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Sohn E, Kim BY, Kim YJ, Jeong SJ. Non-clinical safety assessment of Annona atemoya leaf extract: evaluation of genotoxicity. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:473-485. [PMID: 38911544 PMCID: PMC11187046 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaves, stems, and fruits of Annona atemoya (A. atemoya; AA), a fruit-bearing plant of the family Annonaceae, exhibit anti-angiogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. However, the safety of AA has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the potential genotoxicity of an AA leaf (AAL) ethanol extract using a standard three-test battery constituting in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration, in vivo micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation (also known as the Ames test) tests, as recommended by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea. In vitro chromosomal aberration assay revealed that AAL extract did not induce structural or numerical aberrations, with or without metabolic activation (S9). In vivo micronucleus assay revealed that the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and the PCE/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio after AAL extract treatment were not substantially different from those in the negative control. Changes in body weight and mortality were not observed. However, AAL extract partially induced mutagenic activity in all three bacterial strains in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, indicating that it could potentially aid in determining the genotoxic safety of AAL. QuantSeq 3' mRNA sequencing analysis to elucidate the genotoxicity mechanisms of AAL extract using TK6 cells revealed that the genotoxic effects of AAL may be associated with cellular morphology-associated (cell development and keratinization), nucleotide metabolism, and electron transport chain functions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-024-00241-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Sohn
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
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Wang S, Zhao K, Chen Z, Liu D, Tang S, Sun C, Chen H, Wang Y, Wu C. Halicin: A New Horizon in Antibacterial Therapy against Veterinary Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:492. [PMID: 38927159 PMCID: PMC11200678 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to discover novel antimicrobial drugs to combat resistance. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of halicin (SU3327), an AI-identified anti-diabetic drug, against 13 kinds of common clinical pathogens of animal origin, including multidrug-resistant strains. Employing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assessments, halicin demonstrated a broad-spectrum antibacterial effect. Time-killing assays revealed its concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (E. coli ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (S. aureus ATCC 29213), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae S6 (APP S6) after 4 h of treatment at concentrations above the MIC. Halicin exhibited longer post-antibiotic effects (PAEs) and sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs) for E. coli 25922, S. aureus 29213, and APP S6 compared to ceftiofur and ciprofloxacin, the commonly used veterinary antimicrobial agents, indicating sustained antibacterial action. Additionally, the results of consecutive passaging experiments over 40 d at sub-inhibitory concentrations showed that bacteria exhibited difficulty in developing resistance to halicin. Toxicology studies confirmed that halicin exhibited low acute toxicity, being non-mutagenic, non-reproductive-toxic, and non-genotoxic. Blood biochemical results suggested that halicin has no significant impact on hematological parameters, liver function, and kidney function. Furthermore, halicin effectively treated respiratory A. pleuropneumoniae infections in murine models. These results underscore the potential of halicin as a new antibacterial agent with applications against clinically relevant pathogens in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Ke Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Ziqi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Dejun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Shusheng Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Chengtao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Hongliang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
- Xiamen Vangenes Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Congming Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; (S.W.); (K.Z.); (Z.C.); (D.L.); (S.T.); (C.S.)
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Zhang M, Lin S, Han L, Zhang J, Liu S, Yang X, Wang R, Yang X, Yi Y. Safety and efficacy evaluation of halicin as an effective drug for inhibiting intestinal infections. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389293. [PMID: 38783954 PMCID: PMC11111955 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Halicin, the first antibacterial agent discovered by artificial intelligence, exerts broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and has a unique structure. Our study found that halicin had a good inhibitory effect on clinical isolates of drug-resistant strains and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). The safety of halicin was evaluated by acute oral toxicity, genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies. The results of acute toxicity test indicated that halicin, as a low-toxicity compound, had an LD50 of 2018.3 mg/kg. The results of sperm malformation, bone marrow chromosome aberration and cell micronucleus tests showed that halicin had no obvious genotoxicity. However, the results of the 90-day subchronic toxicity test indicated that the test rats exhibited weight loss and slight renal inflammation at a high dose of 201.8 mg/kg. Teratogenicity of zebrafish embryos showed that halicin had no significant teratogenicity. Analysis of intestinal microbiota showed that halicin had a significant effect on the intestinal microbial composition, but caused a faster recovery. Furthermore, drug metabolism experiments showed that halicin was poorly absorbed and quickly eliminated in vivo. Our study found that halicin had a good therapeutic effect on intestinal infection model of C. perfringens. These results show the feasibility of developing oral halicin as a clinical candidate drug for treating intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lianquan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoning Liu
- Animal Products Quality and Safety Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuzhen Yang
- Animal Products Quality and Safety Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunpeng Yi
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zhou Y, Moon JH, Kim JT, Qiu S, Lee SB, Park HJ, Son MJ, Lee GY, Kwon JW, Park SH, Auh JH, Lee HJ. Curcumol metabolized by rat liver S9 fraction and orally administered in mouse suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:171-180. [PMID: 38186621 PMCID: PMC10767046 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Following 3R (reduction, refinement, and replacement) principles, we employed the rat liver S9 fraction to mimic liver metabolism of curcumol having high in vitro IC50 on cancer cells. In HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells, the metabolites of curcumol by S9 fraction exerted more enhanced activity in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via regulating the expression of cyclin D1, CDK1, p21, PARP and Bcl-2 than curcumol. In addition, oral administration of curcumol at 4 mg/kg BW significantly suppressed the development of colon tumor induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor tissues. In mass analysis, curcumenol and curzerene were identified as the metabolites of curcumol by S9 fraction metabolism. Taken together, curcumol metabolites showed the enhanced suppressive effect on colon cancer, suggesting that S9 fraction can be considered as simple, fast, and bio-mimicking platform for the screening of chemical libraries on different chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Seung Beom Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
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Shirato M, Takida Y, Kanno T, Matsuura H, Niwano Y, Minamide H, Nakamura K. Mutagenicity assessment of high-power 1.6-THz pulse laser radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:146-158. [PMID: 37477119 DOI: 10.1111/php.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of terahertz (THz) radiation has been studied in medicine. However, there is a lack of scientific information regarding its possible mutagenicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the mutagenicity of 1.6 THz laser irradiation. The Ames test was conducted using five bacterial tester strains. The bacteria were subjected to (i) 1.6 THz laser irradiation at 3.8 mW/cm2 for 60 min using a tabletop THz pulse laser system, (ii) ultraviolet irradiation, (iii) treatment with positive control chemicals (positive control) or (iv) treatment with the solvent used in the positive control (negative control). After treatment, the bacterial suspensions were cultured on minimal glucose agar to determine the number of revertant colonies. In addition, the comet assay was performed using fibroblasts (V79) to assess possible DNA damage caused by the THz laser irradiation. The Ames test demonstrated that the THz laser irradiation did not increase the number of revertant colonies compared to that in the negative control group, whereas the ultraviolet irradiation and positive control treatment increased the number of revertant colonies. Thus, 1.6 THz laser irradiation is unlikely to be mutagenic. The comet assay additionally suggests that the THz laser irradiation unlikely induce cellular DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Shirato
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuma Takida
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taro Kanno
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Keisuke Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Free Radical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Ansorena D, Ramírez R, Lopez de Cerain A, Azqueta A, Astiasaran I. Oxidative Stability and Genotoxic Activity of Vegetable Oils Subjected to Accelerated Oxidation and Cooking Conditions. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112186. [PMID: 37297430 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stability and genotoxicity of coconut, rapeseed and grape seed oils were evaluated. Samples were submitted to different treatments: 10 days at 65 °C, 20 days at 65 °C (accelerated storage) and 90 min at 180 °C. Peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were altered as a function of storage time, but their greatest changes were recorded in samples subjected to 180 °C. Fatty acid profiles did not show significant changes from the nutritional point of view. Volatile compounds showed the highest increases at 180 °C for 90 min (18, 30 and 35 fold the amount in unheated samples in rapeseed, grape seed and coconut oils, respectively), particularly due to the increment in aldehydes. This family accounted for 60, 82 and 90% of the total area in coconut, rapeseed and grapeseed oil, respectively, with cooking. Mutagenicity was not detected in any case in a miniaturized version of the Ames test using TA97a and TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strains. Despite the increment in the presence of lipid oxidation compounds in the three oils, they were not compromised from the safety perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ansorena
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rubén Ramírez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela Lopez de Cerain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iciar Astiasaran
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Marmiroli M, Caldara M, Pantalone S, Malcevschi A, Maestri E, Keller AA, Marmiroli N. Building a risk matrix for the safety assessment of wood derived biochars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156265. [PMID: 35643132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is recognized as an efficient amendment and soil improver. However, environmental and quality assessments are needed to ensure the sustainability of its use in agriculture. This work considers the biochar's chemical-physical characterization and its potential phyto- and geno-toxicity, assessed with germination and Ames tests, obtaining valuable information for a safe field application. Three biochar types, obtained from gasification at different temperatures of green biomasses from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines (in Italy), were compared through a broad chemical, physical and biological evaluation. The results obtained showed the relevance of temperature in determining the chemical and morphological properties of biochar, which was shown with several analytical techniques such as the elemental composition, water holding capacity, ash content, but also with FTIR and X-ray spectroscopies. These techniques showed the presence of different relevant surface aliphatic and aromatic groups. The procedures for evaluating the potential toxicity using seeds germination and Ames genotoxicity assay highlights that biochar does not cause detrimental effects when it enters in contact with soil, micro- and macro-organisms, and plants. The genotoxicity test provided a new highlight in evaluating biochar environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Pantalone
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Malcevschi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centers SITEIA.PARMA and CIDEA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Fan Y, Fu Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Hao B, Shang R. Acute, subacute oral toxicity and Ames test of Py-mulin: an antibacterial drug candidate. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:2. [PMID: 34983673 PMCID: PMC8725322 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Py-mulin is a new pleuromutilin derivative with potent antibacterial activities in vitro and in vivo, suggesting this compound may lead to a promising antibacterial drug after further development. The present study is aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity, and the genotoxicity with the standard Ames test according to standard protocols. Methods Acute oral toxicity of Py-mulin was determined using Kunming mice. The 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in SD rats was performed according to OECD guideline No. 407. The bacterial reverse mutation (Ames test) was carried out using four Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA1535 with and without S9 metabolic activation. Results The LD50 values in acute oral toxicity were 2973 mg/kg (female mice) and 3891 mg/kg (male mice) calculated by the Bliss method. In subacute toxicity study, 50 mg/kg Py-mulin did not induce any abnormality in body weight, food consumption, clinical sign, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weight, and histopathology in all of the treatment groups. However, high doses of Py-mulin (100 and 300 mg/kg) displayed slightly hepatotoxicity to female rats. Furthermore, Py-mulin did not significantly increase the number of revertant colonies of four standard S. typhimurium strains with the doses of 0.16–1000 μg/plate in the Ames study. Conclusions Based on our findings, our study provides some information for the safety profile of Py-mulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 335, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxing Fu
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of effective components of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, 450046, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 335, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 335, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 335, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, No. 335, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.
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Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040494. [PMID: 33921899 PMCID: PMC8074127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and extracts of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) have been fully characterized in terms of composition, safety, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They were analyzed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Adenovirus 35. Their toxicity and life span were also determined. EO of P. graveolens (5%) did not retain any antibacterial activity (whereas at 100% it was greatly effective against E. coli), had antifungal activity against A. niger, and significant antiviral activity. Rose geranium extract (dilutions 25−90%) (v/v) had antifungal and antibacterial activity, especially against E. coli, and dose-dependent antiviral activity. Rose petals EO (5%) retains low inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. Typhimurium growth (about 20−30%), antifungal activity, and antiviral activity for medium to low virus concentrations. Rose petals extract had significant antibacterial activity at dilutions of 25−90%, especially against E. coli and S. Typhimurium, antifungal, and the most potent antiviral activity. None of the EOs and extracts were toxic in dilutions of up to 5% and 90%, respectively. Finally, all materials had a life span of more than eight weeks. These results support the aspect that rose petals and rose geranium EOs, and extracts, have beneficial antimicrobial and antiviral properties and they can be used as natural preservatives.
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Dantas FGDS, Castilho PFD, Almeida-Apolonio AAD, Araújo RPD, Oliveira KMPD. Mutagenic potential of medicinal plants evaluated by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay: A systematic review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108338. [PMID: 33339578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Ames test has become one of the most commonly used tests to assess the mutagenic potential of medicinal plants since they have several biological activities and thus have been used in traditional medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of raw materials. Accordingly, this review aims to report previous use of the Ames test to evaluate the mutagenic potential of medicinal plants. A database was constructed by curating literature identified by a search on the electronic databases Medline (via Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1975 to April 2020, using the following terms: "genotoxicity tests" OR "mutagenicity tests" OR "Ames test" AND "medicinal plants." From the research, 239 articles were selected, including studies of 478 species distributed across 111 botanical families, with Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae being the most frequent. It was identified that 388 species were non-mutagenic. Of these, 21% (83/388) showed antimutagenic potential, most notable in the Lamiaceae family. The results also indicate that 18% (90/478) of the species were mutagenic, of which 54% were mutagenic in the presence and absence of S9. Strains TA98 and TA100 showed a sensitivity of 93% in detecting plant extracts with mutagenic potential. However, the reliability of many reviewed studies regarding the botanical extracts may be questioned due to technical issues, such as testing being performed only in the presence or absence of S9, use of maximum doses below 5 mg/plate and lack of information on the cytotoxicity of tested doses. These methodological aspects additionally demonstrated that a discussion about the doses used in research on mixtures, such as the ones assessed with botanical extracts and the most sensitive strains employed to detect the mutagenic potential, should be included in a possible update of the guidelines designed by the regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gomes da Silva Dantas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Pires de Araújo
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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11
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Kawamata Y, Shibui Y, Takumi A, Seki T, Shimada T, Hashimoto M, Inoue N, Kobayashi H, Narita T. Genotoxicity and repeated-dose toxicity evaluation of dried Wolffia globosa Mankai. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1233-1241. [PMID: 32995298 PMCID: PMC7505750 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolffia is a genus of protein-rich aquatic plants. Mankai, a cultivated strain of Wolffia globosa, contains more than 40 % protein based on dry matter evaluation. Furthermore, Mankai is nutritionally excellent as a food material, and is expected to be applicable to various products as a substitute for animal protein. A battery of toxicological studies was conducted on the dried product of Mankai (Dry Mankai), with the expectation to utilize it as a raw material for food applications. Dry Mankai was not genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation test and in vitro micronucleus assay. In the subchronic toxicity study, rats were provided Dry Mankai in the diet at levels of 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, or 20 % (w/w), equivalent to 0, 3.18, 6.49, and 13.16 g/kg/day for males and 0, 3.58, 7.42, and 15.03 g/kg/day for females, respectively. No adverse effects that could be attributable to treatment were observed in clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology and blood chemistry, urinalysis, and macroscopic and microscopic findings. According to the repeated-dose study in rats, the no observed adverse effect level of Dry Mankai was 20 % (w/w) for both sexes (13.16 and 15.03 g/kg/day for males and females, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kawamata
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shibui
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Asuka Takumi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takuya Seki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimada
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Masaki Hashimoto
- Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-15-1, Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Naohiko Inoue
- Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-15-1, Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Hisamine Kobayashi
- Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-15-1, Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Takahiro Narita
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Aminoscience Division, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
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12
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Bulut N, Atmaca B, Akdemir Evrendilek G, Uzuner S. Potential of pulsed electric field to control
Aspergillus parasiticus
, aflatoxin and mutagenicity levels: Sesame seed quality. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Bulut
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | - Bahar Atmaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
| | - Gülsün Akdemir Evrendilek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ardahan University Ardahan Turkey
| | - Sibel Uzuner
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu Turkey
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13
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Fu Y, Yi Y, Fan Y, Shang R. Cytochrome P450 inhibition potential and initial genotoxic evaluation of 14-O-[(4,6-diaminopyrimidine-2-yl)thioacetyl] mutilin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13474. [PMID: 32778735 PMCID: PMC7417534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
14-O-[(4,6-Diaminopyrimidine-2-yl)thioacetyl] mutilin (DPTM) is a promising drug candidate with excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The present study was designed to characterize its Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes inhibition activities and the genotoxicity with the standard Ames test. We determined the inhibitory effects of DPTM on CYP1A2, CYP2D1/6, CYP2E1, CYP2C11/9 and CYP3A/4 in rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The mRNA expressions of the above CYP isoforms and their transcriptional regulators were also evaluated using the Hep G2 cell model. The results showed DPTM exhibited a moderate inhibitory potential against CYP3A/4 (IC50 values of 10 ± 2 and 8 ± 2 μM, respectively) and weak against the other CYP enzymes based on their IC50 values. Compared to the control, CYP isoforms and their transcriptional regulators mRNA expressions significantly increased when the Hep G2 cells were treated with DPTM for a certain period of time. In the Ames test, Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 were treated with or without the metabolic activation (S9). Analysis showed the average number of revertant colonies per plate was less in double in the groups treated with DPTM than that in the negative control plate and showed no dose-related increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxing Fu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Yi
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Caldara M, Marmiroli N. Known Antimicrobials Versus Nortriptyline in Candida albicans: Repositioning an Old Drug for New Targets. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050742. [PMID: 32429222 PMCID: PMC7284794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans has the capacity to develop resistance to commonly used antimicrobials, and to solve this problem, drug repositioning and new drug combinations are being studied. Nortriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, was shown to have the capacity to inhibit biofilm and hyphae formation, along with the ability to efficiently kill cells in a mature biofilm. To use nortriptyline as a new antimicrobial, or in combination with known drugs to increase their actions, it is important to characterize in more detail the effects of this drug on the target species. In this study, the Candida albicans GRACE™ collection and a Haplo insufficiency profiling were employed to identify the potential targets of nortriptyline, and to classify, in a parallel screening with amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole, general multi-drug resistance genes. The results identified mutants that, during biofilm formation and upon treatment of a mature biofilm, are sensitive or tolerant to nortriptyline, or to general drug treatments. Gene ontology analysis recognized the categories of ribosome biogenesis and spliceosome as enriched upon treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant, while mutants in oxidative stress response and general stress response were commonly retrieved upon treatment with any other drug. The data presented suggest that nortriptyline can be considered a “new” antimicrobial drug with large potential for application to in vivo infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905658
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Sarma R, Adhikari K, Mahanta S, Khanikor B. Insecticidal activities of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1091-1096. [PMID: 31687359 PMCID: PMC6819703 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peel and leaf essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia possess potential larvicidal and ovicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. The leaf and peel essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia was found to differ in their chemical compositions. Citral, the major compound of leaf essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia was more effective than the crude oil against Aedes aegypti.
Background In the recent time, global attention for the control of vectors has shifted from chemical insecticides to botanicals. In the present investigation, authors attempted to evaluate the efficacy of peel and leaf essential oil (EO) of Citrus aurantifolia against Aedes aegypti. Results The results revealed that both the oils possess more ovicidal activity (LC50 value of 5.26 ppm and 17.71 ppm for leaf and peel oil respectively at 72 h) than larvicidal activity. As larvicide, the essential oil from the peel of Citrus aurantifolia showed rapid effect with LC50 value of 128.81 ppm at 24 h which reduced to 106.77 ppm at 72 h while the leaf oil showed slow effect with LC50 value of 188.59 ppm, 107.37 ppm and 104.59 ppm at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively. Again, the two essential oils did not show significant adulticidal activity. GC–MS analysis of both the oils recorded presence of different compounds. As a major constituent compound of the leaf EO of Citrus aurantifolia, citral was tested for their ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activities against Aedes aegypti. The result showed highest ovicidal activities (LC50 value of 4.84 ppm at 72 h) of citral followed by larvicidal (LC50 value of 87.02 ppm at 24 h) and adulticidal (LC50 value of 103.88 ppm at 24 h) activities. Conclusion From this study, it can be concluded that the essential oil extracted from the leaf and peel of Citrus aurantifolia and one of its major constituent compound citral can be included in the mosquito control programme of Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Sarma
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kamal Adhikari
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
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16
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Kim NS, Shin S, Shin GG, Bang OS. Genotoxicity evaluation of a Phragmitis rhizoma extract using a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 241:112025. [PMID: 31189082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A rhizome of Phragmites communis Trinius has been used in traditional medicine to remove a heat, relieve vomiting and fever, nourish body fluids, and treat diseases like cancers. However, the safety of Phragmitis rhizoma has not yet been fully assessed. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma (AEPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotoxic potential of AEPR was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assay systems: a bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test using auxotrophic mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA), a chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and a micronucleus test using bone marrow cells from male ICR mice subjected to an oral administration of AEPR. All tests were completed in compliance with the OECD guidelines or regional regulatory standards for toxicity study, and Good Laboratory Practice. RESULTS When compared with the negative control, no genotoxic signs related to the AEPR treatment were observed in the AMES test up to 5000 μg/plate of AEPR and in the chromosomal aberration test up to 500 μg/ml of AEPR regardless of metabolic activation. Repeated oral administration of AEPR up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days did not affect the body weight gains or mortalities of the experimental mice and did not induce any significant changes in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma is safe regarding genotoxicity in an experimental model at least under the conditions tested. Further toxicity assessment in a human clinical study should be done to support the safe use of Phragmitis rhizoma by patients and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- No Soo Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sarah Shin
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geon-Gook Shin
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240 Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Sun Bang
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Hobbs CA, Saigo K, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM. Magnesium stearate, a widely-used food additive, exhibits a lack of in vitro and in vivo genotoxic potential. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:554-559. [PMID: 29090120 PMCID: PMC5655391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium stearate is widely used in the production of dietary supplement and pharmaceutical tablets, capsules and powders as well as many food products, including a variety of confectionery, spices and baking ingredients. Although considered to have a safe toxicity profile, there is no available information regarding its potential to induce genetic toxicity. To aid safety assessment efforts, magnesium sulfate was evaluated in a battery of tests including a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay, and an in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay. Magnesium stearate did not produce a positive response in any of the five bacterial strains tested, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. Similarly, exposure to magnesium stearate did not lead to chromosomal aberrations in CHL/IU Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, with or without metabolic activation, or induce micronuclei in the bone marrow of male CD-1 mice. These studies have been used by the Japanese government and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in their respective safety assessments of magnesium stearate. These data indicate a lack of genotoxic risk posed by magnesium stearate consumed at current estimated dietary exposures. However, health effects of cumulative exposure to magnesium via multiple sources present in food additives may be of concern and warrant further evaluation.
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Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate
- ADI, acceptable daily intake
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA damage
- Dietary supplement
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ENNG, N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Food additive
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- Genotoxicity
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MN, micronucleus or micronuclei
- MN-PCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- Magnesium stearate
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte(s)
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Hobbs
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Saigo
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura-cho, Kagoshima-City, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
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