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Grigoreva T, Sagaidak A, Romanova A, Novikova D, Garabadzhiu A, Tribulovich V. Establishment of drug-resistant cell lines under the treatment with chemicals acting through different mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109510. [PMID: 33974899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The problem of chemoresistance development is an inescapable flipside of modern oncotherapy, in particular for сolorectal cancer patients. The search for or development of drugs effective against resistant tumors involves the use of model resistant cell lines in vitro. To obtain such lines, we reproduced the development of chemoresistance of human colon adenocarcinoma cells under the treatment with drugs of different mechanisms, a cytostatic (paclitaxel) and a targeted agent (Nutlin-3a, an inhibitor of p53-Mdm2 protein-protein interaction). In each case, we gradually increased the content of the substance in the medium, starting from effective concentrations that do not cause total cell death. When studying the lines resistant to the corresponding drug, we noted a reduced sensitivity to the drug of another mechanism of action. Analysis of the original and resistant lines showed that the cells use the universal efflux defense mechanism. The observed effect can be partially neutralized using inhibitors of the ABC transport proteins, including P-glycoprotein, known for its oncoprotective function. The role of the latter was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Grigoreva
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Sagaidak
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Angelina Romanova
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Daria Novikova
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Aleksander Garabadzhiu
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Tribulovich
- St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Moskovskii Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
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Ullmann R, Becker BV, Rothmiller S, Schmidt A, Thiermann H, Kaatsch HL, Schrock G, Müller J, Jakobi J, Obermair R, Port M, Scherthan H. Genomic Adaption and Mutational Patterns in a HaCaT Subline Resistant to Alkylating Agents and Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031146. [PMID: 33498964 PMCID: PMC7865644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that can damage DNA via alkylation and oxidative stress. Because of its genotoxicity, SM is cancerogenic and the progenitor of many chemotherapeutics. Previously, we developed an SM-resistant cell line via chronic exposure of the popular keratinocyte cell line HaCaT to increasing doses of SM over a period of 40 months. In this study, we compared the genomic landscape of the SM-resistant cell line HaCaT/SM to its sensitive parental line HaCaT in order to gain insights into genetic changes associated with continuous alkylation and oxidative stress. We established chromosome numbers by cytogenetics, analyzed DNA copy number changes by means of array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array CGH), employed the genome-wide chromosome conformation capture technique Hi-C to detect chromosomal translocations, and derived mutational signatures by whole-genome sequencing. We observed that chronic SM exposure eliminated the initially prevailing hypotetraploid cell population in favor of a hyperdiploid one, which contrasts with previous observations that link polyploidization to increased tolerance and adaptability toward genotoxic stress. Furthermore, we observed an accumulation of chromosomal translocations, frequently flanked by DNA copy number changes, which indicates a high rate of DNA double-strand breaks and their misrepair. HaCaT/SM-specific single-nucleotide variants showed enrichment of C > A and T > A transversions and a lower rate of deaminated cytosines in the CpG dinucleotide context. Given the frequent use of HaCaT in toxicology, this study provides a valuable data source with respect to the original genotype of HaCaT and the mutational signatures associated with chronic alkylation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Ullmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Valentin Becker
- Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rübenacherstrasse 170, D-56072 Koblenz, Germany;
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Hanns Leonhard Kaatsch
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Gerrit Schrock
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Jessica Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Julia Jakobi
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Richard Obermair
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
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Mishra N, Raina K, Agarwal R. Deciphering the role of microRNAs in mustard gas-induced toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1491:25-41. [PMID: 33305460 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mustard gas (sulfur mustard, SM), a highly vesicating chemical warfare agent, was first deployed in warfare in 1917 and recently during the Iraq-Iran war (1980s) and Syrian conflicts (2000s); however, the threat of exposure from stockpiles and old artillery shells still looms large. Whereas research has been long ongoing on SM-induced toxicity, delineating the precise molecular pathways is still an ongoing area of investigation; thus, it is important to attempt novel approaches to decipher these mechanisms and develop a detailed network of pathways associated with SM-induced toxicity. One such avenue is exploring the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in SM-induced toxicity. Recent research on the regulatory role of miRNAs provides important results to fill in the gaps in SM toxicity-associated mechanisms. In addition, differentially expressed miRNAs can also be used as diagnostic markers to determine the extent of toxicity in exposed individuals. Thus, in our review, we have summarized the studies conducted so far in cellular and animal models, including human subjects, on the expression profiles and roles of miRNAs in SM- and/or SM analog-induced toxicity. Further detailed research in this area will guide us in devising preventive strategies, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic interventions against SM-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Rothmiller S, Schröder S, Strobelt R, Wolf M, Wang J, Jiang X, Worek F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H, Schmidt A. Sulfur mustard resistant keratinocytes obtained elevated glutathione levels and other changes in the antioxidative defense mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:51-61. [PMID: 29183814 PMCID: PMC6235149 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent blistering chemical warfare agent, which was first used in 1917. Despite the Chemical Weapons Convention, a use was recently reported in Syria in 2015. This emphasizes the importance to develop countermeasures against chemical warfare agents. Despite intensive research, there is still no antidote or prophylaxis available against SM. METHODS The newly developed SM-resistant keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM was used to identify new target structures for drug development, particularly the adaptations in protective measures against oxidative stress. For this purpose, glutathione (GSH) and NAD(P)H levels, the effect of glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition as well as activation and expression of Nrf2, GST, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) as well as multi-drug resistance (MDR) proteins 1, 3 and 5 were investigated. RESULTS The HaCaT/SM cells showed not only a better survival after treatment with SM or cytostatic drugs, but also hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). They exhibit more GSH even after SM treatment. Nrf2 levels were significantly lower. Inhibition of GST led to significantly decreased, activation to slightly higher IC50 values after SM treatment and a lower expression of GST was observed. The cells also expressed less GCLC and GSR. Expression of MDR1, MDR3 and MDR5 was higher under control conditions, but less stimulated by SM treatment. An increased NADP+/NADPH ratio as well as higher NAD+ levels were shown. CONCLUSION In summary, an improved response of the resistant cell line to oxidative stress was observed. The underlying mechanisms are elevated GSH levels as well as lower expression of Nrf2 and its targets GCLC and GST as well as GSR and MDR1, MDR3 and MDR5. GST is an especially interesting target because its inhibition already induced a significant SM sensitivity. SM resistance also caused redox equivalent level differences. Taken together, these findings provide further insight into the mechanism of SM resistance and may open a window for novel therapeutic targets in SM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schröder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Wolf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Jin Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, One Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, One Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Universität der Bundeswehr München, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department for Sports Sciences, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
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Schmidt A, Wolf M, Rothmiller S, Worek F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H. Cytostatic resistance profile of the sulfur mustard resistant keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:16-20. [PMID: 29551593 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell line HaCaT/SM was developed as a sulfur mustard (SM) resistant cell line from the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. This cell line was established to learn more about the effect of SM and possible therapeutic approaches to counteract the cytotoxic effects of SM. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the SM-resistant cell line HaCaT/SM exhibit also resistance to other alkylating agents or cytotoxic drugs with different mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHOD The chemosensitivity of SM-resistant human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM and the original cell line HaCaT were tested using the XTT assay. Nine cytotoxic drugs from five different substance groups were investigated. RESULTS HaCaT/SM showed a significant increase in resistance against all tested drugs. From the substance class of the alkylating agents, HaCaT/SM showed the strongest resistance increase against chlorambucil (1.7 fold increase). Whereas over all substances strongest increase was observed against cisplatin (5.1 fold increase). DISCUSSION The highest resistance was observed for cisplatin. The SM resistant cells revealed changes in the miRNA profile as described before. The resistance to cisplatin is also connected to a specific miRNA profile. Interestingly, changes of miRNA-203 and miRNA-21 levels were found in HaCaT/SM as well as in cisplatin resistant cells. It is therefore conceivable that the same resistance pathways are involved for both substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Universität der Bundeswehr München, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department for Sports Sciences, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wolf
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximillians- University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximillians- University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Alteration of miRNA expression in a sulfur mustard resistant cell line. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:38-44. [PMID: 28823541 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for post-transcriptional control of protein expression. Numerous miRNAs have been identified to be responsible for the resistance of tumor cells to cytostatic drugs. Possibly, the same miRNAs also play a role in the sulfur mustard (SM)-resistance of the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM as alkylating cytostatics exhibit similar cytotoxic effects as SM. METHODS Basal expression levels of 1920 miRNAs in total were analyzed in HaCaT/SM compared to the origin human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. The effect for selected miRNAs on cell survival was analyzed using antagomirs for ectopic miRNA level decrease or miRNA mimics for increase. Cell survival was calculated as SM dose-dependent-curves. RESULTS Out of 1920 miRNAs analyzed, 49 were significantly up- and 29 were significantly downregulated in HaCaT/SM when compared to HaCaT controls. Out of these, 36 could be grouped in miRNA families. Most of the 15 miRNA family members showed either a common increase or decrease. Only the members of miR-10, miR-154, miR-430 and miR-548 family showed an inconsistent picture. The ectopic increase of miR-181 in HaCaT/SM had a positive effect on cell survival in the presence of SM. CONCLUSION In summary, the extensive differences in miRNA expression pattern between these cell lines indicate that specific miRNAs may play a role in the resistance mechanism against sulfur mustard. The miR-125b-2 and miR-181b alone are not responsible for the resistance development against SM, but an ectopic increase of miR-181 even enhances the SM resistance of HaCaT/SM. Improving the resistance in normal keratinocytes by treatment with either both miRNAs together or a different combination might be used as an initial step in development of an innovative new drug or prophylactic agent against SM.
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Wolf M, Siegert M, Rothmiller S, Scheithauer N, Strobelt R, Steinritz D, Worek F, Thiermann H, Schmidt A. Characterization of sulfur mustard resistant keratinocyte cell line HaCaT/SM. Toxicol Lett 2015; 244:49-55. [PMID: 26456177 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell line HaCaT/SM was derived from the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. HaCaT/SM cells display a high resistance against sulfur mustard (SM). Intention of the presented study was to determine the cellular and molecular differences between HaCaT/SM and HaCaT so as to evaluate which changes might be responsible for being resistant against SM. METHODS Both cell lines HaCaT and HaCaT/SM were analyzed with respect to their cell growth, nuclei perimeter, clonogenicity and secretion profile. Moreover DNA alkylation pattern under presence of SM was investigated. RESULTS In comparison to HaCaT, the HaCaT/SM showed a significant smaller nuclei perimeter. For DNA alkylation a significant difference was observed over time. The clonogenicity of HaCaT/SM was increased to 150%. The secretion profile of these cells demonstrated a strong increase of ANG, PDGF-AA, TIMP1, TIMP2, and a decrease of AREG, CCL5, CXC1, CXC2/3, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL10, MIF, Trappin-1. CONCLUSION The sulfur mustard (SM) resistant cell line HaCaT/SM demonstrates a wide range of significant differences to their origin cell line HaCaT. These differences might be responsible to provide resistance against SM and might also be useful to establish treatment concepts for humans after SM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wolf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Siegert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Scheithauer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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