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Alameri MM, Kong ASY, Aljaafari MN, Ali HA, Eid K, Sallagi MA, Cheng WH, Abushelaibi A, Lim SHE, Loh JY, Lai KS. Aflatoxin Contamination: An Overview on Health Issues, Detection and Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040246. [PMID: 37104184 PMCID: PMC10140874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) represent one of the main mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, with the most prevalent and lethal subtypes being AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. AFs are responsible for causing significant public health issues and economic concerns that affect consumers and farmers globally. Chronic exposure to AFs has been linked to liver cancer, oxidative stress, and fetal growth abnormalities among other health-related risks. Although there are various technologies, such as physical, chemical, and biological controls that have been employed to alleviate the toxic effects of AF, there is still no clearly elucidated universal method available to reduce AF levels in food and feed; the only mitigation is early detection of the toxin in the management of AF contamination. Numerous detection methods, including cultures, molecular techniques, immunochemical, electrochemical immunosensor, chromatographic, and spectroscopic means, are used to determine AF contamination in agricultural products. Recent research has shown that incorporating crops with higher resistance, such as sorghum, into animal feed can reduce the risk of AF contamination in milk and cheese. This review provides a current overview of the health-related risks of chronic dietary AF exposure, recent detection techniques, and management strategies to guide future researchers in developing better detection and management strategies for this toxin.
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Ulusoy BH, Hecer C, Sayıner S, Kaya Yıldırım F. Presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in samarella (tsamarella), a traditional dried-cured meat of Cyprus. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3002-3009. [PMID: 35872743 PMCID: PMC9304510 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to mycotoxins is a matter of great concern in terms of public health and regulatory bodies worldwide. Contamination of meat products with mycotoxigenic fungi and production of aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and other mycotoxins can occur at different points of the manufacturing steps, from farm to fork. Among all microorganisms, moulds (mycobiota) are groups of microorganisms that can contaminate dry-cured meats, so they may carry the risk of mycotoxicosis. Samarella (tsamarella in Greek) is one of Cyprus's traditional, sun-dried and salted meat products. Mycological studies on this product have not been reported, and the risk of AFs or OTA has not been studied. This point of view aimed to conduct a survey study in terms of mycotoxin risk in samarella. With this aim, samples (n = 30) were collected from all commercial brands from markets in Northern Cyprus and analysed by ELISA. According to the results of this study, 14 of 30 and 9 of 30 samples were above Quantitative Measurement Limits (LOQ) for Total AFs, and AFB1, respectively. On the other hand, no result was obtained above LOQ for OTA. It was obtained that among all detectable results for total AFs, even the min result (5.3 μg/kg) was above 4 μg/kg, defined as a critical limit for directly consumed foods. None of the AFB1 and OTA results was above the determined critical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza H. Ulusoy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Canan Hecer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Esenyurt Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sayıner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fatma Kaya Yıldırım
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Alnasser S, Hussain SM, Alnughaymishi IM, Alnuqaydan AM. Pattern of food, drug and chemical poisoning in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia from January 2017 to December 2017. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1438-1442. [PMID: 33145179 PMCID: PMC7591347 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poisoning has become a widespread and dangerous phenomenon worldwide. The purpose of our study was to determine and analyze the pattern of poisoning cases induced with food, drugs, and chemicals reported to the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health in Qassim province in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study also evaluated the correlation of demographic variables such as age, type of toxicity and geographical distribution associated with poisoning in Qassim province. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 381 cases of poisoning. The data was collected from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017 and revealed that out of 381 cases, 120 have food poisoning (65 % females and 35 % males), 180 have drug poisoning (55.56 % females and 44.44 % males), whereas 81 cases have chemical poisoning (41.98 % female and 58.02 % male). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS/PC statistical package. The study revealed that the most common agents involved in acute poisoning were drugs (47.25 %), especially analgesics such as Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), followed by antipsychotic drugs. Food poisoning was the second acute poisoning with (31.40 %). Finally, chemical poisoning involved in acute poisoning with 21.20 % of cases reported household products accomplished strongest bleach (chlorines)(Clorox®) and insecticides were the secondary source for chemical poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalam M Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Assessing the Effect of Mycotoxin Combinations: Which Mathematical Model Is (the Most) Appropriate? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030153. [PMID: 32121330 PMCID: PMC7150917 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have examined the nature of the interaction between mycotoxins in biological models classifying interaction effects as antagonisms, additive effects, or synergisms based on a comparison of the observed effect with the expected effect of combination. Among several described mathematical models, the arithmetic definition of additivity and factorial analysis of variance were the most commonly used in mycotoxicology. These models are incorrectly based on the assumption that mycotoxin dose-effect curves are linear. More appropriate mathematical models for assessing mycotoxin interactions include Bliss independence, Loewe’s additivity law, combination index, and isobologram analysis, Chou-Talalays median-effect approach, response surface, code for the identification of synergism numerically efficient (CISNE) and MixLow method. However, it seems that neither model is ideal. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these mathematical models.
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Kademi HI, Saad FT, Ulusoy BH, Baba IA, Hecer C. Mathematical model for aflatoxins risk mitigation in food. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shukla S, Lee JS, Bajpai VK, Khan I, Huh YS, Han YK, Kim M. Toxicological evaluation of lotus, ginkgo, and garlic tailored fermented Korean soybean paste (Doenjang) for biogenic amines, aflatoxins, and microbial hazards. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110729. [PMID: 31381944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a consortium of nutritive fermented food products, supplemented with phytochemicals, with reduced toxicological contents. We developed new flavored Doenjang products (protein rich) fermented with lotus, ginkgo, and garlic plant extract-based Meju (termed as EMD) as the starter culture and by using traditional Meju (termed as TMD), where these plant extracts were added later during the fermentation process. Fermented Doenjang samples were analyzed for reduced levels of biogenic amines (BAs), aflatoxins, and microbial hazards, (including Bacillus cereus) as well as for their nutritive contents and antioxidant potential, after varying periods of fermentation (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months). All Doenjang samples prepared using plant extracts and their mixtures (1% and 10%) showed desired reduction in B. cereus counts, BAs, aflatoxins, and other foodborne pathogens as well as showed potent antioxidant abilities, including phenolic/flavonoid contents. Based on the higher efficiency in reducing various toxicants, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract added TMD samples were selected for the development of Doenjang products as an innovative approach, with great potential to improve the quality and safety of soybean fermented products in the Korean market, offering enhanced health benefits and reduced risks of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shukla
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Cook, Taegu Science University, Daegu, 41453, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Badr AN, Naeem MA. Protective efficacy using Cape- golden berry against pre-carcinogenic aflatoxins induced in rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:607-615. [PMID: 31312606 PMCID: PMC6609784 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuum drying saves the CGB bioactive components. Addition of CGB to rats’ diet presents good health effects. Aflatoxins caused vigorous impacts for rats’ biochemical parameters and tissues. CGB showed an ability for AF–precarcinogenicity reduction in liver tissues. CGB recorded enhancing the liver enzymes and blood parameters of AFs-rats.
Aflatoxins are harmful compounds that induced carcinogenic impacts on tissues. It could generate oxidative stress causing cells damage. Bioactive substances from natural plants could avoid mycotoxins’ bad impacts. Cape-goldenberry (CGB), a source of active substances, was vacuum-dried at 30 °C then milled. Fresh and dried CGB-powder properties were estimated. Animal experiment was designed using six rat-groups to evaluate CBG effect to reduce harmful effect of aflatoxins. Rats treated groups were orally administrated by aflatoxins (AFs) with or without CGB in diets. Blood parameters, liver and kidney functions, serum lipids, and liver histological changes were estimated. The CGB powder showed several time doubles of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants than fresh fruits. Diet supplementation by CGB of AFs-treated rats showed enhancement in final weight, food efficiency, and weight gain compared to AFs treatment only. Also, liver and kidney functions, liver enzymes, iron level, tumors indicator, and serum lipids of AFs- rats. Moreover, total protein, albumin, and globulin reduction by AFs have been improved by CGB presence in diets. Histopathological studies for AFs-rats liver showed dilated blood sinusoids with aggregation of inflammatory, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, degenerated hepatocytes, and apoptotic cells. However, in AFs-rat groups fed CGB in diets, liver hepatocytes appeared to be almost normal similar to the control. Results pointed out that CGB recorded a corrective action for aflatoxin B1 and G1 toxicity. This was recorded for the blood and serum parameters, and liver enzymes. This CGB action avoiding AFs-toxicity was more clearly declared in the liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Noah Badr
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Naeem
- Ain Shams Specialized Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo 16096, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Babalola OO, Mwanza M. Comparative study of aflatoxin contamination of winter and summer ginger from the North West Province of South Africa. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:489-495. [PMID: 31194138 PMCID: PMC6554596 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in staple food can have adverse effect that result in ill health and associated socio-economic losses. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain fungi and can be found in staple food plants such as ginger. Ginger is a renowned medicinal plant that is extensively used for cooking and healing. However, this medicinal plant is with little information about its possible mycotoxins contamination. This study determined the occurrence and prevalence of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 and Ochratoxin A contamination in raw ginger sold around Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa. Samples were collected purposively from various retailers over winter and summer. The analytical procedure optimized was based on immunoaffinity column cleanup (IAC), followed by High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FLC) detection. ELISA was also used for mycotoxin screening. On HPLC, the limits of detection and quantification for the four Aflatoxins were 3.9 × 10-7-1.4 × 10 -3 and 1.3 × 10-6 - 4.7 × 10-3 for samples collected in winter, and 3.7 × 10-7- 1.4 × 10-3, LOQ 1.2 × 10-6 - 4.6 × 10-3 for the summer samples. The average recoveries at three spiking levels ranged from 62 to 91% for the summer samples and 70-93% for those collected in winter. A linearity was observed for the analytes whose correlation coefficients were within the range of 0.9995 and 1.000 for the winter samples and 0.9995 and 1.000 for those collected in summer. The results showed that the contamination levels, especially for samples collected in summer were greater than the legally permissible limits. The t-test analysis shows that the mean and standard deviation of the four types of Aflatoxins considered were higher in summer than in winter. The findings of the study indicated that ginger, as for all agricultural commodities, are prone to mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olusola Omotayo
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Bayram M, Gökırmaklı Ç. Horizon Scanning: How Will Metabolomics Applications Transform Food Science, Bioengineering, and Medical Innovation in the Current Era of Foodomics? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22:177-183. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bayram
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Çağlar Gökırmaklı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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