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Raee P, Tan SC, Najafi S, Zandsalimi F, Low TY, Aghamiri S, Fazeli E, Aghapour M, Mofarahe ZS, Heidari MH, Fathabadi FF, Abdi F, Asouri M, Ahmadi AA, Ghanbarian H. Autophagy, a critical element in the aging male reproductive disorders and prostate cancer: a therapeutic point of view. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:88. [PMID: 37749573 PMCID: PMC10521554 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved, lysosome-dependent biological mechanism involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular components. There is growing evidence that autophagy is related to male reproductive biology, particularly spermatogenic and endocrinologic processes closely associated with male sexual and reproductive health. In recent decades, problems such as decreasing sperm count, erectile dysfunction, and infertility have worsened. In addition, reproductive health is closely related to overall health and comorbidity in aging men. In this review, we will outline the role of autophagy as a new player in aging male reproductive dysfunction and prostate cancer. We first provide an overview of the mechanisms of autophagy and its role in regulating male reproductive cells. We then focus on the link between autophagy and aging-related diseases. This is followed by a discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy before we end with limitations of current studies and suggestions for future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Raee
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19395-4719, Iran
| | - Farshid Zandsalimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Fazeli
- Mehr Fertility Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahyar Aghapour
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zahra Shams Mofarahe
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Heidari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei Fathabadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19395-4719, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ye X, Chen L. Protective role of autophagy in triptolide-induced apoptosis of TM3 Leydig cells. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:265-274. [PMID: 37662886 PMCID: PMC10474888 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2021-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Triptolide (TP) is known to impair testicular development and spermatogenesis in mammals, but the mechanism of the side effects still needs to be investigated. The aim of the research is to confirm whether TP can cause autophagy in TM3 Leydig cells and the potential molecular pathway in vitro. Methods TM3 Leydig cells are used to investigate the molecular pathway through Western blot, detection of apoptosis, transmission electron microscopy for autophagosomes and so on. Results The data show that TP treatment resulted in the decreasing of the viability of TM3 cells due to the increased apoptosis. Treated with TP, the formation of autophagosomes, the decrease in P62, and the increase in the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II suggested the induction of autophagy. The induction of autophagy has accompanied the activation of the mTOR/P70S6K signal pathway. The viability of the TM3 cells was further inhibited when they were co-treated with autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ). Conclusion All these data suggest that autophagy plays a very important role in antagonizing TM3 cell apoptosis during the TP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ye
- Medical Center of Reproductive and Genetics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing100034, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Medical Center of Reproductive and Genetics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing100034, China
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Kościelecka K, Kuć A, Kubik-Machura D, Męcik-Kronenberg T, Włodarek J, Radko L. Endocrine Effect of Some Mycotoxins on Humans: A Clinical Review of the Ways to Mitigate the Action of Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:515. [PMID: 37755941 PMCID: PMC10535190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., which are commonly found in the environment, pose a serious global health problem. This study aims to present the results of epidemiological studies, including clinical cases, on the relationship between human exposure to some mycotoxins, especially zearalenone and aflatoxin, and the occurrence of reproductive disorders. In addition, examples of methods to reduce human exposure to mycotoxins are presented. In March 2023, various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science) were systematically searched using Google Chrome to identify studies evaluating the association between exposure to mycotoxins and the occurrence of complications related to impaired fertility or cancer incidence. The analysed data indicate that exposure to the evaluated mycotoxins is widespread and correlates strongly with precocious puberty, reduced fertility and increased cancer incidence in women and men worldwide. There is evidence to suggest that exposure to the Aspergillus mycotoxin aflatoxin (AF) during pregnancy can impair intrauterine foetal growth, promote neonatal jaundice and cause perinatal death and preterm birth. In contrast, exposure to the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) leads to precocious sexual development, infertility, the development of malformations and the development of breast cancer. Unfortunately, the development of methods (biological, chemical or physical) to completely eliminate exposure to mycotoxins has limited practical application. The threat to human health from mycotoxins is real and further research is needed to improve our knowledge and specific public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kościelecka
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Aleksandra Kuć
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Daria Kubik-Machura
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.); (D.K.-M.)
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska St. 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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Leung HKM, Lo EKK, Chen C, Zhang F, Ismaiah MJ, El-Nezami H. Zearalenone attenuates colitis associated colorectal tumorigenesis through Ras/Raf/ERK pathway suppression and SCFA-producing bacteria promotion. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114973. [PMID: 37269808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its leading death causing rate have placed a considerable burden on patients and healthcare providers. There is a need for a therapy that has fewer adverse effects and greater efficiency. Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin, has been demonstrated to exert apoptotic properties when administrated in higher doses. However, it is unclear whether such apoptotic effect remains valid in an in vivo setting. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ZEA on CRC and its underlying mechanisms in the azoxymethane/ dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) model. Our results revealed that ZEA significantly lowered the total number of tumours, colon weight, colonic crypt depth, collagen fibrosis and spleen weight. ZEA suppressed Ras/Raf/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway, increasing the expression of apoptosis parker, cleaved caspase 3, while decreasing the expression of proliferative marker, Ki67 and cyclin D1. The gut microbiota composition in ZEA group showed higher stability and lower vulnerability in the microbial community when compared to AOM/DSS group. ZEA increased the abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria unidentified Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroidies and Blautia, as well as the faecal acetate content. Notably, unidentified Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroidies were substantially correlated with the decrease in tumour count. Overall, ZEA demonstrated a promising inhibitory effect on colorectal tumorigenesis and exhibited the potential for further development as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Kit Matthew Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwun Kwan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Congjia Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marsena Jasiel Ismaiah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Liu X, Xi H, Han S, Zhang H, Hu J. Zearalenone induces oxidative stress and autophagy in goat Sertoli cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114571. [PMID: 36708663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin, can cause male reproductive damage and genotoxicity in mammals. Testicular oxidative injury is an important factor causing male sterility. Testicular Sertoli cells are essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility. At present, the mechanism of oxidative injury in dairy goat Sertoli cells after exposure to ZEA remains unclear. This study explored the effects of ZEA on oxidative stress and autophagy in dairy goat Sertoli cells. It was found that treatment of primary Sertoli cells with 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L ZEA for 24 h can promote ROS production, decrease cell viability, antioxidant enzyme activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, induce caspase-dependent cell apoptosis and autophagy activity. ZEA-induced autophagy was confirmed by LC3-I/LC3-II transformation. More importantly, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment can remarkably inhibit ZEA-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in Sertoli cells by eliminating ROS. In conclusion, this study indicates that ZEA induces oxidative stress and autophagy in dairy goat Sertoli cells by promoting ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaming Xi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiqi Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Duan J, Wang S, Cheng J, Chen H, Zhang Z, Yang L, Hua R, Li Q. Isorhamnetin protects porcine oocytes from zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 36732843 PMCID: PMC9896747 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zearalenone (ZEA) widely exists in moldy grains, which seriously destroys the fertility of females. Isorhamnetin, a natural flavonoid, has extensive of pharmacological activities. However, the beneficial effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of isorhamnetin involvement in ZEA-induced porcine oocyte damage have not been investigated. METHODS Oocytes were treated with different concentrations of ZEA (3, 5, 8 and 10 μmol/L) and isorhamnetin (5, 10, 20 and 30 μmol/L) for 44 h at 39 ℃. ZEA (5 μmol/L) and isorhamnetin (10 μmol/L) were selected for subsequent studies. Polar body exclusion rate, apoptosis rate and apoptosis related proteins, ROS levels and SOD2 protein, mitochondrial membrane potential and distribution, endoplasmic reticulum distribution and proteins expression, and PI3K, Akt and p-Akt proteins expression of oocytes were detected. In addition, the effect of PI3K antagonist (LY294002) on oocyte nuclear maturation and apoptosis were used to determine the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. RESULTS Our findings showed that ZEA exposure damaged oocytes and isorhamnetin therapy restored the developmental capability of porcine oocytes. Isorhamnetin promoted polar body extrusion rate to rescue ZEA-induced meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. Isorhamnetin alleviated ZEA-induced oxidative stress by stimulating SOD2 protein expression and inhibiting ROS production. Moreover, isorhamnetin enhanced normal mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ZEA. Changing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related marker proteins (CHOP, GRP78) and the distribution rate of normal endoplasmic reticulum showed that isorhamnetin relieved ZEA-caused endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, isorhamnetin decreased Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and inhibited ZEA-induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that isorhamnetin protects oocytes from ZEA-caused damage through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which enhances meiotic maturation and mitochondrial function, and inhibits early apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in porcine oocytes. Our study provides a new strategy for solving the reproductive toxicity induced by ZEA and treating woman infertility. A possible mechanism by which isorhamnetin protected porcine oocytes from ZEA-induced damage. Isorhamnetin inhibited meiosis arrest and apoptosis of porcine oocytes induced by ZEA through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, isorhamnetin repaired ZEA-induced oocyte damage by alleviating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyou Wang
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Cheng
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huali Chen
- grid.440649.b0000 0004 1808 3334School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongmao Hua
- grid.499351.30000 0004 6353 6136College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingwang Li
- grid.144022.10000 0004 1760 4150College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 People’s Republic of China
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Zhuge R, Li Z, He C, Ma W, Yan J, Xue Q, Wang R, Liu Y, Lu R, Du H, Yin F, Guo L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair hexavalent chromium-induced testicular injury by regulating autophagy and ferroptosis mediated by the AKT/mTOR pathway in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:289-299. [PMID: 36416502 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is no ideal therapy for testicular damage induced by Cr(VI); however, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation may be a promising therapy. A Cr(VI) solution was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection for 30 days, then BMSCs from donor rats were transplanted. Two weeks later, decreased activity and appetite, along with other pathological changes, were improved in the BMSCs group. The location of BMSCs in damaged testes was observed via laser confocal microscopy. Chromium content in the Cr(VI) and BMSCs groups significantly increased compared with that in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups, as revealed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The ferrous iron and the total iron content of testes in the BMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the Cr(VI) group, as observed by Lillie staining and a tissue iron assay kit. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the expression of Beclin 1, LC3B, 4-hydroxynonenal, and transferrin receptor 1 was decreased in the BMSCs group, compared with the Cr(VI) group. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), SLC7A11, p-AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-mTOR in the BMSCs group was higher than that in the Cr(VI) group. Taken together, we propose that BMSCs repair Cr(VI)-damaged testes by alleviating ferroptosis and downregulating autophagy-associated proteins through the upregulation of AKT and mTOR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijian Zhuge
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhongrun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Changhao He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenxuan Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rifeng Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haiying Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Balló A, Busznyákné Székvári K, Czétány P, Márk L, Török A, Szántó Á, Máté G. Estrogenic and Non-Estrogenic Disruptor Effect of Zearalenone on Male Reproduction: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021578. [PMID: 36675103 PMCID: PMC9862602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
According to some estimates, at least 70% of feedstuffs and finished feeds are contaminated with one or more mycotoxins and, due to its significant prevalence, both animals and humans are highly likely to be exposed to these toxins. In addition to health risks, they also cause economic issues. From a healthcare point of view, zearalenone (ZEA) and its derivatives have been shown to exert many negative effects. Specifically, ZEA has hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, intestinal toxicity, reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption effects. Of these effects, male reproductive deterioration and processes that lead to this have been reviewed in this study. Papers are reviewed that demonstrate estrogenic effects of ZEA due to its analogy to estradiol and how these effects may influence male reproductive cells such as spermatozoa, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Data that employ epigenetic effects of ZEA are also discussed. We discuss literature data demonstrating that reactive oxygen species formation in ZEA-exposed cells plays a crucial role in diminished spermatogenesis; reduced sperm motility, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential; altered intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities; and increased rates of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation; thereby resulting in reduced pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Balló
- Pannon Reproduction Institute, 8300 Tapolca, Hungary
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Péter Czétány
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Márk
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Human Reproduction Scientific Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Török
- Pannon Reproduction Institute, 8300 Tapolca, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Szántó
- Pannon Reproduction Institute, 8300 Tapolca, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Máté
- Pannon Reproduction Institute, 8300 Tapolca, Hungary
- Urology Clinic, Clinical Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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9
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Yang C, Chen Y, Yang M, Li J, Wu Y, Fan H, Kong X, Ning C, Wang S, Xiao W, Yuan Z, Yi J, Wu J. Betulinic acid alleviates zearalenone-induced uterine injury in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120435. [PMID: 36257561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin with estrogen-like biological activity, which widely present in feed and raw materials, with strong reproductive system toxicity and a major threat to animal reproduction. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural plant compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism of ZEA-induced uterine injury and the protective effect of BA have not been reported. Our results show that ZEA could cause uterine histopathological damage and cellular ultrastructural damage, affecting the secretion of sex hormones, such as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and increase the mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα). ZEA could inhibit the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), increase the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cause uterine oxidative stress. Furthermore, ZEA affected the homeostasis of uterine cell proliferation and death by regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ZEA-induced uterine injury might be related to the activation of p38/ERK MAPK signaling pathway. However, the regulatory effect of ZEA on the uterus was reversed after BA treatment. In conclusion, the uterus is an important target organ attacked by ZEA, and BA showed a good therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yunqin Chen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Mengran Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - You Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Can Ning
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jine Yi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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10
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Yan Q, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yuan L. Autophagy: A Double-Edged Sword in Male Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315273. [PMID: 36499597 PMCID: PMC9741305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cell reprogramming mechanism, exists in all eukaryotic organisms. It is a fundamental and vital degradation/recycling pathway that removes undesirable components, such as cytoplasmic organelles, misfolded proteins, viruses, and intracellular bacteria, to provide energy and essential materials for organisms. The success of male reproduction depends on healthy testes, which are mainly composed of seminiferous tubules and mesenchyme. Seminiferous tubules are composed of Sertoli cells (SCs) and various germ cells, and the main functional part of mesenchyme are Leydig cells (LCs). In recent years, a large amount of evidence has confirmed that autophagy is active in many cellular events associated with the testes. Autophagy is not only important for testicular spermatogenesis, but is also an essential regulatory mechanism for the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) integrity of SCs, as well as for the normal function of the blood-testes barrier (BTB). At the same time, it is active in LCs and is crucial for steroid production and for maintaining testosterone levels. In this review, we expanded upon the narration regarding the composition of the testes; summarized the regulation and molecular mechanism of autophagy in SCs, germ cells, and LCs; and concluded the roles of autophagy in the process of spermatogenesis and testicular endocrinology. Through integrating the latest summaries and advances, we discuss how the role of autophagy is a double-edged sword in the testes and may provide insight for future studies and explorations on autophagy in male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ligang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (L.Y.)
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11
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Luo S, Liu Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Tian Y, Yang W, Li J, Chen Y. Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives in Feed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Isotope Dilution. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110764. [PMID: 36356014 PMCID: PMC9697342 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of zearalenone and its five derivatives in feed, including zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. An effective immunoaffinity column was prepared for sample purification, which was followed by the silane derivatization of the eluate after an immunoaffinity chromatography analysis for target compounds by GC-MS. Matrix effects were corrected by an isotope internal standard of zearalenone in this method. The six analytes had a good linear relationship in the range of 2-500 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were less than 1.5 μg/kg and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The average spike recoveries for the six feed matrices ranged from 89.6% to 112.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12.6%. Twenty actual feed samples were analyzed using the established method, and at least one target was detected. The established GC-MS method was proven to be reliable and suitable for the determination of zearalenone and its derivatives in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
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12
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Rotimi DE, Singh SK. Interaction between apoptosis and autophagy in testicular function. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14602. [PMID: 36161318 DOI: 10.1111/and.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several processes including oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy are related to testicular function. Recent studies indicate that a crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy is essential in regulating testicular function. Autophagy and apoptosis communicate with each other in a complex way, allowing them to work for or against each other in testicular cell survival and death. Several xenobiotics especially endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have caused reproductive toxicity because of their potential to modify the rate of autophagy and trigger apoptosis. Therefore, the purpose of the present review was to shed light on how autophagy and apoptosis interact together in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare E Rotimi
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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13
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Zearalenone Induces MLKL-Dependent Necroptosis in Goat Endometrial Stromal Cells via the Calcium Overload/ROS Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710170. [PMID: 36077566 PMCID: PMC9456174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a fungal mycotoxin known to exert strong reproductive toxicity in animals. As a newly identified type of programmed cell death, necroptosis is regulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). However, the role and mechanism of necroptosis in ZEA toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed the involvement of necroptosis in ZEA-induced cell death in goat endometrial stromal cells (gESCs). The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the production of PI-positive cells markedly increased. At the same time, the expression of RIPK1 and RIPK3 mRNAs and P-RIPK3 and P-MLKL proteins were significantly upregulated in ZEA-treated gESCs. Importantly, the MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) dramatically attenuated gESCs necroptosis and powerfully blocked ZEA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited ZEA-induced cell death. In addition, the inhibition of MLKL alleviated the intracellular Ca2+ overload caused by ZEA. The calcium chelator BAPTA-AM markedly suppressed ROS production and mitochondrial damage, thus inhibiting ZEA-induced necroptosis. Therefore, our results revealed the mechanism by which ZEA triggers gESCs necroptosis, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for ZEA poisoning.
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14
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Rudolph TE, Roach CM, Baumgard LH, Ross JW, Keating AF, Selsby JT. The impact of Zearalenone on heat-stressed skeletal muscle in pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652325. [PMID: 35908787 PMCID: PMC9339304 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) and Zearalenone (ZEN) exposure affect growth, production efficiency, and animal welfare; and, under extreme situations, both can be lethal. Given that both HS and ZEN independently cause oxidative stress, we hypothesized that simultaneous exposure to HS and ZEN would cause greater oxidative stress in porcine skeletal muscle than either condition, alone. To address this hypothesis, crossbred, prepubertal gilts were treated with either vehicle control (cookie dough) or ZEN (40 μg/kg) and exposed to either thermoneutral (TN; 21.0 °C) or 12-h diurnal HS conditions (night: 32.2 °C; day: 35.0 °C) for 7 d. Pigs were euthanized immediately following the environmental challenge and the glycolytic (STW) and oxidative (STR) portions of the semitendinosus muscle were collected for analysis. In STR, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, a marker of oxidative stress, tended to increase following ZEN exposure (P = 0.08). HS increased CAT (P = 0.019) and SOD1 (P = 0.049) protein abundance, while ZEN decreased GPX1 protein abundance (P = 0.064) and activity (P = 0.036). In STR, HS did not alter protein expression of HSP27, HSP70, or HSP90. Conversely, in STW, MDA-modified proteins remained similar between all groups. Consistent with STR, ZEN decreased GPX1 (P = 0.046) protein abundance in STW. In STW, ZEN decreased protein abundance of HSP27 (P = 0.032) and pHSP27 (P = 0.0068), while HS increased protein expression of HSP70 (P = 0.04) and HSP90 (P = 0.041). These data suggest a muscle fiber type-specific response to HS or ZEN exposure, potentially rendering STR more susceptible to HS- and/or ZEN-induced oxidative stress, however, the combination of HS and ZEN did not augment oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Crystal M Roach
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Josh T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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15
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Yang ZK, Li DW, Peng L, Liu CF, Wang ZY. Transcriptomic responses of the zearalenone (ZEN)-detoxifying yeast Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113756. [PMID: 35691196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a potent oestrogenic mycotoxin that is mainly produced by Fusarium species and is a serious environmental pollutant in animal feeds. Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans has been widely used as a feed additive to detoxify ZEN. However, the effects of ZEN on A. mycotoxinivorans and its detoxification mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses were used to investigate the molecular responses of A. mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure and the genetic basis of ZEN detoxification. We detected 1424 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 446 were upregulated and 978 were downregulated. Functional and enrichment analyses showed that ZEN-induced genes were significantly associated with xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress response, and active transport systems. However, ZEN-inhibited genes were mainly related to cell division, cell cycle, and fungal development. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis identified candidate ZEN-detoxification enzymes. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases and carboxylesterases, which are responsible for the formation and subsequent hydrolysis of a new ZEN lactone, respectively, were significantly upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to conjugation and transport involved in the xenobiotic detoxification pathway were significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding enzymatic antioxidants and those related to growth and apoptosis were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, which made it possible for A. mycotoxinivorans to survive in a highly toxic environment and efficiently detoxify ZEN. This is the first systematic report of ZEN tolerance and detoxification in A. mycotoxinivorans. We identified the metabolic enzymes that were potentially involved in detoxifying ZEN in the GMU1709 strain and found that ZEN-induced transcriptional regulation of genes is key to withstanding highly toxic environments. Hence, our results provide valuable information for developing enzymatic detoxification systems or engineering this detoxification pathway in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Yang
- Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- Innovation Centre for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Yan R, Wang H, Zhu J, Wang T, Nepovimova E, Long M, Li P, Kuca K, Wu W. Procyanidins inhibit zearalenone-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress of porcine testis cells through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113061. [PMID: 35489465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in food and feed seriously harms human and animal health. How to reduce its toxicity is an important direction of current research on food safety. This study aim to assess the effects of procyanidins (PC) on cell apoptosis caused by ZEA and to clarify the role of Nrf2 in the process. Swine testicle (ST) cells were treated with ZEA (57.5 μmol/L) and/or PC (10 mg/L) for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis and the level of ROS were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of mRNA and protein was detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Our results showed that ZEA reduced the antioxidant capacity of the ST cells, induced the cell apoptosis and inhibited the gene and protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes (ho-1,nqo1), while PC improved the cell antioxidant capacity, reduced the degree of ZEA-induced cell apoptosis and promoted the gene and protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes. However, when the Nrf2 small molecule inhibitor ML385 was added, the ability of PC to inhibit ZEA-induced cell apoptosis and promote the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes were decreased. Our results demonstrated that ZEA induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of ST cells, which were alleviated by PC intervention via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. This finding of this study provided a molecular basis for the clinical application of PC to prevent ZEN-caused reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiangning Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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17
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Bai J, Zhou Y, Luo X, Hai J, Si X, Li J, Fu H, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Roles of stress response-related signaling and its contribution to the toxicity of zearalenone in mammals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3326-3345. [PMID: 35751400 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal-derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing, P. R. China
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18
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Shahidi M, Moradi A, Dayati P. Zingerone attenuates zearalenone-induced steroidogenesis impairment and apoptosis in TM3 Leydig cell line. Toxicon 2022; 211:50-60. [PMID: 35331755 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zingerone1 (Zing) is one of the bioactive compounds of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), whose beneficial effects have been reported previously on reproductive organ complications. The current study purposed to survey probable protective impacts of Zing against Zearalenone (ZEA)-induced changes in the TM3 Leydig cell line. Exposure of TM3 cells to ZEA (25 μM) attenuates the levels of testosterone and steroidogenesis-related genes, which was reversed by 25 μM of Zing. ZEA also induced ROS generation and apoptosis in TM3 cells. Zing treatment improved the stress oxidative and apoptosis-related changes induced by ZEA in TM3 cells by modulating autophagy-related proteins and activating PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Nrf2 pathways. The findings of this study represented a theoretical basis for Zing's protective actions against ZEA toxic effects on TM3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamsadat Shahidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Lee R, Kim DW, Lee WY, Park HJ. Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in a Spermatogonia Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020148. [PMID: 35202175 PMCID: PMC8878478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a widely known mycotoxin, is mainly produced by various Fusarium species, and it is a potent estrogenic metabolite that affects reproductive health in livestock and humans. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and cell damage induced by ZEN in GC-1 spermatogonia (spg) cells were evaluated. Our results showed that cell viability decreased and apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner when GC-1 spg cells were exposed to ZEN. In addition, the key proteins involved in apoptosis, cleaved caspase-3 and -8, BAD, BAX, and phosphorylation of p53 and ERK1/2, were significantly increased in ZEN-exposed GC-1 spg cells for 24 h, and cytochrome c was released from mitochondria by ZEN. Interestingly, ZEN also triggered autophagy in GC-1 spg cells. The expression levels of the autophagy-related genes Atg5, Atg3, Beclin 1, LC3, Ulk1, Bnip 3, and p62 were significantly higher in ZEN-treated GC-1 spg cells, and the protein levels of both LC3A/B and Atg12 were remarkably increased in a dose-dependent manner in ZEN-exposed GC-1 spg cells compared to the control. In addition, immunostaining results showed that ZEN-treated groups showed a remarkable increase in LC 3A/B positive puncta as compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner based on confocal microscopy analysis in GC-1 spg cells. Our findings suggest that ZEN has toxic effects on tGC-1 spg cells and induces both apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Swine & Poultry Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1515, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54874, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Beef & Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, 1515, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54874, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Sangji University, 83, Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si 26339, Gangwon-do, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-730-0543
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20
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Sun L, Dai J, Xu J, Yang J, Zhang D. Comparative Cytotoxic Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Exposure to Porcine Leydig Cells In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020113. [PMID: 35202140 PMCID: PMC8875536 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T-2) are the most poisonous biological toxins in food pollution. Mycotoxin contaminations are a global health issue. The aim of the current study was to use porcine Leydig cells as a model to explore the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of ZEN, DON and T-2. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ZEN was 49.71 μM, and the IC50 values of DON and T-2 were 2.49 μM and 97.18 nM, respectively. Based on the values of IC50, ZEN, DON and T-2 exposure resulted in increased cell apoptosis, as well as disrupted mitochondria membrane potential and cell cycle distribution. The results also showed that ZEN and DON significantly reduced testosterone and progesterone secretion in Leydig cells, but T-2 only reduced testosterone secretion. Furthermore, the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly decreased by ZEN, DON and T-2; whereas the protein expression of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) was only significantly decreased by ZEN. Altogether, these data suggest that the ZEN, DON and T-2 toxins resulted in reproductive toxicity involving the inhibition of steroidogenesis and cell proliferation, which contributes to the cellular apoptosis induced by mitochondrial injury in porcine Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (L.S.); (J.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (L.S.); (J.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiehuan Xu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (L.S.); (J.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
| | - Defu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (L.S.); (J.D.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (D.Z.)
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21
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Savard C, Gawhary S, Boyer A, Chorfi Y. Assessment of Zearalenone-Induced Cell Survival and of Global Gene Regulation in Mouse TM4 Sertoli Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020098. [PMID: 35202126 PMCID: PMC8874968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal xenoestrogen mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium fungal species, which are common contaminants of cereal crops destined for worldwide human and animal consumption. ZEA has been reported in various male reproduction dysfonctions, including decreased fertility potential. In this report, the direct effect of ZEA on the immature Sertoli TM4 cell line was evaluated. The results show that high concentrations of ZEA increase reactive oxygen species via the activation of MAPK signaling. Transcriptome analysis was performed on the TM4 cell line treated with ZEA, and genes involved in sex differentiation (Fgfr2, Igf1, Notch1, Sox9) and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation (Ctgf, Fam20a, Fbn1, Mmp9, Postn, Sparcl1, Spp1) were identified at the center of the functional protein association network, suggesting that ZEA could be detrimental to the early steps of Sertoli cell differentiation.
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22
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Zhu W, Ge M, Li X, Wang J, Wang P, Tai T, Wang Y, Sun J, Shi G. Hyperoside Attenuates Zearalenone-induced spleen injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108408. [PMID: 34920313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin contaminant that causes immune toxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in animals. Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonol glycoside compound with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the potential of Hyp to prevent ZEA-induced spleen injury remains unknown. To evaluate the chemoprotective effect of Hyp against ZEA-induced spleen injury, 60 male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into five groups. The first two groups were orally treated with ZEA (40 mg/kg) for 30 days, and combined with Hyp (0, 100 mg/kg) treatment. The other three groups are orally treated with normal saline, olive oil, or Hyp (100 mg/kg) for 30 days. Hyperoside had an inhibitory effect against ZEA-induced spleen lesions. In addition, Hyp significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT)], the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content reducing ZEA-induced oxidative stress in the spleen. Moreover, the translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target genes (CAT, NQO1, SOD1, GSS, GCLM, and GCLC) were ameliorated using co-therapy with Hyp before treatment with ZEA. Hyperoside also significantly inhibited the translation and expression of apoptotic genes (caspase3, casepase9, Bax, Bcl-2) and the production of apoptotic bodies induced by ZEA in the spleen. In conclusion, the findings revealed that Hyp inhibited ZEA-induced spleen injury through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Thus, it provides a new treatment option for immune system diseases caused by ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiuyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - PanPan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Tiange Tai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianxu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Guangliang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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23
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Wei CC, Yang NC, Huang CW. Zearalenone Induces Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration via DRP-1-Involved Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Apoptosis in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson's Disease Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12030-12038. [PMID: 34586801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in foods has been reported worldwide, resulting in potential risks to food safety. However, the toxic mechanism of ZEN on neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study conducted in vivo ZEN neurotoxicity assessment on Parkinson's disease (PD)-related dopaminergic neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results demonstrated that dopaminergic neuron damage was induced by ZEN exposure (1.25, 10, and 50 μM), and dopaminergic neuron-related behaviors were adversely affected subsequently. Additionally, the mitochondrial fragmentation was significantly increased by ZEN exposure. Moreover, upregulated expression of mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis-related genes (drp-1, egl-1, ced-4, and ced-3) revealed the crucial role of DRP-1 on ZEN-induced neurotoxicity, which was further confirmed by drp-1 mutant and RNAi assays. In conclusion, our study indicates ZEN-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration via DRP-1-involved mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis, which might cause harmful effects on PD-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
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24
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Ariafar S, Oftadeh Harsin A, Fadaiie A, Mahboobian MM, Mohammadi M. Toxicity effects of mycotoxins and autophagy: a mechanistic view. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1711416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ariafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Oftadeh Harsin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Fadaiie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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25
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Wu S, Zhong G, Wan F, Jiang X, Tang Z, Hu T, Rao G, Lan J, Hussain R, Tang L, Zhang H, Huang R, Hu L. Evaluation of toxic effects induced by arsenic trioxide or/and antimony on autophagy and apoptosis in testis of adult mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54647-54660. [PMID: 34014480 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and antimony (Sb) are well-known ubiquitous environmental contaminants and cause unpromising male reproductive effects in target and non-target exposed organisms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ATO or/and Sb on process of autophagy, apoptosis, and reproductive organ in adult mice. For this reason, a total of 32 adult mice were randomly divided into different groups like control group, ATO-treated group, Sb-treated group, and combined group. The duration of current experimental trial was 2 months. Various adverse effects of ATO or/and Sb on sperm parameters, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis were determined in testis of mice. Results indicated that parameters of sperm quality for organ coefficient, sperm count, ratio of sperm survival, testosterone level, and germ cells were significantly decreased, while malformation rate and vacuolization significantly increased in mice exposed to different treatments. Furthermore, the status of antioxidant index of T-AOC, SOD, and MsrB1 levels was reduced, while MDA increased significantly in ATO + Sb group. Results on TEM investigation determined that the autophagosomes, autolysosome, nuclear pyknosis, and chromatin condensation were prominent ailments, and the levels of autophagy and pro-apoptosis indictors including Beclin1, Atg-5, LC3B/LC3A, caspase-8, cytc, cleaved caspase-3, p53, and Bax were up-regulated in treated group, while the content of an anti-apoptosis maker (Bcl-2) was down-regulated. In conclusion, the results of our experiment suggested that abnormal process of autophagy and apoptosis was triggered by arsenic and antimony, and intensity of toxic effects increased in combined treatments of ATO and Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gaolong Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fang Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuanxuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gan Rao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Juan Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Lixuan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Riming Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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26
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Li L, Zhang T, Ren X, Li B, Wang S. Male reproductive toxicity of zearalenone-meta-analysis with mechanism review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112457. [PMID: 34175827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an oestrogen-like mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, which has a considerable impact on human and animal health and results in substantial economic losses worldwide. This study aimed to demonstrate the reproductive injury induced by ZEA in rodents. We conducted a rigorous meta-analysis of the related literature via PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The scope of the study includes the following: development of reproductive organs, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; parameters of Leydig cells; and parameters of semen. In total, 19 articles were reviewed. Compared with the control group, the increased relative epididymis weight, increased serum oestradiol level, and decreased LH levels in the prenatally exposed group were observed. In pubertal and adult rodents, the relative testicular weight, serum oestradiol level, Leydig cell number, and percentage of ST (+) Leydig cells decreased under ZEA exposure. In rodents at all ages, decreased serum testosterone level, sperm concentration, sperm motility rate, and increased serum deformity rate were observed in exposed groups compared with control groups. Although subgroup analysis failed to identify a clear dose-response relationship between ZEA exposure and reproductive system damage in male rodents, we still managed to confirm that zearalenone could decrease the serum testosterone level at the dosage of 50 mg/kg*day, 1.4 mg/kg*day, and 84 mg/kg*day, of prenatal, pubertal, and mature rodents respectively; pubertal zearalenone exposure impairs the quality and quantity of sperms of rodents at the dosage of 1.4 mg/kg*day and mature zearalenone exposure has the same effect at the dosage of 84 mg/kg*day. In conclusion, we found that ZEA exposure can cause considerable damage to the reproductive system of rodents of all ages. While the exact underlying mechanism of ZEA-induced toxicity in the reproductive system remains largely unknown, the theories of oestrogen-like effects and oxidative stress damage are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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27
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Jin J, Beekmann K, Ringø E, Rietjens IM, Xing F. Interaction between food-borne mycotoxins and gut microbiota: A review. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Yi Y, Wan S, Wang S, Khan A, Guo J, Zheng X, Li H, Sun N. Scutellarin protects mouse ovarian granulosa cells from injury induced by the toxin zearalenone. Food Funct 2021; 12:1252-1261. [PMID: 33433546 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), present in animal grain feed is produced by Fusarium fungi and this toxin targets ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) to cause reproductive disorders in female animals. Current research on drugs that can rescue ZEA-induced ovarian GC damage is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of scutellarin (Scu) on ZEA-induced apoptosis of mouse ovarian GCs and its mechanism. In one set of experiments, the primary cultured mouse ovarian GCs were co-treated with ZEA and Scu for 24 h. The results showed that Scu significantly alleviated ZEA-induced cell damage, restored cell cycle arrest, and inhibited apoptosis by reducing the ratio of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, and Bax/Bcl-2. In another set of experiments, six-week-old mice were intragastrically administered with 40 mg kg-1 ZEA for 2 h, followed by 100 mg kg-1 Scu for 3 days. It was observed that Scu inhibited ZEA-induced apoptosis and positive signal expression of cleaved-caspase-3 in the ovarian granulosa layer, with the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These data provide strong evidence that Scu can be further developed as a potential new therapeutic drug for preventing or treating reproductive toxicity caused by the exposure of animals to ZEA found in the grains of animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuangxiu Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China. and School of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze 274000, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- School of Community Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Yan H, Li C, Zou C, Xin X, Li X, Li H, Li Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen H, Ge RS. Perfluoroundecanoic acid inhibits Leydig cell development in pubertal male rats via inducing oxidative stress and autophagy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 415:115440. [PMID: 33549592 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) is one of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids. However, the effect of PFUnA on pubertal development of Leydig cells remains unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of PFUnA on Leydig cell development in pubertal male rats. We orally dosed male Sprague-Dawley rats (age 35 days) with PFUnA at doses of 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 35 to PND 56. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were remarkably reduced by PFUnA at ≥1 mg/kg while serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were lowered at 5 and 10 mg/kg. PFUnA down-regulated the expression of Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b3, Hsd11b1, Insl3, Nr5a1, Fshr, Dhh, Sod1, and Sod2 and their proteins in the testis and the expression of Lhb and Fshb in the pituitary. PFUnA reduced Leydig cell number at 5 and 10 mg/kg. PFUnA induced oxidative stress and increased autophagy. These may result from the inhibition of phosphorylation of mTOR, AKT1, AKT2, and ERK1/2 in the testis. In conclusion, PFUnA exhibits inhibitory effects on pubertal Leydig cell development possibly via inducing oxidative stress and increasing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoni Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu Xin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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30
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Wang J, Han S, Zhang Y, Ma M, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Yin H. Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Granulosa Cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:199. [PMID: 33802158 PMCID: PMC7999718 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin found in several food commodities worldwide. ZEA causes reproductive disorders, genotoxicity, and testicular toxicity in animals. However, little is known about the functions of apoptosis and autophagy after exposure to ZEA in granulosa cells. This study investigated the effects of ZEA on chicken granulosa cells. The results show that ZEA at different doses significantly inhibited the growth of chicken granulosa cells by inducing apoptosis. ZEA treatment up-regulated Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 expression, promoted cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and triggered mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, caspase-9 and downstream effector caspase-3 were activated, resulting in chicken granulosa cells apoptosis. ZEA treatment also upregulated LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression, suggesting that ZEA induced a high level of autophagy. Pretreatment with chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor) and rapamycin (an autophagy inducer) increased and decreased the rate of apoptosis, respectively, in contrast with other ZEA-treated groups. Autophagy delayed apoptosis in the ZEA-treated cells. Therefore, autophagy may prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis by reducing ZEA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, our results further show that the autophagy was stimulated by ZEA through PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in chicken granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.Z.)
| | - Heng Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jianping Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.Z.)
| | - Shunshun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Menggen Ma
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Keying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.Z.)
| | - Huadong Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
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31
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Zearalenone Induces Endothelial Cell Apoptosis through Activation of a Cytosolic Ca 2+/ERK1/2/p53/Caspase 3 Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030187. [PMID: 33806711 PMCID: PMC8001463 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that has been reported to damage various types of cells/tissues, yet its effects on endothelial cells (ECs) have never been investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the potential effects of ZEN using bovine aortic ECs (BAECs). In this study, we found that ZEN induced apoptosis of BAECs through increased cleavage of caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). ZEN also increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p53, and treatment with the ERK1/2 or p53 inhibitor reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis. Transfection of BAECs with small interfering RNA against ERK1/2 or p53 revealed ERK1/2 as an upstream target of p53 in ZEN-stimulated apoptosis. ZEN increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), yet treatment with the antioxidant did not prevent EC apoptosis. Similarly, blocking of estrogen receptors by specific inhibitors also did not prevent ZEN-induced apoptosis. Finally, chelation of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) using BAPTA-AM or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channel using 2-APB reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis, but not by inhibiting ER stress using 4-PBA. Together, our findings demonstrate that ZEN induces EC apoptosis through an ERK1/2/p53/caspase 3 signaling pathway activated by Ca2+ release from the ER, and this pathway is independent of ROS production and estrogen receptor activation.
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Zhao L, Xiao Y, Li C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma T, Yang L, Wang X, Jiang H, Li Q, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Zearalenone perturbs the circadian clock and inhibits testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:112-124. [PMID: 33148124 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1841699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin, is known to impair reproductive capability by disrupting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells (LCs), although the mechanism is unknown. Robust rhythmicity of circadian clock and steroidogenic genes were identified in LCs. The aim of this study was to examine whether ZEA significantly attenuated the transcription of core clock genes (Bmal1, Dbp, Per2, and Nr1d1) as well as steroidogenic genes (StAR, Hsd3b2, and Cyp11a1) in mouse testis Leydig cell line (TM3). Western blotting confirmed declines in BMAL1, NR1D1, and StAR protein levels. ZEA also suppressed secreted testosterone levels. In primary LCs, isolated from PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter gene knock in mice, ZEA diminished the amplitude of PER2::LUC expression, and induced a phase shift and period extension. In primary LCs, ZEA also suppressed the expression levels of core clock and steroidogenic genes, reduced protein levels of BMAL1, and decreased testosterone secretion. In vivo expression of core clock and steroidogenic genes were reduced in testes of mice exposed to ZEA for 1 week leading to decreased serum testosterone levels. In summary, data suggest that ZEA may impair testosterone synthesis through attenuation of the circadian clock in LCs culminating in reproductive dysfunction in male mammals .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaoyao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Cuimei Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaojia Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Luda Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Qian Li
- Medical Experiment Centre, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, China
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Xu Y, Sun MH, Li XH, Ju JQ, Chen LY, Sun YR, Sun SC. Modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate-supplemented diet protects porcine oocyte quality from zearalenone toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:124-132. [PMID: 32683748 DOI: 10.1002/em.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxins produced by fungus in contaminated feed. ZEN has multiple toxicities, including reproductive toxicity of domestic animals, particularly pigs. However, studies on the effects of ZEN on ovary/oocytes have been primarily based on in vitro experiments, and there is still no evidence from porcine in vivo models due to multiple limitations. Moreover, no report has investigated the effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) as a supplement on pig oocyte quality. In the present study, we fed pigs a 1.0 mg/kg ZEN-contaminated diet for 10 days. The results showed that pigs fed ZEN presented reduced oocyte-cumulus cell interactions, an increase in the number of denuded oocytes in ovaries, a decrease in the number of oocytes in each ovary, and an increase in the oocyte death rate. Oocytes from ZEN-exposed pigs exhibited a delayed cell cycle and abnormal cytoskeletal dynamics during meiotic maturation, which could be due to oxidative stress-induced autophagy. Moreover, we also show that supplementing the ZEN-contaminated diet with modified HSCAS effectively protected porcine oocyte quality. Taken together, our study provides in vivo data demonstrating the protective effects of HSCAS against ZEN toxicity in porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yu-Rong Sun
- Jiangsu Aomai Bio-tech Company, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Pan P, Ma F, Wu K, Yu Y, Li Y, Li Z, Chen X, Huang T, Wang Y, Ge RS. Maternal exposure to zearalenone in masculinization window affects the fetal Leydig cell development in rat male fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114357. [PMID: 32229375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a phenolic Fusarium mycotoxin, which is ubiquitous in human and animal feedstuff and often co-occurs with other mycotoxins. ZEA has been reported to disturb Leydig cell function and even cause the apoptosis to the Leydig cells. However, the effects of gestational exposure to zearalenone on fetal Leydig cells and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Sprague Dawley dams were daily gavaged with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight ZEA from gestational day 14-21. On gestational day 21, rats were euthanized and serum testosterone levels were measured, and testes were collected for further evaluation of Leydig cell number, cell size, gene, and protein expression. Zearalenone significantly decreased anogenital distance and its index of male fetus, serum testosterone levels, Leydig cell proteins (SCARB1, STAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and INSL3), and fetal Leydig cell number at 10 and/or 20 mg/kg by delaying the commitment of stem Leydig cells into the Leydig cell lineage and proliferation. Further study found that Notch signaling (RFNG, PSEN1, NOTCH1, and NOTCH3) was up-regulated by zearalenone. In conclusion, gestational exposure to high doses of zearalenone (10 and 20 mg/kg) blocks fetal Leydig cell development, thus possibly causing the anomalies of the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Keyang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yige Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Sun D, Cui S. Zearalenone affects reproductive functions of male offspring via transgenerational cytotoxicity on spermatogonia in mouse. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108766. [PMID: 32339757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Zearalenone (ZEA) affects not only maternal reproductive function but also that of the offspring. However, the transgenerational toxic effects of ZEA on the spermatogonia of male F1 mice are not clear. The present study was thus designed to determine whether the fertility of male F1 mice was affected following exposure of F0 pregnant mice to ZEA. In present study, 32 pregnant female mice were divided into 4 groups and exposed to ZEA of 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, and the testis development and reproductive performance of 96 male F1 mice were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the F0 pregnant mice treated with ZEA resulted in increased anogenital distances in the newborn male F1 mice. Moreover, ZEA caused abnormal vacuole structures and loose connections in the testes of male F1 offspring, compared with the controls. Further ultramicrostructural analysis showed that the mitochondria appeared to be vacuolated with ablated membranes and cristae, and this was accompanied by the presence of large lipid droplets in the spermatogonia. Further, the semen quality and sperm counts declined significantly, and increased malformation rates and decreased testosterone levels were observed in the male F1 offspring from experimental groups. Our results reveal the toxic effects of ZEA on F0 pregnant mice is transgenerational, and affects the fertility of male F1 mice by damaging the spermatogonial cells. This offers a new viewpoint of ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity in male animals and provides a new potential direction for the treatment and prevention of ZEA-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Chen S, Yang S, Wang M, Chen J, Huang S, Wei Z, Cheng Z, Wang H, Long M, Li P. Curcumin inhibits zearalenone-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in Leydig cells via modulation of the PTEN/Nrf2/Bip signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lee HJ, Park JH, Oh SY, Cho DH, Kim S, Jo I. Zearalenone-Induced Interaction between PXR and Sp1 Increases Binding of Sp1 to a Promoter Site of the eNOS, Decreasing Its Transcription and NO Production in BAECs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060421. [PMID: 32630586 PMCID: PMC7354576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycotoxin that has various toxicological impacts on mammalian health. Here, we found that ZEN significantly affected the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). A promoter analysis using 5′-serially deleted human eNOS promoter revealed that the proximal region (−135 to +22) was responsible for ZEN-mediated reduction of the human eNOS promoter activity. This effect was reversed by mutation of two specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding elements in the human eNOS promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that ZEN increased Sp1 binding to the bovine eNOS promoter region (−113 to −12), which is homologous to −135 to +22 of the human eNOS promoter region. We also found that ZEN promoted the binding of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) to Sp1 of the bovine eNOS, consequently decreasing eNOS expression. This reduction of eNOS could have contributed to the decreased acetylcholine-induced vessel relaxation upon ZEN treatment in our ex vivo study using mouse aortas. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ZEN decreases eNOS expression by enhancing the binding of PXR-Sp1 to the eNOS promoter, thereby decreasing NO production and potentially causing vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Se-Young Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea; (D.-H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea; (D.-H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 82-2-6986-6267
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Güner A. Toxic and irritant effects induced by zearalenone: prevention by taurine. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1777432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adem Güner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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Yi Y, Wan S, Hou Y, Cheng J, Guo J, Wang S, Khan A, Sun N, Li H. Chlorogenic acid rescues zearalenone induced injury to mouse ovarian granulosa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110401. [PMID: 32143102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a toxic substance produced by Fusarium fungi, accumulated in cereals grain and animal feed, causes injury to humans and animals. ZEA can induce obvious reproductive toxicity with the ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) as the main target. However, the study on exploring the protective compounds against ZEA-induced mouse primary ovarian GCs damage remains less. In the current study, the protective effect of 20 compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) on the injury of mouse GCs caused by ZEA were evaluated using MTT assay and the cell morphology. Our results showed that chlorogenic acid (250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) significantly suppress ZEA-induced GCs death. Western blot analysis suggested chlorogenic acid could rescue the up-regulated apoptosis of GCs induced by ZEA via attenuating the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-PARP. Our results provide strong evidence that chlorogenic acid warrants further optimization for more potent and safer compounds for against the ZEA lead toxicity to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Yi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - ShuangXiu Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze, Shangdong, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - YaXin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - JianHua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- School of Community Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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The Fusarium mycotoxin, 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD) induces vacuolization in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2020; 433-434:152405. [PMID: 32044396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin 2-Amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD) has been isolated from cultures of the fungus Fusarium avenaceum, one of the most prevalent Fusarium species. AOD is an analogue of sphinganine and 1-deoxysphinganine, important intermediates in the de novo biosynthesis of cellular sphingolipids. Here we studied cellular effects of AOD using the human liver cell line HepG2 as a model system. AOD (10 μM) induced a transient accumulation of vacuoles in the cells. The effect was observed at non-cytotoxic concentrations and was not linked to cell death processes. Proteomic analyses indicated that protein degradation and/or vesicular transport may be a target for AOD. Further studies revealed that AOD had only minor effects on the initiation rate of macropinocytosis and autophagy. However, the AOD-induced vacuoles were lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) positive, suggesting that they most likely originate from lysosomes or late endosomes. Accordingly, both endosomal and autophagic protein degradation were inhibited. Further studies revealed that treatment with concanamycin A or chloroquine completely blocked the AOD-induced vacuolization, suggesting that the vacuolization is dependent of acidic lysosomes. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the increased vacuolization is due to an accumulation of AOD in lysosomes or late endosomes thereby disturbing the later stages of the endolysosomal process.
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Yin H, Han S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li D, Zhu Q. T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Hepatocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020090. [PMID: 32013230 PMCID: PMC7076762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is type A trichothecenes mycotoxin, which produced by fusarium species in cereal grains. T-2 toxin has been shown to induce a series of toxic effects on the health of human and animal, such as immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. Previous study has proven that T-2 toxin caused hepatotoxicity in chicken, but the regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we assessed the toxicological effect of T-2 toxin on apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocytes. The total of 120 1-day-old healthy broilers were allocated randomly into four groups and reared for 21 day with complete feed containing 0 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg T-2 toxin, respectively. The results showed that the apoptosis rate and pathological changes degree hepatocytes were aggravated with the increase of T-2 toxin. At the molecular mechanism level, T-2 toxin induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by producing reactive oxygen species, promoting cytochrome c translocation between the mitochondria and cytoplasm, and thus promoting apoptosomes formation. Meanwhile, the expression of the autophagy-related protein, ATG5, ATG7 and Beclin-1, and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were increased, while p62 was downregulated, suggesting T-2 toxin caused autophagy in hepatocytes. Further experiments demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal may be participated in autophagy induced by T-2 toxin in chicken hepatocytes. These data suggest a possible underlying molecular mechanism for T-2 toxin that induces apoptosis and autophagy in chicken hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Zhu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-0991
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Yoon JE, Lee KY, Seok JS, Cheng WN, Kwon HC, Jeong CH, Han SG. Zearalenone Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulates the Expression of Phase I/II Enzymes in Human Liver Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E2. [PMID: 31861425 PMCID: PMC7020402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species; however, its mechanisms of action in human livers have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we investigated the toxic mechanisms of ZEN in human liver cells. HepG2 cells were treated with ZEN (0-40 μg/mL) for up to 24 h. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed after treatment with 20 and 40 μg/mL of ZEN, including a significant increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production. ZEN increased GRP78 and CHOP, and eIF2α phosphorylation, indicating ER stress; elevated transcription of the autophagy-associated genes, beclin1 and LC3, and translation of LC3; and increased phase I metabolism by increasing PXR and CYP3A4. The protein expression level of CYP3A4 was higher with ZEN treatment up to 20 μg/mL, but remained at the control level after treatment with 40 μg/mL ZEN. In phase II metabolism, Nrf2 activation and UGT1A expression were increased with ZEN treatment up to 20 μg/mL. Treating cells with an ER stress inhibitor alleviated ZEN-induced cell death and autophagy, and inhibited the expression of phase I/II enzymes. Overall, high ZEN concentrations can modulate the expression of phase I/II enzymes via ER stress and reduced protein levels in human liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Yoon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Kwang Yong Lee
- R & D department, Morningbio Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31111, Korea;
| | - Jin Sil Seok
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Wei Nee Cheng
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Hyuk Cheol Kwon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
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Metformin Ameliorates Testicular Damage in Male Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes through the PK2/PKR Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5681701. [PMID: 31871550 PMCID: PMC6906848 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5681701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 90% of male diabetes mellitus patients have varying degrees of testicular dysfunction. The molecular mechanism underlying diabetes-induced testicular damage has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this research, we sought to determine the influence of metformin (Met) on diabetes-induced testicular injury and the mechanism involved with a focus on testicular dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and prokineticin 2 (PK2) signalling. In our study, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, the diabetes group, and the Met-treated group. Streptozotocin (50 mg·kg−1·d−1) was injected intraperitoneally into the mice for 5 days in a row to induce type 1 diabetes, which was diagnosed by a blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L after 7 days. The experimental animals were orally administered Met (250 mg·kg−1·d−1) for 16 weeks. Properties of testicular function, including sperm motility and the total concentration of epididymal sperm, were assessed. Changes in testicular structure, such as the blood-testis barrier, histological pathology, and organelles, were observed. The levels of apoptosis and expression of related proteins, such as Bax and Bcl-2, were measured. Moreover, autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin-1, p62, and LC3B, as well as the PK2/PKR pathway, which consists of PK2, PKR1, PKR2, AKT, and GSK3β, were analysed. Upon the induction of diabetes, reproductive capacity was significantly impaired and a disordered arrangement of testicular seminiferous tubules and destroyed organelles in spermatogenic cells was observed. Met administration preserved testicular function and structure. In addition, in mice with diabetes, the levels of PK2, PKR2, p-Akt, and p-GSK3β were significantly decreased at different times, while that of PKR1 was markedly increased, and these changes were normalized by Met. Furthermore, diabetic mice showed increased apoptosis and decreased autophagy in the testes, the effects of which were nullified by Met. These results suggest that Met rescues diabetes-induced testicular damage by attenuating apoptosis and inducing autophagy. This effect is likely mediated by the PK2/PKR/AKT/GSK3β signalling pathway.
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Wang X, Jiang L, Shi L, Yao K, Sun X, Yang G, Jiang L, Zhang C, Wang N, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu X. Zearalenone induces NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis via activation of NF-κB modulated by autophagy in INS-1 cells. Toxicology 2019; 428:152304. [PMID: 31586597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the mycotoxins widely found in food and feed, can stimulate an inflammatory reaction. In the present study, we demonstrated that ZEA induced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome even pyroptotic cell death in rat Insulinoma Cell Line (INS-1). Meanwhile, according to the results of western blot and TEM, the level of autophagy was elevated by ZEA, which protected against the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory response caused by ZEA. Furthermore, we indicated that ZEA-induced NF-κB p65 activation contributed to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammatory response, and pyroptosis in INS-1 cells, which were indicated by western blot and immunofluorescence, and the activation of NF-κB p65 induced by ZEA was autophagy-dependent. This study demonstrates that ZEA induces NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis via activation of NF-κB modulated by autophagy in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Teaching Affairs, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University. No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Afliated Zhong Shan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Chaoyang, No. 26, Chaoyang street of the twin towers, Chaoyang, 122000, PR China.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China.
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El Khoury D, Fayjaloun S, Nassar M, Sahakian J, Aad PY. Updates on the Effect of Mycotoxins on Male Reproductive Efficiency in Mammals. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E515. [PMID: 31484408 PMCID: PMC6784030 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and unavoidable harmful fungal products with the ability to cause disease in both animals and humans, and are found in almost all types of foods, with a greater prevalence in hot humid environments. These mycotoxins vary greatly in structure and biochemical effects; therefore, by better understanding the toxicological and pathological aspects of mycotoxins, we can be better equipped to fight the diseases, as well as the biological and economic devastations, they induce. Multiple studies point to the association between a recent increase in male infertility and the increased occurrence of these mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, understanding how mycotoxins may induce an accumulation of epimutations during parental lifetimes can shed light on their implications with respect to fertility and reproductive efficiency. By acknowledging the diversity of mycotoxin molecular function and mode of action, this review aims to address the current limited knowledge on the effects of these chemicals on spermatogenesis and the various endocrine and epigenetics patterns associated with their disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala El Khoury
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Salma Fayjaloun
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Marc Nassar
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Sahakian
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Pauline Y Aad
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon.
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Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2710-2729. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rai
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR campus, Lucknow, India
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Shen T, Miao Y, Ding C, Fan W, Liu S, Lv Y, Gao X, De Boevre M, Yan L, Okoth S, De Saeger S, Song S. Activation of the p38/MAPK pathway regulates autophagy in response to the CYPOR-dependent oxidative stress induced by zearalenone in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110527. [PMID: 31173817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) can widely contaminate crops and agricultural products. The ingestion of ZEA-contaminated food or feed affects the integrity and functions of the intestines. In this study, we aimed to find the potential protective mechanism against ZEA ingestion. We found that ZEA induced cell death in IPEC-J2 cells. Meanwhile, the cytoprotective autophagy was activated in ZEA-treated cells. Further studies demonstrated that a p38/MAPK inhibitor down-regulated autophagy and increased cell death compared to those of the controls. Furthermore, ZEA could induce the accumulation of ROS, and eliminating ROS with NAC resulted in a decline in cell death, p38/MAPK phosphorylation, and the expression of LC3-II compared to those of ZEA-group. In addition, cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR) was significantly increased in ZEA-treated cells compared to that in the controls, and an inhibitor of CYPOR decreased ROS levels and mitigated cell death compared to those of the ZEA-group. More importantly, we found that blocking both p38/MAPK signalling and autophagy could enhance CYPOR expression and elevate ROS levels. Overall, our study indicated that the p38/MAPK pathway could activate protective autophagy in response to the CYPOR-dependent oxidative stress that was induced by ZEA in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Shen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yufan Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Chenchen Ding
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Wentao Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanan Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Sheila Okoth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suquan Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Mohamed AAA, Yang D, Liu S, Lin P, Mohamad OAA, Jin Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in goat endometrial stromal cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:908-921. [PMID: 31041824 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in regulating cell metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and survival. However, there is not enough information about the role of ER stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine secretion in the uterus. In this study, we found that LPS induced apoptosis and inflammation in goat endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). LPS treatment inhibited cell viability and cell proliferation. In addition, the genes associated with proliferation, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MKI67, were affected by LPS treatment. Moreover, LPS increased the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8, promoting the levels of MYD88, caspase1, and TRL4. The 4-phenylbutyric acid pretreatment inhibited the expression of unfolded protein response proteins and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated cells. However, blockage of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 and activating transcription factor 6 did not significantly reduce apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Collectively, ER stress involved in LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine increased in goat ESCs. This study provides new insight into the function of ER stress in the pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamed
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Animal Production, College of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Al-Arish, North-Sinai, Egypt
| | - Diqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shouqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad
- Department of Biological, Marine Sciences, and Environmental Agriculture, Institute for Post Graduate Environmental Studies, Arish University, Al-Arish, North-Sinai, Egypt
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Yang F, Li L, Chen K, Li C, Wang Y, Wang G. Melatonin alleviates β-zearalenol and HT-2 toxin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:52-60. [PMID: 30870695 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
β-zearalenol (β-zol) and HT-2 are mycotoxins which cause apoptosis and oxidative stress in mammalian reproductive cells. Melatonin is an endogenous antioxidant involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress-related activities. This study investigated the effects of β-zol and HT-2 on bovine ovarian granulosa cells (BGCs), and how melatonin may counteract these effects. β-zol and HT-2 inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and induced apoptosis of BGCs. They also yielded upregulation of the apoptosis-related genes Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase3 and phosphorylation of p38MAPK. Increases in intracellular ROS were observed along with higher levels of mRNA anti-oxidation markers SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. SOD1, SOD2, malonaldehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activities increased, as did the levels of SOD1 and SOD2 proteins. All of these effects were reduced or entirely attenuated in BGCs pre-treated with melatonin. Our results demonstrate that melatonin has protective effects against mycotoxin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunlin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genlin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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50
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Zheng W, Fan W, Feng N, Lu N, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu X, Bai J, Bian J, Liu Z. T he Role of miRNAs in Zearalenone-Promotion of TM3 Cell Proliferation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091517. [PMID: 31035709 PMCID: PMC6540048 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin produced by several Gibberella and Fusarium species. Accumulating evidence has indicated that ZEA strongly stimulates cell proliferation. However the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of ZEA-mediated induction of cell proliferation have not yet been completely explained. The aim of this study was to detect the role of miRNAs in ZEA-mediated induction of cell proliferation. The effects of ZEA on cell proliferation were assessed using a cell counting kit assay and xCELLigence system. Micro-RNA sequencing was performed after treatment of TM3 cells with ZEA (0.01 μmol/L) for different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 18 h). Cell function and pathway analysis of the miRNA target genes were performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). We found that ZEA promotes TM3 cell proliferation at low concentrations. miRNA sequenceing revealed 66 differentially expressed miRNAs in ZEA-treated cells in comparison to the untreated control ( p < 0.05). The miRNA sequencing indicated that compared to control group, there were 66 miRNAs significant change (p < 0.05) in ZEA-treated groups. IPA analysis showed that the predicated miRNAs target gene involved in cell Bio-functions including cell cycle, growth and proliferation, and in signaling pathways including MAPK and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathways. Results from flow cytometry and Western Blot analysis validated the predictions that ZEA can affect cell cycle, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Taking these together, the cell proliferation induced ZEA is regulated by miRNAs. The results shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms for the mediation of ZEA to induce proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Wentong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nannan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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