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Meakin AS, Gatford KL, Lien YC, Wiese MD, Simmons RA, Morrison JL. Characterisation of ciclesonide metabolism in human placentae across gestation. Placenta 2024; 154:42-48. [PMID: 38875771 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current clinical management of pregnancies at risk of preterm delivery includes maternal antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) treatment. ACS activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in all fetal tissues, maturing the lungs at the cost of impaired brain development, creating a need for novel treatments. The prodrug ciclesonide (CIC) activates the GR only when converted to des-CIC by specific enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and carboxylesterase 1 and 2 (CES1, CES2). Importantly, the human placenta expresses ACHE and CES, and could potentially produce des-CIC, resulting in systemic fetal exposure and GR activation in all fetal tissues. We therefore investigated CES gene expression and conversion of CIC to des-CIC in human placentae collected during the second trimester (Tri2), and at preterm and term birth. METHODS Differential expression analysis was performed in Tri2 (n = 27), preterm (n = 34), and term (n = 40) placentae using the DESeq2 R-package. Conversion of CIC to des-CIC was measured in a subset of placenta samples (Tri2 n = 7, preterm n = 26, term n = 20) using functional assays. RESULTS ACHE mRNA expression was higher in Tri2 male than preterm and term male placentae only, whereas CES1 mRNA expression was higher in Tri2 than preterm or term placentae of both sexes. Conversion of CIC to des-CIC did not differ between gestational ages. DISCUSSION Conversion of CIC to des-CIC by the human placenta may preclude its use as a novel GR-agonist in threatened preterm birth. In vivo studies are required to confirm the extent to which placental activation occurs after maternal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Meakin
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Yu-Chin Lien
- Centre for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Wiese
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Centre for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Uyar R, Turgut Y, Çelik HT, Ünal MA, Kuzukıran Ö, Özyüncü Ö, Ceylan A, Çinar ÖÖ, Boztepe ÜG, Özdağ H, Filazi A, Yurdakök-Di Kmen B. Effects of DDT and DDE on placental cholinergic receptors. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 126:108588. [PMID: 38615785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The placental cholinergic system; known as an important factor in intracellular metabolic activities, regulation of placental vascular tone, placental development, and neurotransmission; can be affected by persistent organic pesticides, particularly organochlorine pesticides(OCPs), which can influence various epigenetic regulations and molecular pathways. Although OCPs are legally prohibited, trace amounts of the persistent dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) are still found in the environment, making prenatal exposure inevitable. In this study, the effects of 2,4'-DDT and 4,4'-DDT; and its breakdown product 4,4'-DDE in the environment on placental cholinergic system were evaluated with regards to cholinergic genes. 40 human placentas were screened, where 42,50% (17 samples) were found to be positive for the tested compounds. Average concentrations were 10.44 μg/kg; 15.07 μg/kg and 189,42 μg/kg for 4,4'-DDE; 2,4'-DDT and 4,4'-DDT respectively. RNA-Seq results revealed 2396 differentially expressed genes in positive samples; while an increase in CHRM1,CHRNA1,CHRNG and CHRNA2 genes at 1.28, 1.49, 1.59 and 0.4 fold change were found(p<0028). The increase for CHRM1 was also confirmed in tissue samples with immunohistochemistry. In vitro assays using HTR8/SVneo cells; revealed an increase in mRNA expression of CHRM1, CHRM3 and CHRN1 in DDT and DDE treated groups; which was also confirmed through western blot assays. An increase in the expression of CHRM1,CHRNA1, CHRNG(p<0001) and CHRNA2(p<0,05) were found from the OCPs exposed and non exposed groups.The present study reveals that intrauterine exposure to DDT affects the placental cholinergic system mainly through increased expression of muscarinic receptors. This increase in receptor expression is expected to enhance the sensitivity of the placental cholinergic system to acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Uyar
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye.
| | - Yağmur Turgut
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye
| | - H Tolga Çelik
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Section of Neonatology, Altindag, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - M Altay Ünal
- Ankara University, Institute of Stem Cell, Ankara 06520, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kuzukıran
- Çankırı Karatekin University, Eldivan Vocational School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Department, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özyüncü
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Altindag, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Özge Özgenç Çinar
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Ümmü Gülsüm Boztepe
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye
| | - Hilal Özdağ
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Begüm Yurdakök-Di Kmen
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
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Cecchi A, Alvarez G, Quidel N, Bertone MC, Anderle S, Sabino G, Magnarelli GG, Rovedatti MG. Residential proximity to pesticide applications in Argentine Patagonia: impact on pregnancy and newborn parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56565-56579. [PMID: 34060016 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Among residents living close to agricultural fields who are potentially exposed to pesticides, pregnant women and their fetuses are of particular concern for their vulnerability to environmental chemicals. In this collaborative multicenter study, we covered a wide distribution of participants in the most important fruit production zone of north Patagonia (Argentina) to investigate whether maternal residential proximity to fruit croplands with intense pesticide applications (rural group -RG-) is associated with pregnancy complications and alterations in their newborn parameters compared to the urban population (urban group -UG-). A total of 776 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. The percentage of threatened miscarriage was significantly higher in the RG than in the UG. The percentage of miscarriage, threat of premature labor, intrauterine fetal death, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and intrauterine growth retardation were similar in both groups. Newborn anthropometric parameters were corrected by sex and gestational age prior to statistical analysis. Length at birth and head circumference were lower in the RG than in the UG. Birth weight was similar in both groups. The percentage of head circumference less than the 5th percentile and the ponderal index were greater in the RG than in the UG. Our results suggest that proximity to pesticide applications may increase the risk of pregnancy complications and altered newborn parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Cecchi
- Hospital Allen Dr. Ernesto Accame, Ingeniero Quesnel s/n, Allen, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Alvarez
- Hospital Provincial Neuquén Dr. Castro Rendón, Buenos Aires 450, (8300) Neuquén, 450, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Natalia Quidel
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, (8324) Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Bertone
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, (8324) Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sofia Anderle
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, (8324) Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Sabino
- Facultad de Economía y Administración, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (8300), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gladis G Magnarelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Luis Toschi y Los Arrayanes, (8324) Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Rovedatti
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, and Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas (LATOMEQ), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to piso. Intendente Güiraldes 2160, (C1428EGA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Freire Machi J, Schmidt R, Salgueiro LM, Fernandes Stoyell-Conti F, de Andrade Barboza C, Hernandez DR, Morris M. Exercise benefits the cardiac, autonomic and inflammatory responses to organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:666-673. [PMID: 31673494 PMCID: PMC6816132 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DFP promotes cardiac and autonomic dysfunction. DFP led to mild neuroinflammation. Exercise training prevents/attenuates some of the impairments provoked by DFP.
The organophosphate, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), may impair cardiovascular, autonomic and immune function while exercise training is thougt to be restorative. Experiments determined effects of wheel exercise in C57B1 male mice, testing cardiovascular and autonomic function and characterization of the immunological profile. Sedentary (S) and exercise (ET) groups were treated with corticosterone (CORT) followed by injection of DFP. This model was associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the S group, measured using echocardiography (ECHO). Chronic exercise ameliorated the cardiac deficit. Autonomic balance, accessed by heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic modulation in S group. Autonomic balance in ET mice was not affected by DFP. Our DFP model resulted in mild neuroinflammation seen by increased IL5, IL12 and MIP2 in brain and plasma IL6 and IL1a. DFP had a negative impact on cardiac/autonomic function and inflammatory markers, effects reduced by exercise. Data suggest a beneficial effect of exercise training on the cardiovascular and autonomic responses to DFP/CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Freire Machi
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rodrigo Schmidt
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis M Salgueiro
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Filipe Fernandes Stoyell-Conti
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Catarina de Andrade Barboza
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Rosa Hernandez
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
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García-García JD, Segura-Ceniceros EP, Zaynullin RA, Kunakova RV, Vafina GF, Tsypysheva IP, Vargas-Segura AI, Ilyina A. Three (-)-cytisine derivatives and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:862-868. [PMID: 31497508 PMCID: PMC6718946 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was studied using novel derivatives of (-)-cytisine derivatives N-allylcytisine-12-carbamide (A-63), cytisine-12-carbamide (A-36), N-1-adamantylcytisine-12-thiocarbamide (U-12), and 1-hydroxyquinopimaric acid (U-201). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with compound A-63 was described as mixed inhibition. Substances (A-36) and (U-201) acted as competitive inhibitors with Ki equal to 6.71 mM and 3.89 mM, respectively, while (U-12) behaved as an uncompetitive inhibitor with Ki at 0.07 mM. The IC50 values were estimated at 1.47, 13.73, 3.39, and 7.81 mM, respectively. According to toxicity assessment, compound A-63 was non-toxic; it did not affect A. salina viability at a concentration less than 1000 ppm, while at 1000 ppm, only 3% mortality was observed. Mortality of A. salina was less than 50% in the same concentration range for the other three compounds that allow classifying them as moderately toxic. Although tested compounds have the characteristics of weak inhibitors, they could be useful as protectors against potent organophosphates. The present research may be fundamental to the design of new substances for acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Daniel García-García
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - E. Patricia Segura-Ceniceros
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - Radik A. Zaynullin
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1 Cosmonauts St., Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450062, Russia
| | - Raikhana V. Kunakova
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1 Cosmonauts St., Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450062, Russia
| | - Guzel F. Vafina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | - Inna P. Tsypysheva
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, Bashkortostan, 450054, Russia
| | - Alejandra I. Vargas-Segura
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
| | - Anna Ilyina
- Nanobioscience Group, Chemistry School, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Blvd. V. Carranza e Ing. J. Cardenas V., Saltillo, Coahuila, CP. 25280, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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Genetic polymorphisms as determinants of pesticide toxicity: Recent advances. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:564-570. [PMID: 31293901 PMCID: PMC6595235 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms may influence pesticides-induced oxidative damage.Pesticides modulate immune-system cells functionality, leading to the onset of a dangerous pro-inflammatory microenvironment. DNA repair genes, Cytochrome P450 s, PON and GST genes have a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Many workers are professionally exposed to pesticides with potential health consequences.
Occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides may induce harmful effects on human health by promoting the development of a wide range of disorders. Some of the most recently hypothesized mechanisms are oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications, however biological effects seem to be modulated mainly by the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms. The susceptibility to exposure can be evaluated by studying the most common polymorphisms of genes involved in the metabolism of organophosphorus compounds (cytochrome P450, glutathione transferase, acetyltransferases or paraoxonase 1). The aim of this article is to review recent literature data concerning the influence of genetic polymorphisms on pesticides-induced oxidative damage.
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Leung MCK, Silva MH, Palumbo AJ, Lohstroh PN, Koshlukova SE, DuTeaux SB. Adverse outcome pathway of developmental neurotoxicity resulting from prenatal exposures to cannabis contaminated with organophosphate pesticide residues. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:12-18. [PMID: 30668982 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that increased use of medical and recreational cannabis may result in increased exposure to contaminants on the cannabis, such as pesticides. Several states are moving towards implementing robust regulation of the sales, cultivation, and manufacture of cannabis products. However, there are challenges with creating health-protective regulations in an industry that, to date, has been largely unregulated. The focus of this publication is a theoretical examination of what may happen when women are exposed pre-conceptually or during pregnancy to cannabis contaminated with pesticides. We propose an adverse outcome pathway of concomitant prenatal exposure to cannabinoids and the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos by curating what we consider to be the key events at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels that result in developmental neurotoxicity. The implications of this adverse outcome pathway underscore the need to elucidate the potential developmental neurotoxicity that may result from prenatal exposure to pesticide-contaminated cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States.
| | - Marilyn H Silva
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Amanda J Palumbo
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Peter N Lohstroh
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Svetlana E Koshlukova
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Shelley B DuTeaux
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
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Kharb S, Panjeta P, Kala V, Ghalaut VS, Bala J, Nanda S. Cord Blood Butyrylcholinesterase Activities in Normal Pregnant and Preeclamptic Women. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-39507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Espinoza M, Rivero Osimani V, Sánchez V, Rosenbaum E, Guiñazú N. B-esterase determination and organophosphate insecticide inhibitory effects in JEG-3 trophoblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:190-7. [PMID: 26790371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The placenta and trophoblasts express several B-esterases. This family includes acethylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are important targets of organophosphate insecticide (OP) toxicity. To better understand OP effects on trophoblasts, B-esterase basal activity and kinetic behavior were studied in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell cultures. Effects of the OP azinphos-methyl (Am) and chlorpyrifos (Cp) on cellular enzyme activity were also evaluated. JEG-3 cells showed measurable activity levels of AChE and CES, while BChE was undetected. Recorded Km for AChE and CES were 0.33 and 0.26 mM respectively. Native gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated CES1 and CES2 isoform expression. Cells exposed for 4 and 24 h to the OP Am or Cp, showed a differential CES and AChE inhibition profiles. Am inhibited CES and AChE at 4 h treatment while Cp showed the highest inhibition profile at 24 h. Interestingly, both insecticides differentially affected CES1 and CES2 activities. Results demonstrated that JEG-3 trophoblasts express AChE, CES1 and CES2. B-esterase enzymes were inhibited by in vitro OP exposure, indicating that JEG-3 cells metabolization capabilities include phase I enzymes, able to bioactivate OP. In addition, since CES enzymes are important for medicinal drug activation/deactivation, OP exposure may interfere with trophoblast CES metabolization, probably being relevant in a co-exposure scenario during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | | | - Victoria Sánchez
- LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rosenbaum
- LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
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