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Neonatal exposure to genistein affects reproductive physiology and behavior in female and male Long-Evans rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:610-621. [PMID: 32925206 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the effects of neonatal genistein exposure on measures of reproductive physiology and behavior. Approximately 24 h after birth, female and male Long-Evans rat pups were injected daily with genistein (150 µg, subcutaneous; n = 29) or olive oil (n = 23) between postnatal days 1 and 5. After weaning, we examined all subjects daily until they reached puberty (i.e. vaginal opening in female rats and preputial separation in male rats). For all female subjects, we also examined vaginal cytology. After monitoring estrous cyclicity, the female subjects were given the opportunity to interact with a gonadally intact male or a sexually receptive female rat on the day of behavioral estrus to assess sexual motivation (i.e. partner-preference test with and without physical contact), which has never been evaluated before. For all male subjects, we assessed the development of copulatory behavior and sexual motivation (partner-preference test without physical contact). Consistent with previous findings, we found that neonatal exposure to genistein did not affect puberty onset in female or male rats. However, female rats exposed to genistein displayed significantly more irregular estrous cycles than controls. Neonatal genistein exposure also altered the development of male copulatory behavior, as indicated by an increase in mount frequency and intromission frequency and shorter interintromission intervals. We extended previous findings confirming that neither female nor male sexual motivation was affected by neonatal genistein. The results of the present study have important implications for the development of reproductive physiology and behavior in human neonates exposed to genistein in soy-based baby formula.
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Sun D, Cui S. Zearalenone affects reproductive functions of male offspring via transgenerational cytotoxicity on spermatogonia in mouse. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108766. [PMID: 32339757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Zearalenone (ZEA) affects not only maternal reproductive function but also that of the offspring. However, the transgenerational toxic effects of ZEA on the spermatogonia of male F1 mice are not clear. The present study was thus designed to determine whether the fertility of male F1 mice was affected following exposure of F0 pregnant mice to ZEA. In present study, 32 pregnant female mice were divided into 4 groups and exposed to ZEA of 0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, and the testis development and reproductive performance of 96 male F1 mice were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the F0 pregnant mice treated with ZEA resulted in increased anogenital distances in the newborn male F1 mice. Moreover, ZEA caused abnormal vacuole structures and loose connections in the testes of male F1 offspring, compared with the controls. Further ultramicrostructural analysis showed that the mitochondria appeared to be vacuolated with ablated membranes and cristae, and this was accompanied by the presence of large lipid droplets in the spermatogonia. Further, the semen quality and sperm counts declined significantly, and increased malformation rates and decreased testosterone levels were observed in the male F1 offspring from experimental groups. Our results reveal the toxic effects of ZEA on F0 pregnant mice is transgenerational, and affects the fertility of male F1 mice by damaging the spermatogonial cells. This offers a new viewpoint of ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity in male animals and provides a new potential direction for the treatment and prevention of ZEA-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Min J, Wang Z, Liang C, Li W, Shao J, Zhu K, Zhou L, Cheng J, Luo S, Yu L, Wu Y, Xie M, Hu X. Detection of Phytoestrogen Metabolites in Breastfed Infants' Urine and the Corresponding Breast Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3485-3494. [PMID: 32093471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been limited information on phytoestrogen (PE) exposure and metabolism in breastfed infants. In the present work, 50 sample pairs of Chinese breastfed infants' urine and the corresponding breast milk were collected. The contents of the relevant PE metabolites in the biosamples were detected via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlations between the PE metabolite contents in breastfed infants' urine and those in the corresponding breast milk were analyzed. The average concentrations of total PE metabolites in breast milk and urine were 0.27 and 0.23 nmol/mL, respectively. Genistein and enterolactone levels in the infant urine were positively correlated with their concentrations in the corresponding breast milk samples, which implies that urine excretion can be utilized as a noninvasive parameter for precise genistein and enterolactone intake assessment. Additionally, the efficiency of PE urine excretion showed significant differences across infants with different ages, genders, and durations of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Kunrui Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lehan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Liu X, Li F, Xie J, Huang D, Xie M. Fetal and neonatal genistein exposure aggravates to interfere with ovarian follicle development of obese female mice induced by high-fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110982. [PMID: 31747621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With epidemic of obesity, it affects aspects of female reproduction. Genistein could ameliorate obesity in people and animals, but might exert adverse effects on the female reproductive system. To evaluate the effects of fetal and neonatal genistein exposure on the ovarian health of F1 obese female mice with obesity induced by high-fat diet after weaning, we simulated a diet-induced obesity model to observe and determine biological effects of genistein exposure on the ovarian follicle of overfed female mice. Results showed that F1 female mice with obesity induced by high-fat diet significantly prolonged the estrus cycle, disrupted sex hormonal balance and ovarian follicle development after they were exposed to 25 mg/kg b.w./day of genistein during the fetal and neonatal stages. Genistein significantly up-regulated the ovarian mRNA expression of estrogen receptor beta in F1 obese female mice, and high-fat diet influenced the ovarian mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha, luteinizing hormone receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. Hence, genistein exposure from the fetal stage might increase the risk of reproductive diseases in obese females in later life. Thus, the long-term risks of genistein to obese females should be thoroughly assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Danfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China.
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Mallien AS, Soukup ST, Pfeiffer N, Brandwein C, Kulling SE, Chourbaji S, Gass P. Effects of Soy in Laboratory Rodent Diets on the Basal, Affective, and Cognitive Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:532-541. [PMID: 31466555 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soy is one of the most common sources of protein in many commercial formulas for laboratory rodent diets. Soy contains isoflavones, which are estrogenic. Therefore, soy-containing animal diets might influence estrogen-regulated systems, including basal behavioral domains, as well as affective behavior and cognition. Furthermore, the isoflavone content of soy varies, potentially unpredictably confounding behavioral results. Therefore researchers are increasingly considering completely avoiding dietary soy to circumvent this problem. Several animal studies have investigated the effects of soy free diets but produced inconsistent results. In addition, most of these previous studies were performed in outbred rat or mouse strains. In the current study, we assessed whether a soy-free diet altered locomotion, exploration, nesting, anxiety-related behaviors, learning, and memory in C57BL/6 mice, the most common inbred strain used in biomedical research. The parameters evaluated address measures of basic health, natural behavior, and affective state that also are landmarks for animal welfare. We found minor differences between feeding groups but no indications of altered welfare. We therefore suggest that a soy-free diet can be used as a standard diet to prevent undesirable side effects of isoflavones and to further optimize diet standardization, quality assurance, and ultimately increase the reproducibility of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany;,
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Caceres S, Silván G, Illera MJ, Millan P, Moyano G, Illera JC. Effects of soya milk on reproductive hormones during puberty in male Wistar rats. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:855-863. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caceres
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Gema Silván
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Maria J. Illera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Millan
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Gabriel Moyano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Juan C. Illera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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Testa I, Salvatori C, Di Cara G, Latini A, Frati F, Troiani S, Principi N, Esposito S. Soy-Based Infant Formula: Are Phyto-Oestrogens Still in Doubt? Front Nutr 2018; 5:110. [PMID: 30533415 PMCID: PMC6265372 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Scientific Societies have stated that there are very few indications for the use of soy-based formula (SF) in infant nutrition, their utilization rates have been repeatedly found to be higher than expected. It is likely that a significant role in this regard is played by the belief that the use of SF during infancy can reduce the risk of the development of several diseases later in life. Although no definitive data that can substantiate these claims have been collected, many people perceive soy consumption to confer significant health benefits and might also use soy for infant nutrition. However, not all the problems regarding safety of SF in infants have been definitively solved. Among risks, the potentially toxic role of the phyto-oestrogens contained in SF is not definitively established. In vitro and animal studies have raised suspicions that SF could have potentially negative effects on sexual development and reproductive function, neurobehavioral development, immune function, and thyroid function. Several studies in humans have aimed to assess whether the results of animal studies can be applied to humans and whether SF can be used in infants following the official recommendations. The results are somewhat conflicting. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss what is presently known regarding the impact of phyto-oestrogens in SF on early and late child development. PubMed was used to search for the studies published from January 1980 to June 2017 using the keywords: “soy,” “soy formula,” “child,” “phytoestrogens.” Analysis of the literature showed that a global evaluation of the impact of modern SFs on human development seems to suggest that their use is not associated with relevant abnormalities. Only children with congenital hypothyroidism need adequate monitoring of thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Testa
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Salvatori
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Latini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Frati
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Troiani
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Duru K, Kovaleva E, Danilova I, van der Bijl P, Belousova A. The potential beneficial role of isoflavones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res 2018; 59:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Khanmohammadi N, Sameni HR, Mohammadi M, Pakdel A, Mirmohammadkhani M, Parsaie H, Zarbakhsh S. Effect of Transplantation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell- Conditioned Medium on Ovarian Function, Morphology and Cell Death in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 20:10-18. [PMID: 29308613 PMCID: PMC5759671 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although stem cell transplantation has beneficial effects on tissue regeneration, but there are still problems
such as high cost and safety issues. Since stem cell therapy is largely dependent on paracrine activity, in this study,
utilization of transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs)-secretome instead of the cells, into damaged
ovaries was evaluated to overcome the limitations of stem cell transplantation.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, BMSCs were cultured and 25-fold concentrated conditioned
medium (CM) from BMSCs was prepared. Female rats were injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CTX)
for 14 days. Then, BMSCs and CM were individually transplanted into bilateral ovaries, and the ovaries were excised
after four weeks of treatment. The follicle count was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and the
apoptotic cells were counted using TUNEL assay. Ovarian function was evaluated by monitoring the ability of ovulation
and the levels of serum estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Results Evaluation of the ovarian function and structure showed that results of secretome transplantation were almost
similar to those of BMSCs transplantation and there was no significant differences between them.
Conclusion BMSCs-secretome is likely responsible for the therapeutic paracrine effect of BMSCs. Stem cell-
secretome is expected to overcome the limitations of stem cell transplantation and become the basis of a novel therapy
for ovarian damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Khanmohammadi
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Mirmohammadkhani
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health Community Medicine Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Houman Parsaie
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sam Zarbakhsh
- Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Yang JX, Chaudhry MT, Yao JY, Wang SN, Zhou B, Wang M, Han CY, You Y, Li Y. Effects of phyto-oestrogen quercetin on productive performance, hormones, reproductive organs and apoptotic genes in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:505-513. [PMID: 28986927 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid with diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory and antiviral, inhibits lipid peroxidation, prevents oxidative injury and cell death. The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of quercetin on productive performance, reproductive organs, hormones and apoptotic genes in laying hens between 37 and 45 weeks of age, because of the structure and oestrogenic activities similar to 17β-oestradiol. The trial was conducted using 240 Hessian laying hens (37 weeks old), housed in wire cages with two hens in each cage. These hens were randomly allotted to four treatments with six replicates, 10 hens in each replicate and fed with diets containing quercetin as 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg feed for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary quercetin significantly increased (p < .05) the laying rate and was higher in group supplemented with 0.4 g/kg, and feed-egg ratio was decreased (p < .05) by quercetin. Dietary quercetin has no effect (p > .05) on average egg weight and average daily feed intake. Compared with control, secretion of hormones, oestradiol (E2 ), progesterone (P4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH), was found to be significantly higher (p < .05) in quercetin-supplemented groups. Also ovary index, uterus index and oviduct index were not significantly influenced (p > .05) by quercetin, whereas magnum index, isthmus index, magnum length, isthmus length and follicle numbers were significantly increased (p < .05) with quercetin supplementation. Additionally, expression of apoptotic genes was significantly (p < .05) up-regulated or down-regulated by quercetin. These results indicated that quercetin improved productive performance, and its mechanism may be due to the oestrogen-like activities of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - M T Chaudhry
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - J Y Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - S N Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - B Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - M Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - C Y Han
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Y You
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Y Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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