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Buyssens L, Valenzuela A, Prims S, Ayuso M, Thymann T, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Ontogeny of CYP3A and UGT activity in preterm piglets: a translational model for drug metabolism in preterm newborns. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177541. [PMID: 37124224 PMCID: PMC10133700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in understanding drug metabolism in the human pediatric population, data remains scarce in preterm neonates. Improving our knowledge of the ADME properties in this vulnerable age group is of utmost importance to avoid suboptimal dosing, which may lead to adverse drug reactions. The juvenile (mini)pig is a representative model for hepatic drug metabolism in human neonates and infants, especially phase I reactions. However, the effect of prematurity on the onset of hepatic phase I and phase II enzyme activity has yet to be investigated in this animal model. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the ontogeny of CYP3A and UGT enzyme activity in the liver of preterm (gestational day 105-107) and term-born (gestational day 115-117) domestic piglets. In addition, the ontogeny pattern between the preterm and term group was compared to examine whether postconceptional or postnatal age affects the onset of enzyme activity. The following age groups were included: preterm postnatal day (PND) 0 (n = 10), PND 5 (n = 10), PND 11 (n = 8), PND 26 (n = 10) and term PND 0 (n = 10), PND 5 (n = 10), PND 11 (n = 8), PND 19 (n = 18) and PND 26 (n = 10). Liver microsomes were extracted, and the metabolism of CYP3A and UGT-specific substrates assessed enzyme activity. Preterm CYP3A activity was only detectable at PND 26, whereas term CYP3A activity showed a gradual postnatal increase from PND 11 onwards. UGT activity gradually increased between PND 0 and PND 26 in preterm and term-born piglets, albeit, being systematically lower in the preterm group. Thus, postconceptional age is suggested as the main driver affecting porcine CYP3A and UGT enzyme ontogeny. These data are a valuable step forward in the characterization of the preterm piglet as a translational model for hepatic drug metabolism in the preterm human neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sara Prims
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Steven Van Cruchten,
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Buyssens L, De Clerck L, Schelstraete W, Dhaenens M, Deforce D, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Abundance and Activity in the Developing and Adult Göttingen Minipig: Pivotal Data for PBPK Modeling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:665644. [PMID: 33935788 PMCID: PMC8082684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.665644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Göttingen Minipig is gaining ground as nonrodent species in safety testing of drugs for pediatric indications. Due to developmental changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are built to better predict drug exposure in children and to aid species selection for nonclinical safety studies. These PBPK models require high quality physiological and ADME data such as protein abundance of drug metabolizing enzymes. These data are available for man and rat, but scarce for the Göttingen Minipig. The aim of this study was to assess hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) protein abundance in the developing Göttingen Minipig by using mass spectrometry. In addition, sex-related differences in CYP protein abundance and correlation of CYP enzyme activity with CYP protein abundance were assessed. The following age groups were included: gestational day (GD) 84–86 (n = 8), GD 108 (n = 6), postnatal day (PND) 1 (n = 8), PND 3 (n = 8), PND 7 (n = 8), PND 28 (n = 8) and adult (n = 8). Liver microsomes were extracted and protein abundance was compared to that in adult animals. Next, the CYP protein abundance was correlated to CYP enzyme activity in the same biological samples. In general, CYP protein abundance gradually increased during development. However, we observed a stable protein expression over time for CYP4A24 and CYP20A1 and for CYP51A1, a high protein expression during the fetal stages was followed by a decrease during the first month of life and an increase toward adulthood. Sex-related differences were observed for CYP4V2_2a and CYP20A1 at PND 1 with highest expression in females for both isoforms. In the adult samples, sex-related differences were detected for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, CYP2E1_2, CYP3A22, CYP4V2_2a and CYP4V2_2b with higher values in female compared to male Göttingen Minipigs. The correlation analysis between CYP protein abundance and CYP enzyme activity showed that CYP3A22 protein abundance correlated clearly with the metabolism of midazolam at PND 7. These data are remarkably comparable to human data and provide a valuable step forward in the construction of a neonatal and juvenile Göttingen Minipig PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laura De Clerck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Schelstraete
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dhaenens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Rasmussen MK. Porcine cytochrome P450 3A: current status on expression and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1899-1914. [PMID: 32172306 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute a family of enzymes maintaining vital functions in the body and are mostly recognized for their significant role in detoxification. Of the CYP subfamilies, CYP3A, is one of the most active in the clearance of drugs and other xenobiotics. During the last decades, much focus has been on exploring different models for human CYP3A regulation, expression and activity. In that respect, the growing knowledge of the porcine CYP3As is of great interest. Although many aspects of porcine CYP3A regulation and activity are still unknown, the current literature provides a basic understanding of the porcine CYP3As that can be used e.g., when translating results from studies done in the porcine model into human settings. In this review, the current knowledge about porcine CYP3A expression, regulation, activity and metabolic significance are highlighted. Future research needs are also identified.
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Global Investigation of Cytochrome P450 Genes in the Chicken Genome. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080617. [PMID: 31416226 PMCID: PMC6723978 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily enzymes are broadly involved in a variety of physiological and toxicological processes. However, genome-wide analysis of this superfamily has never been investigated in the chicken genome. In this study, genome-wide analyses identified 45 chicken CYPs (cCYPs) from the chicken genome, and their classification and evolutionary relationships were investigated by phylogenetic, conserved protein motif, and gene structure analyses. The comprehensive evolutionary data revealed several remarkable characteristics of cCYPs, including the highly divergent and rapid evolution of the cCYPs, and the loss of cCYP2AF in the chicken genome. Furthermore, the cCYP expression profile was investigated by RNA-sequencing. The differential expression of cCYPs in developing embryos revealed the involvement of cCYPs in embryonic development. The significantly regulated cCYPs suggested its potential role in hepatic metabolism. Additionally, 11 cCYPs, including cCYP2AC1, cCYP2C23a, and cCYP2C23b, were identified as estrogen-responsive genes, which indicates that these cCYPs are involved in the estrogen-signaling pathway. Meanwhile, an expression profile analysis highlights the divergent role of different cCYPs. These data expand our view of the phylogeny and evolution of cCYPs, provide evolutionary insight, and can help elucidate the roles of cCYPs in physiological and toxicological processes in chicken.
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Rasmussen MK, Scavenius C, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Enghild J. Sex dictates the constitutive expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms in Göttingen minipigs. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:181-186. [PMID: 31404594 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) family includes key enzymes for the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Several animal models have been used to determine the metabolite profile of specific drugs. Among these are porcine microsomes prepared from Göttingen minipigs. However, CYP expression profile in microsomes from this pig breed is unknown. In the present study, we determined the mRNA and protein profiles of a comprehensive selection of CYPs in microsomes prepared from male and female Göttingen minipigs. Using RT-PCR, western blotting and mass spectroscopy, we found that the expression levels of CYP1A, CYP2A and CYP2E1 were significantly higher in females than males. Moreover, some of the transcription factors controlling CYP transcription also showed a sex-dependent expression pattern. Conversely, expression of CYP2B, CYP2D and CYP3A was comparable between sexes. The overall CYP expression distribution showed high similarity with what previously been reported in humans. In conclusion, our results suggest that Göttingen minipigs are a reliable model for studying CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Knudsen JG, Bertholdt L, Gudiksen A, Gerbal-Chaloin S, Rasmussen MK. Skeletal Muscle Interleukin-6 Regulates Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Expression: Effects of 16-Week High-Fat Diet and Exercise. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:309-317. [PMID: 29177473 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) induces several changes to the pathways regulating energy homeostasis and changes the expression of the hepatic cytochrome p450 (Cyp) enzyme-system. Despite these pervious findings, it is still unclear how the effects of HFD and especially HFD in combination with treadmill running affect hepatic Cyp expression. In this study, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of selected Cyp's in mice subjected to 16 weeks of HFD and treadmill running. To understand the regulatory mechanisms behind the exercise-induced reversion of the HFD-induced changes in Cyp expression, we used a model in which the exercise-induced myokine and known regulator of hepatic Cyp's, interleukin-6 (IL-6), were knocked out specifically in skeletal muscle. We found that HFD increased the mRNA expression of Cyp1a1 and Cyp4a10, and decreased the expression of Cyp2a4, Cyp2b10, Cyp2e1, and Cyp3a11. HFD in combination with treadmill running reversed the HFD increase in Cyp4a10 mRNA expression. In addition, we observed increased Cyp1a and Cyp3a protein expression as an effect of exercise, whereas Cyp2b expression was lowered as an effect of HFD. IL-6 effected the response in Cyp3a11 and Cyp1a expression. We observed no changes in the content of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, or peroxisome proliferation activator receptor alpha. In conclusion, we show that both HFD and exercise in HFD-fed animals can regulate hepatic Cyp expression and that changes in Cyp3a in response to HFD and exercise are dependent on skeletal muscular IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob G Knudsen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Bertholdt
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Burkina V, Rasmussen MK, Oliinychenko Y, Zamaratskaia G. Porcine cytochrome 2A19 and 2E1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:32-39. [PMID: 30171805 PMCID: PMC7379952 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a major group of enzymes, which conduct Phase I metabolism. Among commonly used animal models, the pig has been suggested as the most suitable model for investigating drug metabolism in human beings. Moreover, porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 are responsible for the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds such as 3‐methylindole (skatole), sex hormones and food compounds. However, little is known about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1. In this MiniReview, we summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 by environmental, biological and dietary factors. Finally, we reflect on the need for further research, to clarify the interaction between active feed components and the porcine CYP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Xie L, He Y, Zhou X, Li X, Jin X, Wang X, Shi D. Porcine interleukin-6 enhances the expression of CYP2C33 through a constitutive androstane receptor/retinoid X receptor-mediated pathway. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:257-264. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1438686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiue Jin
- Hubei Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Rasmussen MK. Induction of cytochrome P450 mRNA in porcine primary hepatocytes cultured under serum free conditions: Comparison of freshly isolated cells and cryopreserved. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:218-225. [PMID: 28916194 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are widely used in the study of dynamic events like regulation of gene expression, as they are superior to most cell-lines. However, the culturing of the hepatocytes often results in loss of phenotype, e.g. the expression of the cytochrome p450s (CYP). The present study investigated the impact of serum in the culture medium of porcine primary hepatocytes (PPH) on markers of dedifferentiation as well as the impact on CYP induction. The effects were studied in both freshly isolated primary hepatocytes as well as cryopreserved. The exclusion of serum in the culturing media were not introducing significant dedifferentiation as judged by the gene expression of α-fetoprotein, albumin, glucose-6-phosphatase and the constitutive expression of selected transcription factors and CYP. The induction of CYP2B22 and CYP3A29 by phenobarbital and rifampicin, were greater in hepatocytes cultured without serum. The same were not observed for TCDD induced CYP1A2 expression. In conclusion, PPH cultured under serum free conditions results in little or no dedifferentiation, while being more responsive to known CYP inducers. Hence, it can be suggested that PPH cultured under serum free conditions provides a reliable hepatocyte model to investigate CYP gene regulation.
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Chang J, Li W, Xu P, Guo B, Wang Y, Li J, Wang H. The tissue distribution, metabolism and hepatotoxicity of benzoylurea pesticides in male Eremias argus after a single oral administration. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:1-8. [PMID: 28511076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylurea pesticides (BPUs) are widely used to control the locust, but the toxicokinetics and hepatotoxicity of BPUs in lizards have not been investigated. In this study, the tissue distribution, metabolism and liver toxicity of diflubenzuron and flufenoxuron were assessed in the Eremias argus following a single oral exposure. Diflubenzuron preferred to accumulate in the fat and brain (>1.0 mg kg-1) and was rapidly eliminate in other tissues. In the liver, 4-chloroaniline was one of diflubenzuron metabolites, although with a concentration less than 0.05% of the accumulated diflubenzuron. No significant difference was observed in the liver histopathology between the control and diflubenzuron exposure group. The expressions of Cyp1a and Ahr gene which control the cell apoptosis were also equal to the control level. After flufenoxuron exposure, biomodal phenomenon was observed in the liver, skin, brain, gonad, kidney, heart and blood circulation was an important route for the flufenoxuron penetration. The concentrations of flufenoxuron in all tissues were greater than 1.0 mg kg-1 at 168 h. The excretion of flufenoxuron in the faeces was 1.5 fold higher than diflubenzuron. The hepatocytes in the flufenoxuron treated group showed vacuolation of cytoplasm and decreased nucleus. In addition, the Cyp1a and Ahr genes were significantly up-regulated in the flufenoxuron exposure group. These results suggested that the higher hepatotoxicity of flufenoxuron may be attributed to the higher residual level in the lizard tissues and the Cyp1a and Ahr genes can serve as biomarkers to assess the liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yinghuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China.
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