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Shi J, Wang Y, Liang T, Wang X, Xie J, Huang R, Xu X, Wei X. DMDD, isolated from Averrhoa carambola L., ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy crosstalk. Chin Med 2024; 19:125. [PMID: 39267098 PMCID: PMC11391757 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that Averrhoa carambola L. possesses therapeutic potential for diabetes and related complications. However, the specific beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of 2-dodecyl-6-meth-oxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) isolated from Averrhoa carambola L. on diabetic nephropathy (DN) require further investigation. METHODS 80 C57BL/6 J male mice were subjected to a 1-week adaptive feeding, followed by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to construct an in vivo DN model. Additionally, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) induced by high glucose (HG) were used as an in vitro DN model. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and autophagy-related proteins in renal tubular cells were detected by Western Blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) staining. Transcriptome analysis revealed was conducted to elucidate the specific mechanism of by which DMDD mitigates DN by inhibiting ERS and autophagy. HK-2 cells were transfected with IRE1α overexpression lentivirus to reveal the role of IRE1α overexpression in HG-induced HK-2. RESULTS The experimental data showed that DMDD significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved renal pathological alterations in DN mice. Additionally, DMDD inhibited the calcium (Ca2+) pathway, manifested by decreased autophagosome formation and downregulation of LC3II/I, Beclin-1, and ATG5 expression. Moreover, in HG-induced HK-2 cells, DMDD suppressed the overexpression of GRP78, CHOP, LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5. Notably, IRE1α overexpression significantly increased autophagy incidence; however, DMDD treatment subsequently reduced the expression of LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5. CONCLUSION DMDD effectively inhibits excessive ERS and autophagy, thereby reducing renal cell apoptosis through the IRE1α pathway and Ca 2+ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Shi
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Stomatological Equipment (College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Medical University), Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingxiao Xie
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Luan F, Peng L, Lei Z, Jia X, Zou J, Yang Y, He X, Zeng N. Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties of Averrhoa carambola L.: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699899. [PMID: 34475822 PMCID: PMC8407000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola L. (star fruit) is an edible fruit that is extensively cultivated in southern China, Southeast Asia, India, and northern South America. It has a sweet and juicy taste and is frequently used in fruit salads and fruit platters, as a garnish in cocktail drinks and beverages, or squeezed into juice and served as a beverage. Traditionally, it has been used for treating diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, arthralgia, vomiting, lithangiuria, coughing, hangovers, and chronic paroxysmal headache for thousands of years. Currently, approximately 132 compounds have been isolated from A. carambola. Among them, flavonoids, benzoquinone, and their glycosides have been considered as biologically active substances, which are responsible for various biological activities. Pharmacological studies have revealed that crude extracts or monomeric compounds from A. carambola exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, neuroprotective, and others. Thus, A. carambola is a valuable treatment in Chinese medicine with therapeutic potential for multiple diseases, especially diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. Even though it is a very promising candidate in the development of functional food and the pharmaceutical industry, reports on its bioactivities have only been conducted in vivo and in vitro and there is a gap in research regarding clinical settings and safety. This review therefore provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of current progress on botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of A. carambola, providing a valuable reference for further developments and applications of A. carambola in the pharmaceutical industry and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xirui He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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