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Zheng W, Fan X, Chen H, Ye M, Yin C, Wu C, Liang Y. The response patterns of r- and K-strategist bacteria to long-term organic and inorganic fertilization regimes within the microbial food web are closely linked to rice production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173681. [PMID: 38844210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Soil microbial food web is crucial for maintaining crop production, while its community structure varies among fertilization regimes. Currently, the mechanistic understanding of the relationships between microbial food web and crop production under various nutrient fertilizations is poor. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to achieve precision agriculture for ensuring yield stability. In this study, we investigated the abiotic (i.e., soil chemical properties) and biotic factors (i.e., microbial food web, including bacteria, fungi, archaea and nematodes) that were closely associated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, using soils from seven fertilization regimes in distinct sampling locations (i.e., bulk vs rhizosphere soil) at a long-term experimental site. Organic manure alone fertilization (M) and integrated fertilization (NPKM) combining manure with inorganic fertilizers increased soil pH by 0.21-0.41 units and organic carbon content by 49.1 %-65.2 % relative to the non-fertilization (CK), which was distinct with inorganic fertilization. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that soil microbial and nematode communities were primarily shaped by fertilization rather than sampling locations. Organic fertilization (M, NPKM) increased the relative abundance of both r-strategist bacteria, specific taxa within the fungal (i.e., Pezizales) and nematode communities (i.e., omnivores-predators), whereas inorganic fertilization increased K-strategist bacteria abundances relative to the CK. Correspondingly, network analysis showed that the keystone taxa in the amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) enriched by organic manure and inorganic fertilization were mainly affiliated with r- and K-strategist bacteria, respectively. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis found that r- and K-strategist bacteria were positively correlated with rice production under organic and inorganic fertilization, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the response patterns of r/K-strategists to nutrient fertilization largely regulate rice yield, suggesting that the enhanced soil fertility and r-strategists contribute to the highest crop production in NPKM fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoping Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mujun Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang Yin
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Sun S, Liu C, Zhang Y, Yue Y, Sun S, Bai Y, Zhang P, Ravanbakhsh M, Dini-Andreote F, Li R, Zhang Z, Jousset A, Shen Q, A Kowalchuk G, Xiong W. Divergent impacts of fertilization regimes on below-ground prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities in the Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121379. [PMID: 38870787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chemical nutrient amendment by human activities can lead to environmental impacts contributing to global biodiversity loss. However, the comprehensive understanding of how below- and above-ground biodiversity shifts under fertilization regimes in natural ecosystems remains elusive. Here, we conducted a seven-year field experiment (2011-2017) and examined the effects of different fertilization on plant biodiversity and soil belowground (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) communities in the alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau, based on data collected in 2017. Our results indicate that nitrogen addition promoted total plant biomass but reduced the plant species richness. Conversely, phosphorus enrichment did not promote plant biomass and exhibited an unimodal pattern with plant richness. In the belowground realm, distinct responses of soil prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities were observed under fertilizer application. Specifically, soil prokaryotic diversity decreased with nitrogen enrichment, correlating with shifts in soil pH. Similarly, soil eukaryotic diversity decreased with increased phosphorous inputs, aligning with the equilibrium between soil available and total phosphorus. We also established connections between these soil organism communities with above-ground plant richness and biomass. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the sustainable impacts of human-induced nutrient enrichment on the natural environment. Future research should delve deeper into the long-term effects of fertilization on soil health and ecosystem functioning, aiming to achieve a balance between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Mohammadhossein Ravanbakhsh
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science & Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The One Health Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - George A Kowalchuk
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wu Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Meng XR, Gan Y, Liao LJ, Li CN, Wang R, Liu M, Deng JY, Chen Y. How the root bacterial community of Ficus tikoua responds to nematode infection: enrichments of nitrogen-fixing and nematode-antagonistic bacteria in the parasitized organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1374431. [PMID: 39006956 PMCID: PMC11239514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1374431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most damaging pathogens to host plants. Plants can modulate their associated bacteria to cope with nematode infections. The tritrophic plant-nematode-microbe interactions are highly taxa-dependent, resulting in the effectiveness of nematode agents being variable among different host plants. Ficus tikoua is a versatile plant with high application potential for fruits or medicines. In recent years, a few farmers have attempted to cultivate this species in Sichuan, China, where parasitic nematodes are present. We used 16S rRNA genes to explore the effects of nematode parasitism on root-associated bacteria in this species. Our results revealed that nematode infection had effects on both endophytic bacterial communities and rhizosphere communities in F. tikoua roots, but on different levels. The species richness increased in the rhizosphere bacterial communities of infected individuals, but the community composition remained similar as compared with that of healthy individuals. Nematode infection induces a deterministic assembly process in the endophytic bacterial communities of parasitized organs. Significant taxonomic and functional changes were observed in the endophytic communities of root knots. These changes were characterized by the enrichment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including Bradyrhizobium, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, and nematode-antagonistic bacteria, such as Pseudonocardia, Pseudomonas, Steroidobacter, Rhizobacter, and Ferrovibrio. Our results would help the understanding of the tritrophic plant-nematode-bacterium interactions in host plants other than dominant crops and vegetables and would provide essential information for successful nematode management when F. tikoua were cultivated on large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rui Meng
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Li-Jun Liao
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Chao-Nan Li
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Jun-Yin Deng
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
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4
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Tan J, Wei N, Turcotte MM. Trophic interactions in microbiomes influence plant host population size and ecosystem function. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240612. [PMID: 38772419 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant microbiomes that comprise diverse microorganisms, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses, are the key determinants of plant population dynamics and ecosystem function. Despite their importance, little is known about how species interactions (especially trophic interactions) between microbes from different domains modify the importance of microbiomes for plant hosts and ecosystems. Using the common duckweed Lemna minor, we experimentally examined the effects of predation (by bacterivorous protists) and parasitism (by bacteriophages) within microbiomes on plant population size and ecosystem phosphorus removal. Our results revealed that the addition of predators increased plant population size and phosphorus removal, whereas the addition of parasites showed the opposite pattern. The structural equation modelling further pointed out that predation and parasitism affected plant population size and ecosystem function via distinct mechanisms that were both mediated by microbiomes. Our results highlight the importance of understanding microbial trophic interactions for predicting the outcomes and ecosystem impacts of plant-microbiome symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisianan State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Chen S, Sun Y, Wang Y, Luo G, Ran J, Zeng T, Zhang P. Grazing weakens the linkages between plants and soil biotic communities in the alpine grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169417. [PMID: 38143005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Livestock grazing alters the diversity and composition of plants and soil biota in grassland ecosystems. However, whether and how grazing affects plant-soil biota interactions are limited. Here, we performed a field investigation on the Tibetan grasslands to determine the relationships between plant community properties (biomass, diversity and richness) and soil biota (abundance, diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi and nematodes) in the long-term yak grazing and ungrazed plots, and responses of plant-soil biota linkages to grazing in alpine meadows and alpine swampy meadows were compared. The results found that grazing did not cause significant changes in plant community properties but increased the soil water content. Further, grazing weakened plant-soil microbes/nematode relationships in alpine meadows. The bacterial and fungal abundances were correlated with plant belowground biomass and Simpson index in the ungrazed plots of alpine meadows, while the correlation was not significant under grazing. Bacterial composition was correlated with plant richness only in the ungrazed meadows. Plant-soil nematode linkages were more sensitive to grazing than plant-microbes linkages. Grazing decoupled the relationships between the abundances of nematode trophic groups and plant aboveground biomass, richness and Simpson index in alpine meadows, while the decoupling phenomenon is less evident in alpine swampy meadows. The SEM results indicate that grazing altered the plant above- and belowground biomass to affect the soil nematode community, while influenced soil microbes only through alterations of plant belowground biomass. The findings highlight the importance of grazing in influencing the interactions between aboveground plant communities and soil biological communities in Tibetan grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangdan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Zhejiang SeeGene Biotechnology Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gai Luo
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environmental of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoigê Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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6
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Sharma S, Kumawat KC, Kaur P, Kaur S, Gupta N. Crop residue heterogeneity: Decomposition by potential indigenous ligno-cellulolytic microbes and enzymatic profiling. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100227. [PMID: 38444877 PMCID: PMC10912851 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous depletion of fossil resources, energy-crisis and environmental pollution has gained popularity for careful selection of suitable microbial consortium to efficiently decompose crop residue and facilitate nutrient cycling. While crop residue is commonly incorporated into soil, the impact of the heterogeneity of residue on decomposition and biological mechanisms involved in extracellular carbon (C) cycle related enzyme activities remain not fully understood. To address this problem, an incubation study was conducted on chemical heterogeneity of straw and root residue with indigenous ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium on extracellular enzymes as their activity is crucial for making in-situ residue management decisions under field condition. The activity of extracellular enzymes in different substrates showed differential variation with the type of enzyme and ranged from 16.9 to 77.6 µg mL-1, 135.7 to 410.8 µg mL-1, 66.9 to 177.1 µg mL-1 and 42.1 to 160.9 µg mL-1 for cellulase, xylanase, laccase and lignin peroxidase, respectively. Extracellular enzyme activities were sensitive to heterogeneity of biochemical constituent's present in straw and root residues and enhanced the decomposition processes with indigenous ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium (Bacillus altitudinis, Streptomyces flavomacrosporus and Aspergillus terreus). Correlation matrix elucidated A. terreus and B. altitudinis as potential indigenous ligno-cellulolytic microbial inoculant influencing soil enzymatic activity (p < 0.001). This research work demonstrates a substantial impact of chemically diverse crop residues on the decomposition of both straw and root. It also highlights the pivotal role played by key indigenous decomposers and interactions between different microorganisms in governing the decomposition of straw and root primarily through release of extracellular enzyme. Consequently, it is novel bio-emerging strategy suggested that incorporation of the crop residues under field conditions should be carried out in conjunction with the potential indigenous ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium for efficient decomposition in the short period of time under sustainable agriculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Kailash Chand Kumawat
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Paawan Kaur
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Sukhjinder Kaur
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Nihar Gupta
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
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Li G, Liu T, Whalen JK, Wei Z. Nematodes: an overlooked tiny engineer of plant health. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:52-63. [PMID: 37468419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are a crucial component of rhizosphere biodiversity, affecting plant health as the most abundant and functionally diverse soil animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are generally considered harmful, which may overlook their potential benefits to plants when coexisting with free-living nematodes in soil. We provide new insights into nematodes as vital plant partners. Plant root damage by plant-parasitic nematodes creates opportunities for pathogens and beneficial microbiota to colonize the rhizosphere. Free-living nematodes coordinate microbiota to suppress plant diseases, but they are susceptible to mortality from plant pathogens, potentially favoring pathogen release in the root zone. We conclude that the nematode's role in regulating plant pathogens represents a missing link, constraining our ability to predict and control soil-borne diseases in healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada; Chair of Soil Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Wang J, Zhang X, Wang H, Liu T, Fayyaz A, Gonzalez NCT, Wang J, Chen X, Zhao J, Yan W. Leguminous crop restores the carbon flow attenuation from nitrogen loading within soil nematode food web in a Camellia oleifera plantation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119580. [PMID: 37979388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive nitrogen (N) loading poses a substantial risk to soil biodiversity and disrupts carbon (C) flows within the soil food web. Intercropping with legumes is often considered a sustainable way to maintain soil N availability and mitigate the associated detrimental effects. However, it remains unclear whether and how legume crops restore energetic attenuation caused by N loading within the soil food web. Here, we conducted a two-year field experiment using randomized block design in a subtropic Camellia oleifera plantation with high wet N deposition. We examined the effects of applying N fertilizers at normal or half levels (168 or 84 kg N ha-1yr-1) and intercropping legumes (Arachis hypogaea or Cassia tora) on the soil nematode food web. We observed that N fertilization suppressed the majority of nematode trophic groups, weakened the stability of food web structure, and diminished the C flows across the bacterial and fungal energy channels. Conversely, intercropping with legumes (particularly with C. tora) bolstered the densities of bacterivore and fungivore nematodes. This enhancement facilitated interactions within the soil micro-food web, and subsequently augmented the C flows within their respective channels. Model predictions suggested that the detrimental effects of N fertilizers on the nematode food web are primarily linked to decreased soil pH resulting from soil N accumulation. Notably, higher soil organic C was found to mitigate these effects. Furthermore, N-enriched legume substrates played a beneficial role in stimulating soil microbial activities and facilitating C flows through bottom-up control. Our findings emphasize the positive impacts of legume crops on mitigating soil biodiversity loss and restoring energetic attenuation within soil food web under N-saturated soil conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for agroforestry management practices aimed at sustaining soil health and ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xuyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Hailun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Amna Fayyaz
- Department of Plant Pathalogy, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Norela C T Gonzalez
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Division of Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Governors State University, University Park, IL, 60484, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Wende Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N, Bucher SF, Ciobanu M, Hines J. Artificial light at night (ALAN) causes shifts in soil communities and functions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220366. [PMID: 37899014 PMCID: PMC10613544 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing worldwide, but its effects on the soil system have not yet been investigated. We tested the influence of experimental manipulation of ALAN on two taxa of soil communities (microorganisms and soil nematodes) and three aspects of soil functioning (soil basal respiration, soil microbial biomass and carbon use efficiency) over four and a half months in a highly controlled Ecotron facility. We show that during peak plant biomass, increasing ALAN reduced plant biomass and was also associated with decreased soil water content. This further reduced soil respiration under high ALAN at peak plant biomass, but microbial communities maintained stable biomass across different levels of ALAN and times, demonstrating higher microbial carbon use efficiency under high ALAN. While ALAN did not affect microbial community structure, the abundance of plant-feeding nematodes increased and there was homogenization of nematode communities under higher levels of ALAN, indicating that soil communities may be more vulnerable to additional disturbances at high ALAN. In summary, the effects of ALAN reach into the soil system by altering soil communities and ecosystem functions, and these effects are mediated by changes in plant productivity and soil water content at peak plant biomass. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research, Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 48 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04109, Germany
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10
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Hu S, Li G, Berlinches de Gea A, Teunissen J, Geisen S, Wilschut RA, Schwelm A, Wang Y. Microbiome predators in changing soils. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2057-2067. [PMID: 37438930 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome predators shape the soil microbiome and thereby soil functions. However, this knowledge has been obtained from small-scale observations in fundamental rather than applied settings and has focused on a few species under ambient conditions. Therefore, there are several unaddressed questions on soil microbiome predators: (1) What is the role of microbiome predators in soil functioning? (2) How does global change affect microbiome predators and their functions? (3) How can microbiome predators be applied in agriculture? We show that there is sufficient evidence for the vital role of microbiome predators in soils and stress that global changes impact their functions, something that urgently needs to be addressed to better understand soil functioning as a whole. We are convinced that there is a potential for the application of microbiome predators in agricultural settings, as they may help to sustainably increase plant growth. Therefore, we plea for more applied research on microbiome predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunran Hu
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Berlinches de Gea
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joliese Teunissen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Environment, Soils and Landuse, Teagasc Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University & Research (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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de Souza TAF, da Silva LJR, Laurindo LK, Nascimento GDS, Campos MCC. Impact of ecological stages on the soil microbiota and soil abiotic factors in tropical and subtropical Brazilian regions. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:335. [PMID: 37735302 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to test if ecological stages may influence the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), nematodes, and the soil chemical properties in agroforestry systems (AF), unassisted forest restoration (UFR), and natural ecosystem (Ne) located in the Brazilian Tropical and Subtropical regions. We collected soil samples to determine AMF, nematodes, soil pH, P, and soil organic carbon (SOC). AMF and nematode richness in the AF and Ne were similar in the tropical region. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the abundance of AMF and soil nematodes was mainly affected by soil pH, P, and SOC. Differences were associated with (1) ecological stages, as we found differences in AMF and nematode abundance as affected by habitat simplification, and (2) changes in soil pH, SOC, and P. Our work increases the understanding of the AMF and soil nematode community in the rhizosphere of AF and Ne in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Soil Science, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba, 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Jónatan Rodrigues da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Agrarian and Natural Ecosystems, Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, 89520-000, Brazil
| | - Lídia Klestadt Laurindo
- Postgraduate Program in Agrarian and Natural Ecosystems, Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, 89520-000, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Dos Santos Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Soil Science, Department of Soils and Rural Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Milton César Costa Campos
- Department of Soil and Rural Engineering, Centre of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba, 58397-000, Brazil
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12
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Li G, Wilschut RA, Luo S, Chen H, Wang X, Du G, Geisen S. Nematode biomass changes along an elevational gradient are trophic group dependent but independent of body size. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4898-4909. [PMID: 37337363 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground, large and higher trophic-level organisms often respond more strongly to environmental changes than small and lower trophic-level organisms. However, whether this trophic or size-dependent sensitivity also applies to the most abundant animals, microscopic soil-borne nematodes, remains largely unknown. Here, we sampled an altitudinal transect across the Tibetan Plateau and applied a community-weighted mean (CWM) approach to test how differences in climatic and edaphic properties affect nematode CWM biomass at the level of community, trophic group and taxon mean biomass within trophic groups. We found that climatic and edaphic properties, particularly soil water-related properties, positively affected nematode CWM biomass, with no overall impact of altitude on nematode CWM biomass. Higher trophic-level omnivorous and predatory nematodes responded more strongly to climatic and edaphic properties, particularly to temperature, soil pH, and soil water content than lower trophic-level bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes. However, these differences were likely not (only) driven by size, as we did not observe significant interactions between climatic and edaphic properties and mean biomasses within trophic groups. Together, our research implies a stronger, size-independent trophic sensitivity of higher trophic-level nematodes compared with lower trophic-level ones. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying nematode body size structure in alpine grasslands and highlight that traits independent of size need to be found to explain increased sensitivity of higher trophic-level nematodes to climatic and edaphic properties, which might affect soil functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Han Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangtai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guozhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Martinez L, Wu S, Baur L, Patton MT, Owen-Smith P, Collins SL, Rudgers JA. Soil nematode assemblages respond to interacting environmental changes. Oecologia 2023:10.1007/s00442-023-05412-y. [PMID: 37368022 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-factor experiments suggest that interactions among environmental changes commonly influence biodiversity and community composition. However, most field experiments manipulate only single factors. Soil food webs are critical to ecosystem health and may be particularly sensitive to interactions among environmental changes that include soil warming, eutrophication, and altered precipitation. Here, we asked how environmental changes interacted to alter soil nematode communities in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland. Factorial manipulations of nitrogen, winter rainfall, and nighttime warming matched predictions for regional environmental change. Warming reduced nematode diversity by 25% and genus-level richness by 32%, but declines dissipated with additional winter rain, suggesting that warming effects occurred via drying. Interactions between precipitation and nitrogen also altered nematode community composition, but only weakly affected total nematode abundance, indicating that most change involved reordering of species abundances. Specifically, under ambient precipitation, nitrogen fertilizer reduced bacterivores by 68% and herbivores by 73%, but did not affect fungivores. In contrast, under winter rain addition, nitrogen fertilization increased bacterivores by 95%, did not affect herbivores, and doubled fungivore abundance. Rain can reduce soil nitrogen availability and increase turnover in the microbial loop, potentially promoting the recovery of nematode populations overwhelmed by nitrogen eutrophication. Nematode communities were not tightly coupled to plant community composition and may instead track microbes, including biocrusts or decomposers. Our results highlight the importance of interactions among environmental change stressors for shaping the composition and function of soil food webs in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Shuqi Wu
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Lauren Baur
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mariah T Patton
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Paul Owen-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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14
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Wilschut RA, Hume BCC, Mamonova E, van Kleunen M. Plant-soil feedback effects on conspecific and heterospecific successors of annual and perennial Central European grassland plants are correlated. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01433-w. [PMID: 37291397 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs), soil-mediated plant effects on conspecific or heterospecific successors, are a major driver of vegetation development. It has been proposed that specialist plant antagonists drive differences in PSF responses between conspecific and heterospecific plants, whereas contributions of generalist plant antagonists to PSFs remain understudied. Here we examined PSFs among nine annual and nine perennial grassland species to test whether poorly defended annuals accumulate generalist-dominated plant antagonist communities, causing equally negative PSFs on conspecific and heterospecific annuals, whereas well-defended perennial species accumulate specialist-dominated antagonist communities, predominantly causing negative conspecific PSFs. Annuals exhibited more negative PSFs than perennials, corresponding to differences in root-tissue investments, but this was independent of conditioning plant group. Overall, conspecific and heterospecific PSFs did not differ. Instead, conspecific and heterospecific PSF responses in individual species' soils were correlated. Soil fungal communities were generalist dominated but could not robustly explain PSF variation. Our study nevertheless suggests an important role for host generalists as drivers of PSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Ekaterina Mamonova
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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15
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Qin G, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhu J, Yang Y, Peijnenburg WJGM, Qian H. Understanding the ecological effects of the fungicide difenoconazole on soil and Enchytraeus crypticus gut microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121518. [PMID: 36990340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing knowledge of the impacts of pesticides on soil ecological communities is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of the functional changes in the global agroecosystem industry. In this study, we examined microbial community shifts in the gut of the soil-dwelling organism Enchytraeus crypticus and functional shifts in the soil microbiome (bacteria and viruses) after 21 d of exposure to difenoconazole, one of the main fungicides in intensified agriculture. Our results demonstrated reduced body weight and increased oxidative stress levels of E. crypticus under difenoconazole treatment. Meanwhile, difenoconazole not only altered the composition and structure of the gut microbial community, but also interfered with the soil-soil fauna microecology stability by impairing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Using soil metagenomics, we revealed that bacterial genes encoding detoxification and viruses encoding carbon cycle genes exhibited a dependent enrichment in the toxicity of pesticides via metabolism. Taken together, these findings advance the understanding of the ecotoxicological impact of residual difenoconazole on the soil-soil fauna micro-ecology, and the ecological importance of virus-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes under pesticide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Qin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jichao Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China
| | - Yaohui Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China
| | - W J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, RA 2300, Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, PR China.
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16
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Wu L, Chen H, Chen D, Wang S, Wu Y, Wang B, Liu S, Yue L, Yu J, Bai Y. Soil biota diversity and plant diversity both contributed to ecosystem stability in grasslands. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:858-868. [PMID: 36922741 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of diversity on ecosystem stability in the context of global change has become an important goal of recent ecological research. However, the effects of diversity at multiple scales and trophic levels on ecosystem stability across environmental gradients remain unclear. Here, we conducted a field survey of α-, β-, and γ-diversity of plants and soil biota (bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and estimated the temporal ecosystem stability of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 132 plots on the Mongolian Plateau. After climate and soil environmental variables were controlled for, both the α- and β-diversity of plants and soil biota (mainly via nematodes) together with precipitation explained most variation in ecosystem stability. These findings evidence that the diversity of both soil biota and plants contributes to ecosystem stability. Model predictions of the future effects of global changes on terrestrial ecosystem stability will require field observations of diversity of both plants and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Wu
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Huasong Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dima Chen
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shengen Liu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Linyan Yue
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Gao L, Wei C, He Y, Tang X, Chen W, Xu H, Wu Y, Wilschut RA, Lu X. Aboveground herbivory can promote exotic plant invasion through intra- and interspecific aboveground-belowground interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2347-2359. [PMID: 36200166 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground herbivores and soil biota profoundly affect plant invasions. However, how they interactively affect plant invasions through plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) remains unclear. To explore how herbivory by the introduced beetle Agasicles hygrophila affects Alternanthera philoxeroides invasions in China, we integrated multiyear field surveys and a 2-yr PSF experiment, in which we examined how herbivory affects PSFs on the performance of native and invasive plants and the introduced beetles. Despite increased herbivory from A. hygrophila, A. philoxeroides dominance over co-occurring congeneric native Alternanthera sessilis remained constant from 2014 to 2019. While occurring at lower abundances, A. sessilis experienced similar herbivore damage, suggesting apparent competitive effects. Our experiments revealed that herbivory on A. philoxeroides altered soil microbial communities, prolonged its negative PSF on A. sessilis, and decreased A. hygrophila larvae performance on the next-generation invasive plants. Consequently, A. hygrophila larvae performed better on leaves of natives than those of invasives when grown in soils conditioned by invasive plants defoliated by the introduced beetles. Our findings suggest that aboveground herbivory might promote rather than suppress A. philoxeroides invasion by enhancing its soil-mediated self-reinforcement, providing a novel mechanistic understanding of plant invasions. These findings highlight the need to incorporate an aboveground-belowground perspective during the assessment of potential biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunlun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chunqiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 540016, Guilin, China
| | - Yifan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xinmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Hubei, China
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18
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Jiang Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Han Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu T. Nematodes and their bacterial prey improve phosphorus acquisition by wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:974-986. [PMID: 36285379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is greatly influenced by the rhizosphere microbiome, which has been traditionally investigated from a bottom-up perspective assessing how resources such as root exudates stimulate microbial growth and drive microbiome assembly. However, the importance of predation as top-down force on the soil microbiome remains largely underestimated. Here, we planted wheat both in natural and in sterilized soils inoculated with the key microbiome predators - bacterivorous nematodes - to assess how plant performance responds to top-down predation of the soil microbiome and specific plant growth-promoting bacteria, namely phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. We found that nematodes enriched certain groups (e.g. Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes) and strengthened microbial connectance (e.g. Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria). These changes in microbiome structure were associated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria that facilitated phosphorus (P) cycling, leading to greater P uptake and biomass of wheat in both soils. However, the enhancement varied between nematode species, which may be attributed to the divergence of feeding behavior, as nematodes with weaker grazing intensity supported greater abundance of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and better plant performance compared with nematodes with greater grazing intensity. These results confirmed the ecological importance of soil nematodes for ecosystem functions via microbial co-occurrence networks and suggested that the predation strength of nematodes determines the soil bacteria contribution to P biogeochemical cycling and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanlai Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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19
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Abstract
The concept of one health highlights that human health is not isolated but connected to the health of animals, plants and environments. In this Review, we demonstrate that soils are a cornerstone of one health and serve as a source and reservoir of pathogens, beneficial microorganisms and the overall microbial diversity in a wide range of organisms and ecosystems. We list more than 40 soil microbiome functions that either directly or indirectly contribute to soil, plant, animal and human health. We identify microorganisms that are shared between different one health compartments and show that soil, plant and human microbiomes are perhaps more interconnected than previously thought. Our Review further evaluates soil microbial contributions to one health in the light of dysbiosis and global change and demonstrates that microbial diversity is generally positively associated with one health. Finally, we present future challenges in one health research and formulate recommendations for practice and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Banerjee
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions Group, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Dutta TK, Phani V. The pervasive impact of global climate change on plant-nematode interaction continuum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143889. [PMID: 37089646 PMCID: PMC10118019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pest profiles in today's global food production system are continually affected by climate change and extreme weather. Under varying climatic conditions, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause substantial economic damage to a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural commodities. In parallel, their herbivory also accredit to diverse ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, allocation and turnover of plant biomass, shaping of vegetation community, and alteration of rhizospheric microorganism consortium by modifying the root exudation pattern. Thus PPNs, together with the vast majority of free-living nematodes, act as ecological drivers. Because of direct exposure to the open environment, PPN biology and physiology are largely governed by environmental factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric and soil carbon dioxide level, and weather extremes. The negative effects of climate change such as global warming, elevated CO2, altered precipitation and the weather extremes including heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and storms greatly influence the biogeographic range, distribution, abundance, survival, fitness, reproduction, and parasitic potential of the PPNs. Changes in these biological and ecological parameters associated to the PPNs exert huge impact on agriculture. Yet, depending on how adaptable the species are according to their geo-spatial distribution, the consequences of climate change include both positive and negative effects on the PPN communities. While assorting the effects of climate change as a whole, it can be estimated that the changing environmental factors, on one hand, will aggravate the PPN damage by aiding to abundance, distribution, reproduction, generation, plant growth and reduced plant defense, but the phenomena like sex reversal, entering cryptobiosis, and reduced survival should act in counter direction. This seemingly creates a contraposition effect, where assessing any confluent trend is difficult. However, as the climate change effects will differ according to space and time it is apprehensible that the PPNs will react and adapt according to their location and species specificity. Nevertheless, the bio-ecological shifts in the PPNs will necessitate tweaking their management practices from the agri-horticultural perspective. In this regard, we must aim for a 'climate-smart' package that will take care of the food production, pest prevention and environment protection. Integrated nematode management involving precise monitoring and modeling-based studies of population dynamics in relation to climatic fluctuations with escalated reliance on biocontrol, host resistance, and other safer approaches like crop rotation, crop scheduling, cover cropping, biofumigation, use of farmyard manure (FYM) would surely prove to be viable options. Although the novel nematicidal molecules are target-specific and relatively less harmful to the environment, their application should not be promoted following the global aim to reduce pesticide usage in future agriculture. Thus, having a reliable risk assessment with scenario planning, the adaptive management strategies must be designed to cope with the impending situation and satisfy the farmers' need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Tushar K. Dutta, ;
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India
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Nakatsu CH, Pavlovic NB, Byappanahalli MN. Bacteria common to rhizosphere communities of Asiatic bittersweet across a post-glacial landscape. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.999099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive plants such as Asiatic bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.) are a significant problem for land managers as they impact plant species composition, disrupt nutrient dynamics and structure of native ecosystems, and are difficult to eradicate. As a result of the increasing abundance of Asiatic bittersweet across the eastern U.S., we have been investigating underlying factors potentially contributing to the success of this plant. Recently, ecologists have been investigating the role of plant-soil-microbe interactions contributing to plant invasion. This work has led to question: are there certain microbes (e.g., bacteria, fungi) contributing to the success of some invasive plants? We hypothesize that despite differences in geologic age of soils where Asiatic bittersweet has established in the Indiana Dunes National Park there are sufficient common factors that led to common bacterial taxa in their rhizosphere. The objectives were to determine differences and commonalities in the soil chemistry, plant community and bacterial communities of Asiatic bittersweet plants. To achieve these objectives, bittersweet plants were collected at thirteen locations in the national park from soils ranging in geologic age from 150 to over 14,500 years. Surrounding soil chemistry, plant cover and the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of these Asiatic bittersweet were compared. Asiatic bittersweet coverage of sampling sites ranged from 2 to 77% averaging 52 ± 2%. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in alpha diversity (Shannon, Faith’s PD and Pielou’s evenness) and beta diversity (Bray Curtis, Jaccard, unweighted Unifrac, weighted Unifrac) among the samples when grouped by soil age or habitat. Despite these differences in the bacterial communities from different soil ages and habitats, some bacterial taxa (e.g., Bacillus, Streptomyces, Sphingomonas and Rhizobiales) previously found in other studies to be beneficial to plant growth were found in every rhizosphere community sampled. These microbes provide insight into a possible contributing factor to the success of this invasive plant at the Indiana Dunes National Park, and a strategy for future work to reduce the impact of Asiatic bittersweet establishment and offer some new strategies to manage this nuisance species.
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Zheng F, Zhou GW, Zhu D, Neilson R, Zhu YG, Chen B, Yang XR. Does Plant Identity Affect the Dispersal of Resistomes Above and Below Ground? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14904-14912. [PMID: 35917301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistomes are ubiquitous in natural environments. Previous studies have shown that both the plant phyllosphere and soil-borne nematodes were reservoirs of above- and below-ground resistomes, respectively. However, the influence of plant identity on soil, nematode, and phyllosphere resistomes remains unclear. Here, a microcosm experiment was used to explore the characteristics of bacterial communities and resistomes in soil, nematode, and phyllosphere associated with six different plant identities (Lactuca sativa, Cichorium endivia, Allium fistulosum, Coriandrum sativum, Raphanus sativus, and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum). A total of 222 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 7 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected by high-throughput quantitative PCR from all samples. Plant identity not only significantly affected the diversity of resistomes in soil, nematode, and phyllosphere but also influenced the abundance of resistomes in nematodes. Shared bacteria and resistomes indicated a possible pathway of resistomes transfer through the soil-nematode-phyllosphere system. Structural equation models revealed that plant identity had no direct effect on phyllosphere ARGs, but altered indirectly through complex above- and below-ground interactions (soil-plant-nematode trophic transfer). Results also showed that bacteria and MGEs were key factors driving the above- and below-ground flow of resistomes. The study extends our knowledge about the top-down and bottom-up dispersal patterns of resistomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guo-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu Y, Wang W, Liu P, Zhou H, Chen Z, Suonan J. Plant-Soil Mediated Effects of Long-Term Warming on Soil Nematodes of Alpine Meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111596. [PMID: 36358297 PMCID: PMC9687422 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues today. Our study aimed to investigate how warming affected plant and soil nematode communities in alpine meadows on the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau over the past seven years. An artificial warming experiment with different gradients was conducted from 2011 to 2018, including temperature increases of 0 °C (CK), 0.53 °C (A), 1.15 °C (B), 2.07 °C (C), and 2.17 °C (D), respectively. Cyperaceae plants were shown to be eliminated by increasing temperature, and plant community composition tended to cluster differently under different warming gradients. The number of nematodes decreased with the increase in soil depth, and the majority of them were observed in the topsoil layer. The individual densities of soil nematodes were 197 ind.·100 g−1 dry soil at 10−20 cm and 188 ind.·100 g−1 dry soil at 20−30 cm in the A treatment, which was significantly higher than the CK (53 and 67 ind.·100 g−1 dry soil) (p < 0.05). The lowest relative abundance of bacterivore nematodes (Ba) was 31.31% in treatment A and reached the highest of 47.14% under the warming gradient of D (p < 0.05). The abundance of plant parasitic nematodes (Pp) was significantly reduced to 26.03% by excessive warming (2.17 °C increase) in comparison to CK (41.65%). The soil nematode community had the highest diversity with a 0.53 °C increase in soil temperature; 1.15 °C warming gradients were lower, and nematode communities tended to be simplified (p < 0.05). All nematode channel ratio (NCR) values were above 0.5, indicating that warming did not change the decomposition pathway of soil organic matter dominated by the bacterial channels. The Wasilewska Index (WI) in the D treatment increased significantly compared to other treatments (p < 0.05), indicating that the mineralized pathway of the food web was primarily involved with Ba and fungivores nematodes (Fu), which is conducive to the growth of micro-biophagous nematodes. The plant parasite index (PPI) decreased significantly in the D treatment compared with other treatments (p < 0.05), indicating that a high warming gradient caused a reduction in the maturity of Pp nematodes. The maturity index (MI) increased in the D treatment compared with A, B, and C treatments, indicating that overheating affected the nematode community in the later stage of succession and caused the soil to be less disturbed. A partial least squares path model (PLSPM) showed that warming indirectly affects Fu and Pp diversity by directly impacting the plant community as well as indirectly affecting Ba by directly affecting soil properties. In conclusion, plant diversity and community composition profoundly affect the soil nematode communities, thus reflecting the dynamic processes and evolution of soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liu
- The College of Geography Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Pan Liu
- The College of Geography Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region of Qinghai Province, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Ji Suonan
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
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Interactions between Soil Bacterial Diversity and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Soybean Plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0096322. [PMID: 36000866 PMCID: PMC9469712 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00963-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are an important group of pests causing economic losses in agriculture worldwide. Among the plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are considered the two most important ones affecting soybeans. In general, they damage soybean roots, causing a reduction of about one-third in productivity. The soil microbial community can exert a suppressive effect on the parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes. Here, we investigated the effects of soil bacterial diversity on Meloidogyne javanica (Meloidogyne-assay) and Pratylenchus brachyurus (Pratylenchus-assay) suppression by manipulating microbial diversity using the dilution-to-extinction approach in two independent experiments under controlled conditions. Furthermore, we recorded the changes in the soil microbial community induced by plant-parasitic nematode infection. In Meloidogyne-assay, microbial diversity reduced the population density of M. javanica and improved plant performance. In Pratylenchus-assay, microbial diversity sustained the performance of soybean plants even at high levels of P. brachyurus parasitism. Each nematode population affected the relative abundance of different bacterial genera and altered the core microbiome of key groups within the bacterial community. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the interactions between soil bacterial diversity and plant-parasitic nematodes in soybean plants. IMPORTANCE Root-knot and root-lesion nematodes cause losses of billions of dollars every year to agriculture worldwide. Traditionally, they are controlled by using chemical nematicides, which in general have a negative impact on the environment and human health. Fortunately, the soil microbial community may suppress these pests, acting as an environmentally friendly alternative to control nematodes. However, the effects of soil microbial diversity on the parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes still poorly understood. In this study, we provide fundamental insight into the interactions between soil bacterial diversity and plant-parasitic nematodes in soybean plants, which may be useful for the development of new strategies to control these phytopathogens.
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Jing J, Cong WF, Bezemer TM. Legacies at work: plant-soil-microbiome interactions underpinning agricultural sustainability. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:781-792. [PMID: 35701291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification has had long-lasting negative legacies largely because of excessive inputs of agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizers) and simplification of cropping systems (e.g., continuous monocropping). Conventional agricultural management focuses on suppressing these negative legacies. However, there is now increasing attention for creating positive above- and belowground legacies through selecting crop species/genotypes, optimizing temporal and spatial crop combinations, improving nutrient inputs, developing intelligent fertilizers, and applying soil or microbiome inoculations. This can lead to enhanced yields and reduced pest and disease pressure in cropping systems, and can also mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration in soils. Strengthening positive legacies requires a deeper understanding of plant-soil-microbiome interactions and innovative crop, input, and soil management which can help to achieve agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Jing
- College of Grass Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Feng Cong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development at Quzhou, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Above-Belowground Interactions Group, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Buchenau N, van Kleunen M, Wilschut RA. Direct and legacy‐mediated drought effects on plant performance are species‐specific and depend on soil community composition. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Buchenau
- Dept of Biology, Univ. of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou Univ. Taizhou China
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Phytohormones selectively affect plant parasitic nematodes associated with Arabidopsis roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1272-1285. [PMID: 34115415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones may affect plant-nematode interactions directly as chemo-attractants or -repellents, or indirectly through the root-associated microbiome or through host defense mechanisms. However, the exact roles of phytohormones in these complex plant-soil-nematode interactions are not well understood. We used Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in phytohormone synthesis or sensitivity to elucidate their role in root-nematode interactions. As root-associated microorganisms may modulate these interactions, we explored correlations between the relative abundances of root-associated nematodes, and bacteria and fungi using amplicon sequencing. We found distinct shifts in relative abundances of a range of nematode taxa in the A. thaliana phytohormone mutants. The root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla, a sedentary endoparasitic species that is in intimate contact with the host, was highly enriched in JA-, SA- and SL-impaired lines, and in an ET-insensitive line. Positive or negative correlations between specific microbial and nematode taxa were observed, but, as the inference of causal relationships between microbiome responses and effects on nematode communities is premature, this should be studied in detail in future studies. In conclusion, genetic derailment of hormonal balances generally rendered plants vulnerable to endoparasitic nematode attack. Furthermore, preliminary data suggest that this effect may be partially modulated by the associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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Abstract
Forest management and the stand age play key roles in determining the composition of soil biota, including nematodes. We analysed the effect of the interaction between stands of natural forest and stands influenced by human activity on nematode communities, necessary for realistically assessing the specific potentials of forest soils, plant protection, forest management, and land use management. Nematode communities were evaluated and compared in managed beech and spruce forests in three age classes (0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 years old) and an unmanaged old-growth temperate forest. A total of 51 nematode genera were found in the forests. The number of nematode genera was the highest (46) in European beech forests, dominated by Rhabditis and Filenchus. In contrast, the number of nematode genera was the lowest (37) in a Norway spruce forest, but where nematode abundance was the highest due mostly to the high abundance of bacterivorous nematodes such as Acrobeloides, Plectus, and Rhabditis. The unmanaged old-growth forest had the lowest nematode abundance and total biomass but the highest abundance of herbivorous nematodes of the order Tylenchida, especially Filenchus, Malenchus, and Paratylenchus, and a high abundance of identified genera of predators. The number of identified nematode genera, abundance, total biomass, and diversity index were the highest in young 0–20-year-old stands, and the lowest in 100–120-year-old stands. Enrichment, structure, and basal indices were influenced by both the stands and the ages of the forests.
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Agricultural Practices Modulate the Beneficial Activity of Bacterial-Feeding Nematodes for Plant Growth and Nutrition: Evidence from an Original Intact Soil Core Technique. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13137181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Free-living nematodes have beneficial effects on plant growth and nutrition. Exploring how agricultural practices modulate these beneficial effects is still challenging. A study was conducted in Ferralsols from Madagascar from one unmanaged grassland and 16 upland rainfed rice fields, representative of different agricultural practices: rotation, agroforestry and monoculture. Intact soil cores in plastic cylinders were sampled in the field to assess the effects of agricultural practices on changes in plant growth and nutrition induced by the presence of bacterial-feeding nematodes. The soil cores were fumigated to kill the nematodes and moistened with a filtered fresh soil suspension containing only microbial cells. A rice seed was introduced in the core, which was then incubated under natural climatic conditions for 40 days with or without inoculation of the bacterial-feeding nematode Acrobeloides sp. The inoculation of the nematodes induced lower, similar or higher plant biomass and nutrient content in comparison to the control according to the agricultural practices. Positive effects of Acrobeloides sp. on plant functions were frequent in soil cores sampled from fields with high plant diversity, especially from agroforestry systems. The intact soil core technique appears to be a robust means of mimicking field conditions and constitutes a promising tool to assess effects on soil processes of the ecological intensification of agricultural practices.
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Topalović O, Vestergård M. Can microorganisms assist the survival and parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes? Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:947-958. [PMID: 34162521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) remain a hardly treatable problem in many crops worldwide. Low efficacy of many biocontrol agents may be due to negligence of the native microbiota that is naturally associated with nematodes in soil, and which may protect nematodes against microbial antagonists. This phenomenon is more extensively studied for other nematode parasites, so we compiled these studies and drew parallels to the existing knowledge on PPN. We describe how microbial-mediated modulation of host immune responses facilitate nematode parasitism and discuss the role of Caenorhabditis elegans-protective microbiota to get an insight into the microbial protection of PPNs in soil. Molecular mechanisms of PPN-microbial interactions are also discussed. An understanding of microbial-aided PPN performance is thus pivotal for efficient management of PPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Aarhus University, Institute for Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Aarhus University, Institute for Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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32
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Dietrich P, Cesarz S, Liu T, Roscher C, Eisenhauer N. Effects of plant species diversity on nematode community composition and diversity in a long-term biodiversity experiment. Oecologia 2021; 197:297-311. [PMID: 34091787 PMCID: PMC8505370 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diversity loss has been shown to change the soil community; however, little is known about long-term consequences and underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated how nematode communities are affected by plant species richness and whether this is driven by resource quantity or quality in 15-year-old plant communities of a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment. We extracted nematodes from 93 experimental plots differing in plant species richness, and measured above- and belowground plant biomass production and soil organic carbon concentrations (Corg) as proxies for resource quantity, as well as C/Nleaf ratio and specific root length (SRL) as proxies for resource quality. We found that nematode community composition and diversity significantly differed among plant species richness levels. This was mostly due to positive plant diversity effects on the abundance and genus richness of bacterial-feeding, omnivorous, and predatory nematodes, which benefited from higher shoot mass and soil Corg in species-rich plant communities, suggesting control via resource quantity. In contrast, plant-feeding nematodes were negatively influenced by shoot mass, probably due to higher top–down control by predators, and were positively related to SRL and C/Nleaf, indicating control via resource quality. The decrease of the grazing pressure ratio (plant feeders per root mass) with plant species richness indicated a higher accumulation of plant-feeding nematodes in species-poor plant communities. Our results, therefore, support the hypothesis that soil-borne pathogens accumulate in low-diversity communities over time, while soil mutualists (bacterial-feeding, omnivorous, predatory nematodes) increase in abundance and richness in high-diversity plant communities, which may contribute to the widely-observed positive plant diversity–productivity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dietrich
- Department of Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany. .,German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Experimental Interaction Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Experimental Interaction Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Fomsgaard IS, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Benzoxazinoids selectively affect maize root-associated nematode taxa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3835-3845. [PMID: 33712814 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of plant secondary metabolites on plant defence have been studied for decades, the exact roles of secondary metabolites in shaping plant-associated microbial and nematode communities remain elusive. We evaluated the effects of benzoxazinoids, a group of secondary metabolites present in several cereals, on root-associated nematodes. We employed 18S rRNA metabarcoding to compare maize root-associated nematode communities in a bx1 knockout maize line impaired in benzoxazinoid synthesis and in its parental wild type. Both genotype and plant age affected the composition of the nematode community in the roots, and the effects of benzoxazinoids on nematode communities were stronger in the roots than in the rhizosphere. Differential abundance analysis and quantitative PCR showed that the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus was enriched in the bx1 mutant line, while another root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus crenatus, was reduced. Correlation analysis showed that benzoxazinoid concentrations in maize roots mostly correlated negatively with the relative abundance of nematode sequence reads. However, positive correlations between benzoxazinoids and nematode taxa, including several plant-parasitic nematodes, were also identified. Our detailed nematode community analysis suggests differential and selective effects of benzoxazinoids on soil nematodes depending on both the nematode species and the benzoxazinoid compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, 1342 Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Thakur MP, van der Putten WH, Wilschut RA, Veen GFC, Kardol P, van Ruijven J, Allan E, Roscher C, van Kleunen M, Bezemer TM. Plant-Soil Feedbacks and Temporal Dynamics of Plant Diversity-Productivity Relationships. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:651-661. [PMID: 33888322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-soil feedback (PSF) and diversity-productivity relationships are important research fields to study drivers and consequences of changes in plant biodiversity. While studies suggest that positive plant diversity-productivity relationships can be explained by variation in PSF in diverse plant communities, key questions on their temporal relationships remain. Here, we discuss three processes that change PSF over time in diverse plant communities, and their effects on temporal dynamics of diversity-productivity relationships: spatial redistribution and changes in dominance of plant species; phenotypic shifts in plant traits; and dilution of soil pathogens and increase in soil mutualists. Disentangling these processes in plant diversity experiments will yield new insights into how plant diversity-productivity relationships change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO- KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - G F Ciska Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO- KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Physiological Diversity - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO- KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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35
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Migunova VD, Sasanelli N. Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10020389. [PMID: 33670522 PMCID: PMC7922938 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield losses to numerous agricultural crops. Considering the revision of the EU legislation on the use of pesticides on agricultural crops, control strategies with low environmental impact are required. The approach based on the use of bacteria seems particularly promising as it also helps to reduce the applied amounts of chemicals and stabilize ecological changes. This paper gives an overview of the main types of bacteria that can be used as biological control agents against plant parasitic nematodes and their interrelationships with plants and other organisms. Many experiments have given positive results of phytoparasitic nematode control by bacteria, showing possible prospects for their application. In vitro, greenhouse and field experiments have shown that bacteria can regulate the development of ecto- and endoparasitic nematodes by different modes of action. Triggering the induction of plant defense mechanisms by bacteria is seen as the optimum tool because the efficacy of bacterial treatment can be higher than that of chemical pesticides or at least close to it. Moreover, bacterial application produces additional positive effects on growth stimulation, raises yields and suppresses other pathogenic microorganisms. Commercial formulations, both as single bacterial strains and bacterial complexes, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara D. Migunova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Sasanelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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