. In this review, we present a state-of-the-art status concerning uranium-induced health risks with a focus on epidemiological findings of uranium processing and enrichment plant workers. We provide a general overview of physicochemical properties of uranium and analytical methods for measuring or monitoring uranium, describe environmental and occupational exposure scenarios, and discuss the challenges for objectively investigating risks from uranium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisha M Rathod
- Department of Geoscience and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Steven Verpaele
- Nickel Institute, Health and Environment Public Policy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle Kelvin
- Department of Geoscience and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kaj V Sullivan
- Department of Geoscience and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew I Leybourne
- Department of Geoscience and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Renal toxicity and biokinetics models after repeated uranium instillation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4111. [PMID: 36914734 PMCID: PMC10011524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During nuclear fuel processing, workers can potentially be exposed to repeated inhalations of uranium compounds. Uranium nephrotoxicity is well documented after acute uranium intake, but it is controversial after long-term or protracted exposure. This study aims to analyze the nephrotoxicity threshold after repeated uranium exposure through upper airways and to investigate the resulting uranium biokinetics in comparison to reference models. Mice (C57BL/6J) were exposed to uranyl nitrate (0.03-3 mg/kg/day) via intranasal instillation four times a week for two weeks. Concentrations of uranium in urines and tissues were measured at regular time points (from day 1 to 91 post-exposure). At each exposure level, the amount of uranium retained in organs/tissues (kidney, lung, bone, nasal compartment, carcass) and excreta (urine, feces) reflected the two consecutive weeks of instillation except for renal uranium retention for the highest uranium dose. Nephrotoxicity biomarkers, KIM-1, clusterin and osteopontin, are induced from day 4 to day 21 and associated with changes in renal function (arterial fluxes) measured using non-invasive functional imaging (Doppler-ultrasonography) and confirmed by renal histopathological analysis. These results suggest that specific biokinetic models should be developed to consider altered uranium excretion and retention in kidney due to nephrotoxicity. The threshold is between 0.25 and 1 mg/kg/day after repeated exposure to uranium via upper airways.
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Uranium oxides structural transformation in human body liquids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4088. [PMID: 36906622 PMCID: PMC10008576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uranium oxide microparticles ingestion is one of the potential sources of internal radiation doses to the humans at accidental or undesirable releases of radioactive materials. It is important to predict the obtained dose and possible biological effect of these microparticles by studying uranium oxides transformations in case of their ingestion or inhalation. Using a combination of methods, a complex examination of structural changes of uranium oxides in the range from UO2 to U4O9, U3O8 and UO3 as well as before and after exposure of uranium oxides in simulated biological fluids: gastro-intestinal and lung-was carried out. Oxides were thoroughly characterized by Raman and XAFS spectroscopy. It was determined that the duration of expose has more influence on all oxides transformations. The greatest changes occurred in U4O9, that transformed into U4O9-y. UO2.05 and U3O8 structures became more ordered and UO3 did not undergo significant transformation.
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Zhang L, Chu J, Xia B, Xiong Z, Zhang S, Tang W. Health Effects of Particulate Uranium Exposure. TOXICS 2022; 10:575. [PMID: 36287855 PMCID: PMC9610560 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uranium contamination has become a nonnegligible global health problem. Inhalation of particulate uranium is one of the predominant routes of occupational and environmental exposure. Uranium particle is a complex two-phase flow of matter that is both particulate and flowable. This particular physicochemical property may alter its biological activity. Epidemiological studies from occupationally exposed populations in the uranium industry have concluded that there is a possible association between lung cancer risk and uranium exposure, while the evidence for the risk of other tumors is not sufficient. The toxicological effects of particulate uranium exposure to animals have been shown in laboratory tests to focus on respiratory and central nervous system damage. Fibrosis and tumors can occur in the lung tissue of the respiratory tract. Uranium particles can also induce a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, targeting mitochondria. The understanding of the health risks and potential toxicological mechanisms of particulate uranium contamination is still at a preliminary stage. The diversity of particle parameters has limited the in-depth exploration. This review summarizes the current evidence on the toxicology of particulate uranium and highlights the knowledge gaps and research prospects.
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Xiao Y, Zeng F, Fu W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liang Y, Li R, Liu M. Effects of a Modified Chitosan Compound Combined with Lung Lavage after Inhalation of Depleted Uranium Dust. HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 122:663-672. [PMID: 35394463 PMCID: PMC9028304 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT When exposed to depleted uranium (DU), the respiratory tract is the main route for DU to enter the body. At present, lung lavage is considered to be a method for removing DU from the lung. However, there is still room for improvement in the efficiency of lung lavage. In this work, a model of DU dust inhalation injury was established in beagle dogs so that chitosan-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic nanoparticles (CS-DTPA NP) could be synthesized. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the removal efficiency of CS-DTPA NP combined with lung lavage in dogs. Results showed that 7 d after DU exposure, the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) and CS-DTPA NP groups showed lower U content in kidney tissue compared with the normal saline (NS) group. In the left lung tissue (lavage fluid and recovery rate of lavage fluid), the U content in the CS-DTPA NP group was higher than in the NS and DTPA groups. In terms of blood levels, the CS-DPTA NP group increased over time at 1, 3 and 7 d of DU exposure without lavage; however, the U levels in the 3 and 7 d lavage groups were significantly lower than in the non-lavage groups. IL-1 in the lavage fluid of the CS-DPTA NP and CS NPs group were lower than in the NS group. In summary, after respiratory exposure to DU, early inhalation of CS-DPTA NP may block insoluble DU particles in the lung, and if combined with lung lavage, the clearance efficiency of DU from lung tissue improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weilin Fu
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Emergency Department, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Promote YAP/TAZ Nuclear Localization in Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated roles of Hippo signaling pathway components in alveolar type II cells (AECII) after zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) exposure. ZnONPs physicochemistry was characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. ZnONP deposition in human respiratory tract was estimated using multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. MLE-12 AECII were cultured and exposed to 0, 1, and 5 μg/mL of ZnONPs for 24 h. Western blots were used to investigate signaling pathways associated with Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), cell adherens junctions, differentiation, and senescence. ZnONPs morphology was irregular, with Zn and O identified. Approximately 72% of inhaled ZnONPs were deposited in lungs, with 26% being deposited in alveolar regions. ZnONP exposure increased nuclear YAP expression and decreased cytoplasmic YAP expression by AECII. Adherens junction proteins, E-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin, on AECII decreased after ZnONP exposure. ZnONP exposure of AECII increased alveolar type I (AECI) transition protein, LGALS3, and the AECI protein, T1α, while decreasing AECII SPC expression. ZnONP exposure induced Sirt1 and p53 senescence proteins by AECII. Our findings showed that inhalable ZnONPs can deposit in alveoli, which promotes YAP nuclear localization in AECII, resulting in decrease tight junctions, cell differentiation, and cell senescence.
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Williamson MR, Klug MG, Schwartz GG. Brain cancer incidence rates and the presence of nuclear reactors in US states: a hypothesis-generating study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3967-3975. [PMID: 33768349 PMCID: PMC8463636 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of brain cancer is poorly understood. The only confirmed environmental risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation. Because nuclear reactors emit ionizing radiation, we examined brain cancer incidence rates in the USA in relation to the presence of nuclear reactors per state. METHODS Data on brain cancer incidence rates per state for Whites by sex for three age groups (all ages, 50 and older, and under 50) were obtained from cancer registries. The location, number, and type of nuclear reactor, i.e., power or research reactor, was obtained from public sources. We examined the association between these variables using multivariate linear regression and ANOVA. RESULTS Brain cancer incidence rates were not associated with the number of nuclear power reactors. Conversely, incidence rates per state increased with the number of nuclear research reactors. This was significant for both sexes combined and for males in the 'all ages' category (β = 0.08, p = 0.0319 and β = 0.12, p = 0.0277, respectively), and for both sexes combined in the'50 and older' category (β = 0.18, p = 0.0163). Brain cancer incidence rates for counties with research reactors were significantly higher than the corresponding rates for their states overall (p = 0.0140). These findings were not explicable by known confounders. CONCLUSIONS Brain cancer incidence rates are positively associated with the number of nuclear research reactors per state. These findings merit further exploration and suggest new opportunities for research in brain cancer epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Williamson
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Marilyn G Klug
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA.
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Tournier BB, Ibanez C, Tourlonias E, Petitot F, Paquet F, Dublineau I, Lestaevel P. Brain accumulation of inhaled uranium in the rat depends on aerosol concentration, exposure repetitions, particle size and solubility. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:10-17. [PMID: 34363895 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rostro-caudal gradient of uranium (U) in the brain has been suggested after its inhalation. To study the factors influencing this mapping, we first used 30-min acute inhalation at 56 mg/m3 of the relatively soluble form UO4 in the rat. These exposure parameters were then used as a reference in comparison with the other experimental conditions. Other groups received acute inhalation at different concentrations, repeated low dose inhalation of UO4 (10 exposures) or acute low dose inhalation of the insoluble form UO2. At 24 h after the last exposure, all rats showed a brain U accumulation with a rostro-caudal gradient as compared to controls. However, the total concentration to the brain was greater after repeated exposure than acute exposure, demonstrating an accumulative effect. In comparison with the low dose soluble U exposure, a higher accumulation in the front of the brain was observed after exposure to higher dose, to insoluble particles and following repetition of exposures, thus demonstrating a dose effect and influences of solubility and repetition of exposures. In the last part, exposure to ultrafine U particles made it possible to show 24 h after exposure the presence of U in the brain according to a rostro-caudal gradient. Finally, the time-course after exposure to micronic or nanometric U particles has revealed greater residence times for nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Tournier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elie Tourlonias
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Nucléagis SAS, 63480, Vertolaye, France
| | - Fabrice Petitot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CEA, DEN, DUSP, Service de Protection contre les Rayonnements, 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - François Paquet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, 13115, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dublineau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SEDRE, Unité d'expertise des sites et des déchets radioactifs, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SER, Bureau d'Analyse et de Suivi des Expositions Professionnelles, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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El-Garawani I, Allam HK, Shehata YA, Fadel K, El Kattan A. Genotoxicity linked to occupational exposure in uranium mine workers: Granzyme B and apoptotic changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36793-36802. [PMID: 33710487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uranium mining and processing are an ancient occupation, recognized as being grueling and accountable for injury and disease. Uranium (U) is a radioactive heavy metal used in many industrial applications. It increases the micronuclei frequencies as well as chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchange in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Granzyme B and perforin are stored inside the leukocytes in secretory granules. These proteins are released outside the cells by a cell-to-cell contact under specific conditions for inducing apoptosis. So, this study investigated the potential health hazards with prominence on the biological effects of radiation exposure. METHODS A cross-sectional analytic research was conducted on Egyptian male mining field workers. Leucocytes' genotoxicity was evaluated using DNA fragmentation assay and comet assay. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of Granzyme B protein was done. RESULTS A significant increase in dead cells after dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining in radiation-exposed groups was noticed compared to control groups. Moreover, a significant increase in the fragmented DNA was evident in exposed groups relative to the control one. Granzyme B protein levels showed a significant increase concerning control. CONCLUSION A wide variety of adverse human health risks are considered a potential risk to Egyptian uranium miners. For employers working in both mining and processing fields, the most common molecular shift highlighted was the leucocyte damage in blood samples. To preserve the health of all employees, health education and administration of effective hazard management procedures are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Garawani
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Heba Khodary Allam
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Yasser A Shehata
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed El Kattan
- Medical and Radiological Research Department, NMA, Cairo, Egypt
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Ma M, Wang R, Xu L, Xu M, Liu S. Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: Lessons from the past two decades. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106107. [PMID: 32932066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium contamination is a global health concern. Regarding natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination, the major sources of concern are groundwater, mining, phosphate fertilizers, nuclear facilities, and military activities. Many epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmental and occupational uranium exposure can induce multifarious health problems. Uranium exposure may cause health risks because of its chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity in natural or anthropogenic scenarios: the former is generally thought to play a more significant role with regard to the natural uranium exposure, and the latter is more relevant to enriched uranium exposure. The understanding of the health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium remains at a preliminary stage, and many controversial findings require further research. In order to present state-of-the-art status in this field, this review will primarily focus on the chemotoxicity of uranium, rather than its radiotoxicity, as well as the involved toxicological mechanisms. First, the natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination scenarios will be briefly summarized. Second, the health risks upon natural uranium exposure, for example, nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity, will be discussed based on the reported epidemiological cases and laboratory studies. Third, the recent advances regarding the toxicological mechanisms of uranium-induced chemotoxicity will be highlighted, including oxidative stress, genetic damage, protein impairment, inflammation, and metabolic disorder. Finally, the gaps and challenges in the knowledge of uranium-induced chemotoxicity and underlying mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Susceptibility Factors in Chronic Lung Inflammatory Responses to Engineered Nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197310. [PMID: 33022979 PMCID: PMC7582686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are products of the emerging nanotechnology industry and many different types of ENMs have been shown to cause chronic inflammation in the lungs of rodents after inhalation exposure, suggesting a risk to human health. Due to the increasing demand and use of ENMs in a variety of products, a careful evaluation of the risks to human health is urgently needed. An assessment of the immunotoxicity of ENMs should consider susceptibility factors including sex, pre-existing diseases, deficiency of specific genes encoding proteins involved in the innate or adaptive immune response, and co-exposures to other chemicals. This review will address evidence from experimental animal models that highlights some important issues of susceptibility to chronic lung inflammation and systemic immune dysfunction after pulmonary exposure to ENMs.
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Ran Y, Wang S, Zhao Y, Li J, Ran X, Hao Y. A review of biological effects and treatments of inhaled depleted uranium aerosol. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 222:106357. [PMID: 32755761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) is primarily used for DU bombs and DU tanks in the military. Aerosol inhalation is considered the primary route of DU exposure. Although laboratory tests have confirmed that inhalation of DU aerosol can cause lung, kidney, and other organ damage, epidemiological studies have found no conclusive evidence that persons in areas with prolonged exposure to DU-containing bombs are affected. After the body inhaled DU aerosols, we first clear the insoluble DU through whole-lung lavage (WLL). Then we eliminate the soluble uranium by the chelating agent. Besides, reducing DU damage to tissues and cells through drugs is also an important treatment method. In future research, emphasis should be placed on the damage mechanism of DU aerosol, the laboratory and clinical research of DU chelating agents, the research on the combination of DU chelating agent and WLL, and the research and development of new drugs to prevent DU damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yazhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xinze Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, No.30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Canivet L, Denayer FO, Dubot P, Garçon G, Lo Guidice JM. Toxicity of iron nanoparticles towards primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:203-215. [PMID: 32767597 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a public health issue and the toxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM) is well-recognized. Although it does not mostly contribute to the total mass of PM, increasing evidence indicates that the ultrafine fraction has generally a greater toxicity than the others do. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathological disorders related to nanoparticles (NPs) remains essential. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine better whether the exposure to a relatively low dose of well-characterized iron-rich NPs (Fe-NPs) might alter some critical toxicological endpoints in a relevant primary culture model of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). We sought to use Fe-NPs representative of those frequently found in the industrial smokes of metallurgical industries. After having noticed the effective internalization of Fe-NPs, oxidative, inflammatory, DNA repair, and apoptotic endpoints were investigated within HBECs, mainly through transcriptional screening. Taken together, these results revealed that, despite it only produced relatively low levels of reactive oxygen species without any significant oxidative damage, low-dose Fe-NPs quickly significantly deregulated the transcription of some target genes closely involved in the proinflammatory response. Although this inflammatory process seemed to stay under control over time in case of this acute scenario of exposure, the future study of its evolution after a scenario of repeated exposure could be very interesting to evaluate the toxicity of Fe-NPs better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Canivet
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Franck-Olivier Denayer
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Dubot
- CNRS UMR 7182, Métaux et céramiques à microstructure contrôlée, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux, Paris Est, Thiais, France
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - J-M Lo Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
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Elias-Kirma S, Artzy-Schnirman A, Das P, Heller-Algazi M, Korin N, Sznitman J. In situ-Like Aerosol Inhalation Exposure for Cytotoxicity Assessment Using Airway-on-Chips Platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32154228 PMCID: PMC7044134 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung exposure to inhaled particulate matter (PM) is known to injure the airway epithelium via inflammation, a phenomenon linked to increased levels of global morbidity and mortality. To evaluate physiological outcomes following PM exposure and concurrently circumvent the use of animal experiments, in vitro approaches have typically relied on traditional assays with plates or well inserts. Yet, these manifest drawbacks including the inability to capture physiological inhalation conditions and aerosol deposition characteristics relative to in vivo human conditions. Here, we present a novel airway-on-chip exposure platform that emulates the epithelium of human bronchial airways with critical cellular barrier functions at an air-liquid interface (ALI). As a proof-of-concept for in vitro lung cytotoxicity testing, we recapitulate a well-characterized cell apoptosis pathway, induced through exposure to 2 μm airborne particles coated with αVR1 antibody that leads to significant loss in cell viability across the recapitulated airway epithelium. Notably, our in vitro inhalation assays enable simultaneous aerosol exposure across multiple airway chips integrated within a larger bronchial airway tree model, under physiological respiratory airflow conditions. Our findings underscore in situ-like aerosol deposition outcomes where patterns depend on respiratory flows across the airway tree geometry and gravitational orientation, as corroborated by concurrent numerical simulations. Our airway-on-chips not only highlight the prospect of realistic in vitro exposure assays in recapitulating characteristic local in vivo deposition outcomes, such platforms open opportunities toward advanced in vitro exposure assays for preclinical cytotoxicity and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Ibanez C, Suhard D, Elie C, Ebrahimian T, Lestaevel P, Roynette A, Dhieux-Lestaevel B, Gensdarmes F, Tack K, Tessier C. Evaluation of the Nose-to-Brain Transport of Different Physicochemical Forms of Uranium after Exposure via Inhalation of a UO4 Aerosol in the Rat. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97010. [PMID: 31566443 PMCID: PMC6791583 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-risk issues are raised concerning inhalation of particulate pollutants that are thought to have potential hazardous effects on the central nervous system. The brain is presented as a direct target of particulate matter (PM) exposure because of the nose-to-brain pathway involvement. The main cause of contamination in nuclear occupational activities is related to exposure to aerosols containing radionuclides, particularly uranium dust. It has been previously demonstrated that instilled solubilized uranium in the rat nasal cavity is conveyed to the brain via the olfactory nerve. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomical localization of uranium compounds in the olfactory system after in vivo exposure to a polydisperse aerosol of uranium tetraoxide (UO4) particles. METHODS The olfactory neuroepithelium (OE) and selected brain structures-olfactory bulbs (OB), frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HIP), cerebellum (Cer), and brainstem (BS)-were microdissected 4 h after aerosol inhalation via a nose-only system in adult rats. Tissues were subjected to complementary analytical techniques. RESULTS Uranium concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were significantly higher in all brain structures from exposed animals compared with their respective controls. We observed that cerebral uranium concentrations followed an anteroposterior gradient with typical accumulation in the OB, characteristic of a direct olfactory transfer of inhaled compounds. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) were used in order to track elemental uranium in situ in the olfactory epithelium. Elemental uranium was detected in precise anatomical regions: olfactory neuron dendrites, paracellular junctions of neuroepithelial cells, and olfactory nerve tracts (around axons and endoneural spaces). CONCLUSION These neuroanatomical observations in a rat model are consistent with the transport of elemental uranium in different physicochemical forms (solubilized, nanoparticles) along olfactory nerve bundles after inhalation of UO4 microparticles. This work contributes to knowledge of the mechanistic actions of particulate pollutants on the brain. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Ibanez
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - David Suhard
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Recherche en Radiochimie, Spéciation et Imagerie, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Christelle Elie
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Teni Ebrahimian
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Audrey Roynette
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de Sûreté des Installations et des Systèmes Nucléaire, Service du Confinement et de l’Aérodispersion des Polluants, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernadette Dhieux-Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de Sûreté des Installations et des Systèmes Nucléaire, Service du Confinement et de l’Aérodispersion des Polluants, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Gensdarmes
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de Sûreté des Installations et des Systèmes Nucléaire, Service du Confinement et de l’Aérodispersion des Polluants, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle Santé Environnement, Service de recherche sur les effets biologiques et sanitaires des rayonnements ionisants, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Christine Tessier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Yue YC, Li MH, Wang HB, Zhang BL, He W. The toxicological mechanisms and detoxification of depleted uranium exposure. Environ Health Prev Med 2018; 23:18. [PMID: 29769021 PMCID: PMC5956823 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) has been widely applied in industrial and military activities, and is often obtained from producing fuel for nuclear reactors. DU may be released into the environment, polluting air, soil, and water, and is considered to exert both radiological and chemical toxicity. In humans and animals, DU can induce multiple health effects, such as renal tubular necrosis and bone malignancies. This review summarizes the known information on DU’s routes of entry, mechanisms of toxicity, and health effects. In addition, we survey the chelating agents used in ameliorating DU toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Yue
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Bencsik A, Lestaevel P, Guseva Canu I. Nano- and neurotoxicology: An emerging discipline. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 160:45-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rueda-Romero C, Hernández-Pérez G, Ramos-Godínez P, Vázquez-López I, Quintana-Belmares RO, Huerta-García E, Stepien E, López-Marure R, Montiel-Dávalos A, Alfaro-Moreno E. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce the expression of early and late receptors for adhesion molecules on monocytes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:36. [PMID: 27338562 PMCID: PMC4917990 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) could be harmful. Previously, we have shown that TiO2 NPs induces endothelial cell dysfunction and damage in glial cells. Considering that inhaled particles can induce systemic effects and the evidence that nanoparticles may translocate out of the lungs, we evaluated whether different types of TiO2 NPs can induce the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules on monocytes (U937 cell line). We evaluated the role of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) on these effects. METHODS The expression of receptors for early (sLe(x) and PSGL-1) and late (LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) adhesion molecules was evaluated in U937 cells on a time course (3-24 h) using a wide range of concentrations (0.001-100 μg/mL) of three types of TiO2 NPs (<25 nm anatase, 50 nm anatase-rutile or < 100 nm anatase). Cells exposed to TNFα were considered positive controls, and unexposed cells, negative controls. In some experiments we added 10 μmolar of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to evaluate the role of ROS. RESULTS All tested particles, starting at a concentration of 0.03 μg/mL, induced the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules. The largest increases were induced by the different molecules after 3 h of exposure for sLe(x) and PSGL-1 (up to 3-fold of the positive controls) and after 18 h of exposure for LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3 (up to 2.5-fold of the positive controls). Oxidative stress was observed as early as 10 min after exposure, but the maximum peak was found after 4 h of exposure. Adhesion of exposed or unexposed monocytes to unexposed or exposed endothelial cells was tested, and we observed that monocytes cells adhere in similar amounts to endothelial cells if one of the two cell types, or both were exposed. When NAC was added, the expression of the receptors was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results show that small concentrations of particles may activate monocytes that attach to endothelial cells. These results suggest that distal effects can be induced by small amounts of particles that may translocate from the lungs. ROS play a central role in the induction of the expression of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiam Rueda-Romero
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad Interserrana del Estado de Puebla, Ahuacatlán, Puebla México
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Universidad Interserrana del Estado de Puebla, Ahuacatlán, Puebla México
| | - Pilar Ramos-Godínez
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Subdirección de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Inés Vázquez-López
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl Omar Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Huerta-García
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ewa Stepien
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
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Kermanizadeh A, Balharry D, Wallin H, Loft S, Møller P. Nanomaterial translocation–the biokinetics, tissue accumulation, toxicity and fate of materials in secondary organs–a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:837-72. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1058747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. Interactions between nanosized materials and the brain. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:4200-14. [PMID: 25039776 PMCID: PMC4435026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666140716100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current rapid development of nanotechnologies and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will impact the society in a major fashion during the coming decades. This development also causes substantial safety concerns. Among the many promising applications of ENM, products that can be used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, including conditions that affect the nervous system, are under development. ENM can pass the blood brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate within the brain. It seems that the nano-form rather than the bulk form of the chemicals pass the BBB, and that there is an inverse relationship between particle size and the ability to penetrate the BBB. Although translocation of ENM to the brain is possible during experimental conditions, the health relevance for real-life situations is far from clear. One major reason for this is that studies have been using nanoparticle concentrations that are far higher than the ones that can be expected during realistic exposures. However, very high exposure to the CNS can cause effects on neurotransmission, redox homeostasis and behavior. Available studies have been focusing on possible effects of the first generation of ENM. It will be necessary to study possible health effects also of expected novel sophisticated materials, independent of the outcome of present studies. The prospects for intended or targeted medical applications are promising since it has been shown that ENM can be made to pass the BBB and reach specific regions or cells within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- Health and Environment Department, Environmental Resources and Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Nazarenko Y, Lioy PJ, Mainelis G. Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited dose of aerosol from nanotechnology-based consumer sprays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2014; 1:161-171. [PMID: 25621175 PMCID: PMC4303255 DOI: 10.1039/c3en00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited aerosol dose in the 14 nm to 20 μm particle size range based on the aerosol measurements conducted during realistic usage simulation of five nanotechnology-based and five regular spray products matching the nano-products by purpose of application. The products were also examined using transmission electron microscopy. In seven out of ten sprays, the highest inhalation exposure was observed for the coarse (2.5-10 μm) particles while being minimal or below the detection limit for the remaining three sprays. Nanosized aerosol particles (14-100 nm) were released, which resulted in low but measurable inhalation exposures from all of the investigated consumer sprays. Eight out of ten products produced high total deposited aerosol doses on the order of 101-103 ng kg-1 bw per application, ~85-88% of which were in the head airways, only <10% in the alveolar region and <8% in the tracheobronchial region. One nano and one regular spray produced substantially lower total deposited doses (by 2-4 orders of magnitude less), only ~52-64% of which were in the head while ~29-40% in the alveolar region. The electron microscopy data showed nanosized objects in some products not labeled as nanotechnology-based and conversely did not find nano-objects in some nano-sprays. We found no correlation between nano-object presence and abundance as per the electron microscopy data and the determined inhalation exposures and deposited doses. The findings of this study and the reported quantitative exposure data will be valuable for the manufacturers of nanotechnology-based consumer sprays to minimize inhalation exposure from their products, as well as for the regulators focusing on protecting the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- ‡Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Paul J. Lioy
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- ; Fax: +1 732 932 8644; Tel: +1 848 932 5712
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Xi J, Si XA, Gaide R. Electrophoretic particle guidance significantly enhances olfactory drug delivery: a feasibility study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86593. [PMID: 24497957 PMCID: PMC3908962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intranasal olfactory drug delivery provides a non-invasive method that bypasses the Blood-Brain-Barrier and directly delivers medication to the brain and spinal cord. However, a device designed specifically for olfactory delivery has not yet been found. Methods In this study, a new delivery method was proposed that utilized electrophoretic forces to guide drug particles to the olfactory region. The feasibility of this method was numerically evaluated in both idealized 2-D and anatomically accurate 3-D nose models. The influence of nasal airflow, electrode strength, and drug release position were also studied on the olfactory delivery efficiency. Findings Results showed that by applying electrophoretic forces, the dosage to the olfactory region was significantly enhanced. In both 2-D and 3-D cases, electrophoretic-guided delivery achieved olfactory dosages nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that without electrophoretic forces. Furthermore, releasing drugs into the upper half of the nostril (i.e., partial release) led to olfactory dosages two times higher than releasing drugs over the entire area of the nostril. By combining the advantages of pointed drug release and appropriate electrophoretic guidance, olfactory dosages of more than 90% were observed as compared to the extremely low olfactory dosage (<1%) with conventional inhaler devices. Conclusion Results of this study have important implications in developing personalized olfactory delivery protocols for the treatment of neurological disorders. Moreover, a high sensitivity of olfactory dosage was observed in relation to different pointed release positions, indicating the importance of precise particle guidance for effective olfactory delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiuhua A. Si
- Department of Engineering, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachel Gaide
- Department of Engineering, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
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Salomaa S, Prise KM, Atkinson MJ, Wojcik A, Auvinen A, Grosche B, Sabatier L, Jourdain JR, Salminen E, Baatout S, Kulka U, Rabus H, Blanchardon E, Averbeck D, Weiss W. State of the art in research into the risk of low dose radiation exposure--findings of the fourth MELODI workshop. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2013; 33:589-603. [PMID: 23803528 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/33/3/589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fourth workshop of the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) was organised by STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland. It took place from 12 to 14 September 2012 in Helsinki, Finland. The meeting was attended by 179 scientists and professionals engaged in radiation research and radiation protection. We summarise the major scientific findings of the workshop and the recommendations for updating the MELODI Strategic Research Agenda and Road Map for future low dose research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisko Salomaa
- STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland.
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