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Li J, Chen J, Shen B, Lu R, He W, Huang X, Li D, Su L, Long J. Association of non-essential metals with Chinese schizophrenia: A case-control study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38339807 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential link between environmental pollutants, including metals, and schizophrenia development remains debated. This study aimed to explore the association between plasma levels of three non-essential metals-barium (Ba), tungsten (W), and uranium (U)-and schizophrenia risk among Chinese individuals. METHOD We recruited a total of 221 patients and 219 healthy controls. Plasma levels of three non-essential metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We employed unconditional logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to explore the relationship between exposure to multiple metals and the risk of schizophrenia. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed that the highest quartile (Q4) of W had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.87 (95% CI: 1.08-3.21) compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), with a significant P-trend of 0.017. For U, the ORs (95% CI) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 2.06 (1.19-3.56), 1.99 (1.15-3.44), and 1.74 (1.00-3.00), respectively. BKMR analyses revealed a progressive increase in the risk of schizophrenia with increasing cumulative levels of the three metals at concentrations below 35%, with U playing a major role in this association. U showed a non-linear positive correlation with schizophrenia, particularly at the 75th percentile level. Moreover, potential interactions were observed between W and Ba, as well as between W and U. CONCLUSION Higher plasma W and U concentrations were positively associated with the risk of schizophrenia, which was potentially related to the severity of symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rumei Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wanting He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianxiong Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Vellingiri B. A deeper understanding about the role of uranium toxicity in neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116430. [PMID: 37329943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural deposits and human-caused releases of uranium have led to its contamination in the nature. Toxic environmental contaminants such as uranium that harm cerebral processes specifically target the brain. Numerous experimental researches have shown that occupational and environmental uranium exposure can result in a wide range of health issues. According to the recent experimental research, uranium can enter the brain after exposure and cause neurobehavioral problems such as elevated motion related activity, disruption of the sleep-wake cycle, poor memory, and elevated anxiety. However, the exact mechanism behind the factor for neurotoxicity by uranium is still uncertain. This review primarily aims on a brief overview of uranium, its route of exposure to the central nervous system, and the likely mechanism of uranium in neurological diseases including oxidative stress, epigenetic modification, and neuronal inflammation has been described, which could present the probable state-of-the-art status of uranium in neurotoxicity. Finally, we offer some preventative strategies to workers who are exposed to uranium at work. In closing, this study highlights the knowledge of uranium's health dangers and underlying toxicological mechanisms is still in its infancy, and there is still more to learn about many contentious discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Chelating Agents in Assisting Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Massive stockpiles of uranium (U) mine tailings have resulted in soil contamination with U. Plants for soil remediation have low extraction efficiency of U. Chelating agents can mobilize U in soils and, hence, enhance phytoextraction of U from the soil. However, the rapid mobilization rate of soil U by chelating agents in a short period than plant uptake rate could increase the risk of groundwater contamination with soluble U leaching down the soil profile. This review summarizes recent progresses in synthesis and application of chelating agents for assisting phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils. In detail, the interactions between chelating agents and U ions are initially elucidated. Subsequently, the mechanisms of phytoextraction and effectiveness of different chelating agents for phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils are given. Moreover, the potential risks associated with chelating agents are discussed. Finally, the synthesis and application of slow-release chelating agents for slowing down metal mobilization in soils are presented. The application of slow-release chelating agents for enhancing phytoextraction of soil U is still scarce. Hence, we propose the preparation of slow-release biodegradable chelating agents, which can control the release speed of chelating agent into the soil in order to match the mobilization rate of soil U with plant uptake rate, while diminishing the risk of residual chelating agent leaching to groundwater.
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Yang X, Li J, Lai JL, Zhang Y, Luo XG. Adsorption and enrichment of U in a cellulase-producing Trichoderma sp. and its physiological response mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132173. [PMID: 34509764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellulase produced by Trichoderma sp. was characterized by investigating the adsorption and enrichment of U and the physiological response to U exposure. The effects of U exposure (0 and 400 μM) on the growth, morphological characteristics, cellulase production, U adsorption, and U enrichment capacity of the Trichoderma strain were assessed. The effects of U exposure on the basic metabolism of this fungus were also analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics. Exposure to U (400 μM) for 24 h resulted in OD600 turbidity of 0.278, and activities of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC), filter paper enzyme (FPA), and β-glucosidase of 12834 U·mL-1, 9285 U·mL-1, and 12574 U·mL-1, respectively. The measurement of the background α and β radioactivity showed an α activity concentration of 3.35 × 106 Bq·kg-1 in the fungus, a β activity concentration of 6.28 × 105 Bq·kg-1, and a U enrichment rate of 70.4 ± 4.5%. GC-MS metabolomics analysis identified a total of 319 metabolites (34 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated), which mainly caused the metabolic imbalance of organic acids and derivatives. The alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways were the most significantly enriched. Trichoderma sp. therefore has a strong ability to tolerate/accumulate U and continues to produce cellulase under U (400 μM) exposure. However, U interferes with the basic metabolism of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education of SWUST, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
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Tournier BB, Ibanez C, Tourlonias E, Petitot F, Paquet F, Dublineau I, Lestaevel P. Brain accumulation of inhaled uranium in the rat depends on aerosol concentration, exposure repetitions, particle size and solubility. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:10-17. [PMID: 34363895 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rostro-caudal gradient of uranium (U) in the brain has been suggested after its inhalation. To study the factors influencing this mapping, we first used 30-min acute inhalation at 56 mg/m3 of the relatively soluble form UO4 in the rat. These exposure parameters were then used as a reference in comparison with the other experimental conditions. Other groups received acute inhalation at different concentrations, repeated low dose inhalation of UO4 (10 exposures) or acute low dose inhalation of the insoluble form UO2. At 24 h after the last exposure, all rats showed a brain U accumulation with a rostro-caudal gradient as compared to controls. However, the total concentration to the brain was greater after repeated exposure than acute exposure, demonstrating an accumulative effect. In comparison with the low dose soluble U exposure, a higher accumulation in the front of the brain was observed after exposure to higher dose, to insoluble particles and following repetition of exposures, thus demonstrating a dose effect and influences of solubility and repetition of exposures. In the last part, exposure to ultrafine U particles made it possible to show 24 h after exposure the presence of U in the brain according to a rostro-caudal gradient. Finally, the time-course after exposure to micronic or nanometric U particles has revealed greater residence times for nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Tournier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elie Tourlonias
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Nucléagis SAS, 63480, Vertolaye, France
| | - Fabrice Petitot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; CEA, DEN, DUSP, Service de Protection contre les Rayonnements, 30207, Bagnols sur Cèze Cedex, France
| | - François Paquet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, 13115, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dublineau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SEDRE, Unité d'expertise des sites et des déchets radioactifs, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Expérimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SER, Bureau d'Analyse et de Suivi des Expositions Professionnelles, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Ma M, Wang R, Xu L, Xu M, Liu S. Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: Lessons from the past two decades. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106107. [PMID: 32932066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium contamination is a global health concern. Regarding natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination, the major sources of concern are groundwater, mining, phosphate fertilizers, nuclear facilities, and military activities. Many epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmental and occupational uranium exposure can induce multifarious health problems. Uranium exposure may cause health risks because of its chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity in natural or anthropogenic scenarios: the former is generally thought to play a more significant role with regard to the natural uranium exposure, and the latter is more relevant to enriched uranium exposure. The understanding of the health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium remains at a preliminary stage, and many controversial findings require further research. In order to present state-of-the-art status in this field, this review will primarily focus on the chemotoxicity of uranium, rather than its radiotoxicity, as well as the involved toxicological mechanisms. First, the natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination scenarios will be briefly summarized. Second, the health risks upon natural uranium exposure, for example, nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity, will be discussed based on the reported epidemiological cases and laboratory studies. Third, the recent advances regarding the toxicological mechanisms of uranium-induced chemotoxicity will be highlighted, including oxidative stress, genetic damage, protein impairment, inflammation, and metabolic disorder. Finally, the gaps and challenges in the knowledge of uranium-induced chemotoxicity and underlying mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zychowski KE, Kodali V, Harmon M, Tyler CR, Sanchez B, Ordonez Suarez Y, Herbert G, Wheeler A, Avasarala S, Cerrato JM, Kunda NK, Muttil P, Shuey C, Brearley A, Ali AM, Lin Y, Shoeb M, Erdely A, Campen MJ. Respirable Uranyl-Vanadate-Containing Particulate Matter Derived From a Legacy Uranium Mine Site Exhibits Potentiated Cardiopulmonary Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:101-114. [PMID: 29660078 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to windblown particulate matter (PM) arising from legacy uranium (U) mine sites in the Navajo Nation may pose a human health hazard due to their potentially high metal content, including U and vanadium (V). To assess the toxic impact of PM derived from Claim 28 (a priority U mine) compared with background PM, and consider the putative role of metal species U and V. Two representative sediment samples from Navajo Nation sites (Background PM and Claim 28 PM) were obtained, characterized in terms of chemistry and morphology, and fractioned to the respirable (≤ 10 μm) fraction. Mice were dosed with either PM sample, uranyl acetate, or vanadyl sulfate via aspiration (100 µg), with assessments of pulmonary and vascular toxicity 24 h later. Particulate matter samples were also examined for in vitro effects on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and inflammasome induction. Claim 28 PM10 was highly enriched with U and V and exhibited a unique nanoparticle ultrastructure compared with background PM10. Claim 28 PM10 exhibited enhanced pulmonary and vascular toxicity relative to background PM10. Both U and V exhibited complementary pulmonary inflammatory potential, with U driving a classical inflammatory cytokine profile (elevated interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and keratinocyte chemoattractant/human growth-regulated oncogene) while V preferentially induced a different cytokine pattern (elevated IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10). Claim 28 PM10 was more potent than background PM10 in terms of in vitro cytotoxicity, impairment of phagocytosis, and oxidative stress responses. Resuspended PM10 derived from U mine waste exhibit greater cardiopulmonary toxicity than background dusts. Rigorous exposure assessment is needed to gauge the regional health risks imparted by these unremediated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Zychowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Molly Harmon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Christina R Tyler
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Bethany Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Yoselin Ordonez Suarez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Abigail Wheeler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Nitesh K Kunda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Pavan Muttil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Chris Shuey
- Southwest Research and Information Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87196
| | | | | | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Mohammad Shoeb
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Yan X, Lei F, Hu Y, Nie L, Jia Q, Zhou H, Zhao F, Zheng Y. Hydrogen sulfide protects neonatal rat medulla oblongata against prenatal cigarette smoke exposure via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 57:151-158. [PMID: 29274628 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protected neonatal rat medulla oblongata from prenatal cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) via anti-apoptotic effect. The present work further investigated the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of H2S in the protection. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into NaCl, CSE, CSE + NaHS (a donor of H2S) and NaHS groups. All the tests were performed with corresponding neonatal rats. Nissl staining revealed that NaHS treatment ameliorated neuronal chromatolysis in the hypoglossal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus resulted from prenatal CSE. Moreover, NaHS eliminated decrease of glutathione level, increase of malondialdehyde content and inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity within neonatal rat medulla oblongata caused by prenatal CSE. NaHS also relieved the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in the medulla oblongata of the neonatal CSE rats. These results suggest that H2S can alleviate prenatal CSE-induced injuries of neonatal rat medulla oblongata through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yan
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fang Lei
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia, PR China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, PR China.
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