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Kaur H, Siwal SS, Saini RV, Singh N, Thakur VK. Significance of an Electrochemical Sensor and Nanocomposites: Toward the Electrocatalytic Detection of Neurotransmitters and Their Importance within the Physiological System. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 3:1-27. [PMID: 37101467 PMCID: PMC10125382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A prominent neurotransmitter (NT), dopamine (DA), is a chemical messenger that transmits signals between one neuron to the next to pass on a signal to and from the central nervous system (CNS). The imbalanced concentration of DA may cause numerous neurological sicknesses and syndromes, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia. There are many types of NTs in the brain, including epinephrine, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and glutamate. Electrochemical sensors have offered a creative direction to biomedical analysis and testing. Researches are in progress to improve the performance of sensors and develop new protocols for sensor design. This review article focuses on the area of sensor growth to discover the applicability of polymers and metallic particles and composite materials as tools in electrochemical sensor surface incorporation. Electrochemical sensors have attracted the attention of researchers as they possess high sensitivity, quick reaction rate, good controllability, and instantaneous detection. Efficient complex materials provide considerable benefits for biological detection as they have exclusive chemical and physical properties. Due to distinctive electrocatalytic characteristics, metallic nanoparticles add fascinating traits to materials that depend on the material's morphology and size. Herein, we have collected much information on NTs and their importance within the physiological system. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensors and corresponding techniques (such as voltammetric, amperometry, impedance, and chronoamperometry) and the different types of electrodes' roles in the analysis of NTs are discussed. Furthermore, other methods for detecting NTs include optical and microdialysis methods. Finally, we show the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques and conclude remarks with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Nirankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
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Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Valverde-Som L, Jiménez-Carvelo AM, Delgado-Aguilar M. Validation requirements of screening analytical methods based on scenario-specified applicability indicators. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ferreira SL, Caires AO, Borges TDS, Lima AM, Silva LO, dos Santos WN. Robustness evaluation in analytical methods optimized using experimental designs. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gondim CDS, Coelho OAM, Alvarenga RL, Junqueira RG, de Souza SVC. An appropriate and systematized procedure for validating qualitative methods: its application in the detection of sulfonamide residues in raw milk. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 830:11-22. [PMID: 24856507 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lack of well-established references for the validation of qualitative analyses and the increasing demand for reliable binary responses were the main motivating factors for this study. A detailed procedure for single-laboratory validation of qualitative methods is proposed. The experimental design and the tools for data analysis were based on the theoretical background, as well as the aspects of efficiency, convenience and simplicity. Four experimental steps were defined, as follows: (i) preliminary tests for the determination of the concentration range, (ii) a study of the rates, unreliability region, detection limit, and the accordance and concordance values, (iii) a study of the selectivity in the presence of known interferences, and (iv) a study of robustness. The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by the validation of a qualitative commercial kit for detecting sulfonamide residues in raw milk using both the visual and instrumental reading techniques. Reliability rates of 100% were obtained for the blank samples. For the samples spiked with sulfamethazine at 10.8 and 108 μg L(-1) and with sulfadimethoxine or sulfathiazole at 10 and 100 μg L(-1), the reliability rates ranged from 93.3 to 100%. Selectivity was demonstrated using trimethoprim as a potential interferent. The method was considered robust for the factors of the temperature (54 and 58°C) and time (6 and 10 min) for incubating the test strips. The estimated detection limits and unreliability regions confirmed the suitability of the kit for this purpose, based on the legislated residue limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Souza Gondim
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Otávio Augusto Mazzoni Coelho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Ronália Leite Alvarenga
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gonçalves Junqueira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Scheilla Vitorino Carvalho de Souza
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
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Galarini R, Buratti R, Fioroni L, Contiero L, Lega F. Development, validation and data quality assurance of screening methods: a case study. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:2-10. [PMID: 21742110 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of qualitative screening tests in routine laboratories involved in the EU official control, their validation is not as deeply explained in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC as the validation of quantitative confirmatory methods. At the same time, the issue of quality assurance of screening assays defining internal quality control (IQC) procedures as required by accreditation bodies is undoubtedly less developed in this analytical field. As an example the present study describes the development, the validation and the IQC implemented for a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able to detect 17-α-19-nortestosterone (α-NT) and 17-β-19-nortestosterone (β-NT) isomers in bullock urine. In order to select a suitable sample treatment, two SPE purification protocols were preliminary compared. The chosen method was therefore fully validated determining the mandatory parameters required by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC: specificity, detection capability and robustness. An in-depth discussion was carried out illustrating the possible validation approaches and their implications especially in the assessment of the key performance characteristic: detection capability. Finally, the control charts implemented for continuous method verification during analyses of real samples were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galarini
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy.
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Araujo P. Key aspects of analytical method validation and linearity evaluation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2224-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Traviesa-Alvarez JM, Costa-Fernández JM, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. Direct screening of tetracyclines in water and bovine milk using room temperature phosphorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 589:51-8. [PMID: 17397652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and simple flow-through optosensor was designed and characterized for the direct screening of four tetracycline (TCC) antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline) in water and bovine milk samples. The proposed optosensor provides rapid binary yes/no overall responses, being appropriate for the screening of this family of antibiotics above or below a pre-set concentration threshold. The experimental set-up is based on a flow-injection manifold coupled on-line to a phosphorescence detector. Aliquots of the samples are pretreated with Eu(III) to form room temperature phosphorescent metal chelates and injected in the flow manifold. Those chelates are then on-line retained on a conventional flow-cell (packed with polymeric Amberlite XAD-4 particles) which is placed inside the cell holder of the phosphorimeter. After the emission is registered, the antibiotic-metal complexes are eluted from the packed resin with 1M HCl (for milk samples a second regeneration step, using methanol, should be performed). A sample throughput of about 20 samples per hour was obtained. Optimum experimental conditions include a pH 9, a Eu(III) concentration of 2 x 10(-4) M and 8 mM sodium sulphite as chemical deoxygenant. The phosphorescence emitted by the europium-TCC complexes was measured at 394 and 617 nm for excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The unreliability region, given by the probability of false positives and false negatives, respectively (set at 5% in both cases) was in the range between 0.2 and 11.6 nM for detection of tetracyclines in water samples (at a cut-off level of 4 nM) and in the range between 165 and 238 nM for detection of tetracyclines in milk (cut-off level fixed at the normative EU level of 200 nM). Finally, the applicability of the proposed screening optosensor was tested for the reliable control of tetracyclines in contaminated and uncontaminated water and milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Traviesa-Alvarez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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