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Caruso SJ, Acquaviva A, Müller JL, Castells CB. Simultaneous analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes in Cannabis sativa inflorescence using full comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to smart active modulation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464810. [PMID: 38471299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the higher peak capacity achievable by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) for the analysis of vegetal samples is well-recognized. In addition, numerous compounds may be present in very different amounts. Cannabinoids and terpenes represent the main components of Cannabis sativa inflorescence samples, whose quantities are relevant for many application purposes. The analyses of both families are performed by different methods, at least two different separation methodologies, mainly according to their chemical characteristics and concentration levels. In this work, concentration differences and sample complexity issues were addressed using an LC×LC method that incorporates an optimized modulation strategy, namely smart active modulation, for the simultaneous analysis of cannabinoids and terpenes. The system was built by interposing an active flow splitter pump between both dimensions. This set up aimed to exploit the known advantages of LC×LC. In addition, here we proposed to use the splitter pump for online control over the splitting ratio to facilitate the selective dilution of different eluted fractions containing compounds with highly different concentrations. This work represents the first application and demonstration of smart active modulation (SAM) in LC×LC to simultaneously determine analytes with significant differences in concentration levels present in complex samples. The proposed method was tested with eight different strains, from which fingerprints were taken, and numerous cannabinoids and terpenes were identified in these samples. With this strategy, between 49 and 54 peaks were obtained in the LC×LC chromatograms corresponding to different strains. THCA-A was the main component in six strains, while CBDA was the main component in the other two strains. The main terpenes found were myrcene (in five strains), limonene (in two strains), and humulene (in one strain). Additionally, numerous other cannabinoids and terpenes were identified in these samples, providing valuable compositional information for growers, as well as medical and recreational users. The SAM strategy here proposed is simple and it can be extended to other complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J Caruso
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 49 y 115, (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustín Acquaviva
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 49 y 115, (1900), La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | - Cecilia B Castells
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 49 y 115, (1900), La Plata, Argentina.
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Xu XY, Jiang MT, Wang Y, Sun H, Jing Q, Li XH, Xu B, Zou YD, Yu HS, Li Z, Guo DA, Yang WZ. Multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography/charged aerosol detector assay of ginsenosides for quality evaluation of ginseng from diverse Chinese patent medicines. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464344. [PMID: 37703763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
For quality control of Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) containing the same herbal medicine or different herbal medicines that have similar chemical composition, current ″one standard for one species″ research mode leads to poor universality of the analytical approaches unfavorable to discriminate easily confused species. Herein, we were aimed to elaborate a multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography/charged aerosol detector (MHC-2DLC/CAD) approach to quantitatively assess ginseng from multiple CPMs. Targeting baseline resolution of 16 ginsenosides (noto-R1/Rg1/Re/Rf/Ra2/Rb1/Rc/Ro/Rb2/Rb3/Rd/Rh1/Rg2/Rg3/Rg3(R)/24(R)-p-F11), experiments were conducted to optimize key parameters and validate its performance. A Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column and an XBridge Shield RP18 column were separately utilized in the first-dimensional (1D) and the second-dimensional (2D) chromatography. Eight consecutive cuttings could achieve good separation of 16 ginsenosides within 85 min. The developed MHC-2DLC/CAD method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999), repeatability (RSD < 6.73%), stability (RSD < 5.63%), inter- and intra-day precision (RSD < 5.57%), recovery (93.76-111.14%), and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) varied between 0.45-2.37 ng and 0.96-4.71 ng, respectively. We applied it to the content determination of 16 ginsenosides simultaneously from 28 different ginseng-containing CPMs, which unveiled the ginsenoside content difference among the tested CPMs, and gave useful information to discriminate ginseng in the preparation samples, as well. The MHC-2DLC/CAD approach exhibited advantages of high specificity, good separation ability, and relative high analysis efficiency, which also justified the feasibility of our proposed ″Monomethod Characterization of Structure Analogs″ strategy in quality evaluation of diverse CPMs that contained different ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mei-Ting Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qi Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He-Shui Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - De-An Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Nolvachai Y, Amaral MSS, Marriott PJ. Foods and Contaminants Analysis Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: An Update of Recent Studies, Technology, and Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:238-263. [PMID: 36625115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dou X, Zhang L, Yang R, Wang X, Yu L, Yue X, Ma F, Mao J, Wang X, Zhang W, Li P. Mass spectrometry in food authentication and origin traceability. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21779. [PMID: 35532212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Food authentication and origin traceability are popular research topics, especially as concerns about food quality continue to increase. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays an indispensable role in food authentication and origin traceability. In this review, the applications of MS in food authentication and origin traceability by analyzing the main components and chemical fingerprints or profiles are summarized. In addition, the characteristic markers for food authentication are also reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of MS-based techniques for food authentication, as well as the current trends and challenges, are discussed. The fingerprinting and profiling methods, in combination with multivariate statistical analysis, are more suitable for the authentication of high-value foods, while characteristic marker-based methods are more suitable for adulteration detection. Several new techniques have been introduced to the field, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS), and ion mobility mass spectrometry, for the determination of food adulteration due to their fast and convenient analysis. As an important trend, the miniaturization of MS offers advantages, such as small and portable instrumentation and fast and nondestructive analysis. Moreover, many applications in food authentication are using AIMS, which can help food authentication in food inspection/field analysis. This review provides a reference and guide for food authentication and traceability based on MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Dou
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruinan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiupin Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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6
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Squara S, Stilo F, Cialiè Rosso M, Liberto E, Spigolon N, Genova G, Castello G, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Corylus avellana L. Aroma Blueprint: Potent Odorants Signatures in the Volatilome of High Quality Hazelnuts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840028. [PMID: 35310662 PMCID: PMC8929135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The volatilome of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) encrypts information about phenotype expression as a function of cultivar/origin, post-harvest practices, and their impact on primary metabolome, storage conditions and shelf-life, spoilage, and quality deterioration. Moreover, within the bulk of detectable volatiles, just a few of them play a key role in defining distinctive aroma (i.e., aroma blueprint) and conferring characteristic hedonic profile. In particular, in raw hazelnuts, key-odorants as defined by sensomics are: 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (musty and nutty); 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (caramel); 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like); 2-acetyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (roasted, caramel); 3-(methylthio)-propanal (cooked potato); 3-(methylthio)propionaldehyde (musty, earthy); 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol/linalool (citrus, floral); 3-methyl-4-heptanone (fruity, nutty); and 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one (nutty, fruity). Dry-roasting on hazelnut kernels triggers the formation of additional potent odorants, likely contributing to the pleasant aroma of roasted nuts. Whiting the newly formed aromas, 2,3-pentanedione (buttery); 2-propionyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like); 3-methylbutanal; (malty); 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (caramel); dimethyl trisulfide (sulfurous, cabbage) are worthy to be mentioned. The review focuses on high-quality hazelnuts adopted as premium primary material by the confectionery industry. Information on primary and secondary/specialized metabolites distribution introduces more specialized sections focused on volatilome chemical dimensions and their correlation to cultivar/origin, post-harvest practices and storage, and spoilage phenomena. Sensory-driven studies, based on sensomic principles, provide insights on the aroma blueprint of raw and roasted hazelnuts while robust correlations between non-volatile precursors and key-aroma compounds pose solid foundations to the conceptualization of aroma potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Squara
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Laemmegroup - A Tentamus Company, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Beccaria M, Zou Y, Stefanuto PH, Siqueira ALM, Maniquet A, Piparo M, Giusti P, Purcaro G, Focant JF. Deeper investigation of oxygen-containing compounds in oleaginous feedstock (animal fat) by preparative column chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123019. [PMID: 34801891 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of renewable fuels as biodiesel and bio-jet fuel is usually originated by the transformation and processing of oleaginous feedstocks, mainly composed of triacylglycerols. Currently, a significant part of the triacylglycerol production relies on grassy oil crops or other woody oil plants, representing more than 120 million metric tons every year. Considering that the worldwide triacylglycerol demand is expected to rise in the future, alternative routes are necessary to ensure a sustainable biodiesel industry and limit diesel price volatility. In this context, the use of animal fats could be an interesting alternative for biodiesel production as the production of animal byproducts represents nearly 17 million tons per year in the European Union only (2020). Animal fats, however, contain large amounts of no-esterified fatty acids and other oxygen compounds, reducing the yield of biodiesel. Therefore, a specific pretreatment is needed before the trans-esterification process. The setup of such appropriate pretreatments requires detailed upstream characterization of the minor components present in the feedstock. For this purpose, the minor component profile of animal fat was investigated by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This was preceded by an innovative sample fractionation and focalization of these minor components by a preparative liquid chromatographic column method. The overall method permitted to extract different levels of information from the two-dimensional chromatograms, leading to a tentative identification of more than 150 compounds, mainly oxygenated, belonging to different chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- University of Ferrara, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, Italy; Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Adrien Maniquet
- TotalEnergies Marketing Services, Research Center, Solaize, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TotalEnergies Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France; International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TotalEnergies Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France; International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- AgroBioChem Department, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Deportes 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Chen L, Darriet P. Strategies for the identification and sensory evaluation of volatile constituents in wine. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4549-4583. [PMID: 34370385 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wine aroma, which stems from complex perceptual and cognitive processes, is initially driven by a multitude of naturally occurring volatile constituents. Its interpretation depends on the characterization of relevant volatile constituents. With large numbers of volatile constituents already identified, the search for unknown volatiles in wine has become increasingly challenging. However, the opportunities to discover unknown volatile compounds contributing to the wine volatilome are still of great interest, as demonstrated by the recent identification of highly odorous trace (µg/L) to ultra-trace (ng/L) volatile compounds in wine. This review provides an overview of both existing strategies and future directions on identifying unknown volatile constituents in wine. Chemical identification, including sample extraction, fractionation, gas chromatography, olfactometry, and mass spectrometry, is comprehensively covered. In addition, this review also focuses on aspects related to sensory-guided wine selection, authentic reference standards, artifacts and interferences, and the evaluation of the sensory significance of discovered wine volatiles. Powerful key volatile odorants present at ultra-trace levels, for which these analytical approaches have been successfully applied, are discussed. Research areas where novel wine volatiles are likely to be identified are pointed out. The importance of perceptual interaction phenomena is emphasized. Finally, future avenues for the exploration of yet unknown wine volatiles by coupling analytical approaches and sensory evaluation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université de Bordeaux, Unité de Recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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9
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Exploring the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Volatilome by Adding Extra Dimensions to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Featuring Tandem Ionization: Validation of Ripening Markers in Headspace Linearity Conditions. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:274-287. [PMID: 34020455 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) combined with time-of-flight (TOF) MS is the most informative analytical approach for chemical characterization of the complex food volatilome. Key analytical features include separation power and resolution enhancement, improved sensitivity, and structured separation patterns from chemically correlated analytes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explore the complex extra-virgin olive oil volatilome by combining headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), applied under HS linearity conditions to GC×GC-TOF MS and featuring hard and soft ionization in tandem. METHOD Multiple analytical dimensions are combined in a single run and evaluated in terms of chemical dimensionality, method absolute and relative sensitivity, identification reliability provided by spectral signatures acquired at 70 and 12 eV, and dynamic and linear range of response provided by soft ionization. RESULTS Method effectiveness is validated on a sample set of oils from Picual olives at different ripening stages. Ripening markers [3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (RS/SR), 3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (meso), (5Z)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (5E)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (E, Z)-3,7-decadiene and (E, E)-3,7-decadiene, (Z)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-pentenal, (Z)-2-pentenal, 1-pentanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-pentanone, and 1-penten-3-one] and quality indexes [(Z)-3-hexenal/nonanal, (Z)-3-hexenal/octane, (E)-2-pentenal/nonanal, and (E)-2-pentenal/octane] are confirmed for their validity in HS linearity conditions. CONCLUSIONS For the complex olive oil volatilome, the proposed approach offers concrete advantages for the validation of the informative role of existing analytes while suggesting new potential markers to be studied in larger sample sets. HIGHLIGHTS The accurate fingerprinting of volatiles by HS-SPME operating in HS linearity conditions followed by GC×GC-TOF MS featuring tandem ionization gives the opportunity to improve the quality of analytical data and reliability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.,University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Computer Science and Engineering Department, 256 Avery Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
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10
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Gabetti E, Sgorbini B, Stilo F, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Chialva F, Reichenbach SE, Bongiovanni V, Cordero C, Cavallero A. Chemical fingerprinting strategies based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with gas chromatography-olfactometry to capture the unique signature of Piemonte peppermint essential oil (Mentha x piperita var Italo-Mitcham). J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462101. [PMID: 33848659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, reliable, and informative mapping of untargeted and targeted components across many samples is here performed by combining off-line GC-Olfactometry (GC-O) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with variable ionization energy (TOF MS featuring Tandem Ionization™). In particular, untargeted and targeted (UT) features patterns are processed by chromatographic fingerprinting, giving differential priority to potent odorants' retention-times regions. Distinguishing peppermint essential oil (EO) from Piedmont (Italy - Mentha × piperita L. var. Italo-Mitcham - Menta di Pancalieri EO), with its unique sensory fingerprint (i.e., freshness and long-lasting sweetness), from high-quality peppermint EOs produced in other areas poses a great challenge. Chromatographic UT fingerprinting provided a great chemical dimensionality by mapping more than 350 peak-regions at 70 eV and 135 at 12 eV. From them, 95 components were identified and responses compared to available literature. Then, potent odorants, detected by GC-O using the aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA), were tracked over the chromatographic space and tentatively identified. With the highest flavor dilution (FD), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus, fresh, camphoraceous); menthone (minty, herbaceous); and menthofuran (minty, musty, petroleum-like) were highlighted. Responsible for creamy and coumarinic notes were the diasteroisomers of (3,6)-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-furan-2(3H)-one (i.e., menthofurolactones), detected in higher relative abundance in Pancalieri EOs. By prioritizing the investigation of volatiles on higher LogFD retention regions, including 131 untargeted/targeted features, Pancalieri EOs were separately clustered from United States samples. Besides pre-targeted analytes, additional untargeted features were post-processed for identification within marker chemicals. Myrtenyl methyl ether, ethyl 3-methyl butanoate, propyl-2-methylbutanoate, and (E)-2-hexenal were putatively identified. Of the "unknown - knowns" with diagnostic roles, all metadata were collected including low energy spectra at 12 eV, which were found to be highly complementary to 70 eV spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy
| | | | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; GC Image, LLC, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Chiara Cordero
- University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Turin, Italy.
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11
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography as a boosting technology in food‐omic investigations. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1592-1611. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
- GC Image Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
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12
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Robbat A, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Untargeted approaches in food-omics: The potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Janta P, Pinyo D, Yodta Y, Vasasiri P, Weidenbach M, Pursch M, Yang X(G, Kulsing C. Strategies towards simpler configuration and higher peak capacity with comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7946-7953. [PMID: 35423345 PMCID: PMC8695086 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and data analysis approaches in multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) comprising comprehensive multiple heart-cut (H/C) and comprehensive two dimensional GC (GC × GC) were developed with an example application illustrated for analysis of a technical glycol precursor sample. The GC × GC system employed a long 1D (30 m) and a short 2D (5 m) column with a flow modulator and a Deans switch (DS) as a splitter; meanwhile. The H/C system was applied solely as a DS located between long 1D (30 m) and 2D (60 m) columns without use of cryogenic trapping devices. The effects of injection time and 2D column flow in GC × GC and the impacts of H/C window and number of injections (total analysis time) in H/C analysis were investigated. The analysis performance for each condition was evaluated according to peak capacity and number of separated compounds. The continuum between the two techniques was then established via the relationship between analysis time and analysis performance. The separation performances were improved with longer analysis time so that the suitable condition was selected within this compromise. Under the selected conditions, volatile compounds in the technical glycol precursor sample were identified according to the match between the experimental MS spectra and first dimensional retention indices (1I) with that from the NIST2014 database and literature. An hour analysis with GC × GC resulted in a total peak capacity of 798, number of separated peaks of 61 and average MS match score of 887 ± 35; meanwhile, the corresponding numbers were improved to be 9198, 107 and 898 ± 24, respectively, with the 25 h comprehensive H/C analysis. Experimental and data analysis approaches in MDGC comprising comprehensive H/C and GC × GC were developed with an example application illustrated for analysis of a technical glycol precursor sample.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannipa Janta
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Pinyo
- The Center for Advanced Analytical Technology
- Dow Chemical Thailand Ltd
- Rayong 21150
- Thailand
| | - Yamonporn Yodta
- The Center for Advanced Analytical Technology
- Dow Chemical Thailand Ltd
- Rayong 21150
- Thailand
| | - Porames Vasasiri
- The Center for Advanced Analytical Technology
- Dow Chemical Thailand Ltd
- Rayong 21150
- Thailand
| | | | - Matthias Pursch
- Analytical Science
- Dow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH
- 21677 Stade
- Germany
| | | | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
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14
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Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography with TOF-MS Detection Confirms the Matchless Discriminatory Power of Monoterpenes and Provides In-Depth Volatile Profile Information for Highly Efficient White Wine Varietal Differentiation. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121787. [PMID: 33276447 PMCID: PMC7759857 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To differentiate white wines from Croatian indigenous varieties, volatile aroma compounds were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS) and conventional one-dimensional GC-MS. The data obtained were subjected to uni- and multivariate statistical analysis. The extra separation ability of the GC×GC second dimension provided additional in-depth volatile profile information, with more than 1000 compounds detected, while 350 were identified or tentatively identified in total by both techniques, which allowed highly efficient differentiation. A hundred and sixty one compounds in total were significantly different across monovarietal wines. Monoterpenic compounds, especially α-terpineol, followed by limonene and linalool, emerged as the most powerful differentiators, although particular compounds from other chemical classes were also shown to have notable discriminating ability. In general, Škrlet wine was the most abundant in monoterpenes, Malvazija istarska was dominant in terms of fermentation esters concentration, Pošip contained the highest levels of particular C13-norisoprenoids, benzenoids, acetates, and sulfur containing compounds, Kraljevina was characterized by the highest concentration of a tentatively identified terpene γ-dehydro-ar-himachalene, while Maraština wine did not have specific unambiguous markers. The presented approach could be practically applied to improve defining, understanding, managing, and marketing varietal typicity of monovarietal wines.
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Thongdorn-Ae N, Nhujak T, Janta P, Rueangthaweep A, Hinchiranan N, Kulsing C. Cryogen-free comprehensive heartcut multidimensional gas chromatography using a Deans switch for improved analysis of petrochemical products derived from palmitic acid oxidation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5160-5167. [PMID: 33136100 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive heartcut multidimensional gas chromatography was applied with example application for analysis of a sample obtained from palmitic acid oxidation in a Rancimat instrument. The system utilized a single Deans switch (DS) located between first dimensional semi-standard nonpolar (30 m) and second dimensional polar (60 m) columns. A cyclic multiple heartcut strategy consisting of 150 heartcuts with a 0.2 min window was applied offering comprehensive analysis and injection of a narrow band of compounds onto the second column without use of cryogenic trapping devices. Untargeted compound analysis of the sample prepared by solid phase micro-extraction was performed based on match between the experimental MS spectra and first dimensional retention indices with that from the NIST library. The sample contained the major compounds of 2-octanone, 1-methylcyclohexanol, 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, 3-phenylpropanol and 2-nonanone. This approach was then evaluated based on peak capacity and the number of identified compounds. Compared with one dimensional gas chromatography providing a total peak capacity of 172 and 43 identified compounds, the analysis performance was much more improved with a capacity of 5840 and 235 identified compounds by using comprehensive heartcut multidimensional gas chromatography with the total analysis time of 15.3 h. By comparison within the same set of identified compounds, the one dimensional and multidimensional approaches provided the MS match scores of 769 ± 81 and 836 ± 88, respectively. In addition, the nonlinear relationship between the analysis time and number of identifiable peaks was calculated according to the set of 235 compounds. This revealed that the analysis time could be shortened with the compensation of lower separation performance, where application of a 2.5 min heartcut window with the total analysis time of 1.2 h could result in the total peak capacity of 390 with 150 identifiable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilobon Thongdorn-Ae
- Program in Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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16
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Spigolon N, Genova G, Rosso G, Fontana M, Reichenbach SE, Bicchi C, Cordero C. An effective chromatographic fingerprinting workflow based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry to establish volatiles patterns discriminative of spoiled hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). Food Chem 2020; 340:128135. [PMID: 33011466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The volatile fraction of hazelnuts encrypts information about: cultivar/geographical origin, post-harvest treatments, oxidative stability and sensory quality. However, sensory features could be buried under other dominant chemical signatures posing challenges to an effective classification based on pleasant/unpleasant notes. Here a novel workflow that combines Untargeted and Targeted (UT) fingerprinting on comprehensive two-dimensional gas-chromatographic patterns is developed to discriminate spoiled hazelnuts from those of acceptable quality. By flash-profiling, six hazelnut classes are defined: Mould, Mould-rancid-solvent, Rancid, Rancid-stale, Rancid-solvent, and Uncoded KO. Chromatographic fingerprinting on composite 2D chromatograms from samples belonging to the same class (i.e., composite class-images) enabled effective selection of chemical markers: (a) octanoic acid that guides the sensory classification being positively correlated to mould; (b) ƴ-nonalactone, ƴ-hexalactone, acetone, and 1-nonanol that are decisive to classify OK and rancid samples; (c) heptanoic and hexanoic acids and ƴ-octalactone present in high relative abundance in rancid-solvent and rancid-stale samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Nicola Spigolon
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Genova
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Ginevra Rosso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Piazzale Ferrero 1, Alba (Cuneo), Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, MS 0115, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0115, USA; GC Image LLC, PO Box 57403, Lincoln, NE 68505-7403, USA.
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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17
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Concepts, selectivity options and experimental design approaches in multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Cacciola F, Rigano F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for the analysis of food and food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Climate and Processing Effects on Tea ( Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102447. [PMID: 32456315 PMCID: PMC7288030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied an untargeted–targeted (UT) fingerprinting approach, based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS), to assess the effects of rainfall and temperature (both seasonal and elevational) on the tea metabolome. By this strategy, the same compound found in multiple samples need only to be identified once, since chromatograms and mass spectral features are aligned in the data analysis process. Primary and specialized metabolites of leaves from two Chinese provinces, Yunnan (pu′erh) and Fujian (oolong), and a farm in South Carolina (USA, black tea) were studied. UT fingerprinting provided insight into plant metabolism activation/inhibition, taste and trigeminal sensations, and antioxidant properties, not easily attained by other analytical approaches. For example, pu′erh and oolong contained higher relative amounts of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. Conversely, black tea contained less of all targeted compounds except fructose and glucose, which were more similar to oolong tea. Findings revealed compounds statistically different between spring (pre-monsoon) and summer (monsoon) in pu′erh and oolong teas as well as compounds that exhibited the greatest variability due to seasonal and elevational differences. The UT fingerprinting approach offered unique insights into how differences in growing conditions and commercial processing affect the nutritional benefits and sensory characteristics of tea beverages.
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20
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Rosso MC, Mazzucotelli M, Bicchi C, Charron M, Manini F, Menta R, Fontana M, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Adding extra-dimensions to hazelnuts primary metabolome fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry featuring tandem ionization: Insights on the aroma potential. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1614:460739. [PMID: 31796248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The information potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) featuring tandem hard (70 eV) and soft (12 eV) electron ionization is here applied to accurately delineate high-quality hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) primary metabolome fingerprints. The information provided by tandem signals for untargeted and targeted 2D-peaks is examined and exploited with pattern recognition based on template matching algorithms. EI-MS fragmentation pattern similarity, base-peak m/z values at the two examined energies (i.e., 12 and 70 eV) and response relative sensitivity are adopted to evaluate the complementary nature of signals. As challenging bench test, the hazelnut primary metabolome has a large chemical dimensionality that includes various chemical classes such as mono- and disaccharides, amino acids, low-molecular weight acids, and amines, further complicated by oximation/silylation to obtain volatile derivatives. Tandem ionization provides notable benefits including larger relative ratio of structural informing ions due to limited fragmentation at low energies (12 eV), meaningful spectral dissimilarity between 12 and 70 eV (direct match factor values range 222-783) and, for several analytes, enhanced relative sensitivity at lower energies. The complementary information provided by tandem ionization is exploited by untargeted/targeted (UT) fingerprinting on samples from different cultivars and geographical origins. The responses of 138 UT-peak-regions are explored to delineate informative patterns by univariate and multivariate statistics, providing insights on correlations between known precursors and (key)-aroma compounds and potent odorants. Strong positive correlations between non-volatile precursors and odorants are highlighted with some interesting linear trends for: 3-methylbutanal with isoleucine (R2 0.9284); 2,3-butanedione/2,3-pentanedione with monosaccharides (fructose/glucose derivatives) (R2 0.8543 and 0.8860); 2,5-dimethylpyrazine with alanine (R2 0.8822); and pyrroles (1H-pyrrole, 3-methyl-1H-pyrrole, and 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde) with ornithine and alanine derivatives (R2 0.8604). The analytical work-flow provides a solid foundation for a new strategy for hazelnuts quality assessment because aroma potential could be derived from precursors' chemical fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cialiè Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | - Maria Mazzucotelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Menta
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba (CN), Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba (CN), Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, NE, USA; GC Image LCC, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino 6707172, Italy.
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21
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Xiang Z, Chen X, Qian C, He K, Xiao X. Determination of volatile flavors in fresh navel orange by multidimensional gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1662429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Qian
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Mountainous Environmental Protection/School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaili He
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Parchem K, Sasson S, Ferreri C, Bartoszek A. Qualitative analysis of phospholipids and their oxidised derivatives - used techniques and examples of their applications related to lipidomic research and food analysis. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1068-1100. [PMID: 31419920 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1657573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are important biomolecules that not only constitute structural building blocks and scaffolds of cell and organelle membranes but also play a vital role in cell biochemistry and physiology. Moreover, dietary exogenous PLs are characterised by high nutritional value and other beneficial health effects, which are confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies. For this reason, PLs are of high interest in lipidomics that targets both the analysis of membrane lipid distribution as well as correlates composition of lipids with their effects on functioning of cells, tissues and organs. Lipidomic assessments follow-up the changes occurring in living organisms, such as free radical attack and oxidative modifications of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) build in PL structures. Oxidised PLs (oxPLs) can be generated exogenously and supplied to organisms with processed food or formed endogenously as a result of oxidative stress. Cellular and tissue oxPLs can be a biomarker predictive of the development of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis or neuroinflammation. Therefore, suitable high-throughput analytical techniques, which enable comprehensive analysis of PL molecules in terms of the structure of hydrophilic group, fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative modifications of FAs, have been currently developed. This review addresses all aspects of PL analysis, including lipid isolation, chromatographic separation of PL classes and species, as well as their detection. The bioinformatic tools that enable handling of a large amount of data generated during lipidomic analysis are also discussed. In addition, imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy and mass spectrometry imaging for analysis of cellular lipid maps, including membrane PLs, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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Brandão PF, Duarte AC, Duarte RM. Comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography for advancing environmental and natural products research. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Separation of di- and trisaccharide mixtures by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Application to prebiotic oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Untargeted and Targeted Fingerprinting of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Volatiles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry: Challenges in Long-Term Studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5289-5302. [PMID: 30994349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC-MS) offers an information-rich basis for effective chemical fingerprinting of food. However, GC × GC-MS yields 2D-peak patterns (i.e., sample 2D fingerprints) whose consistency may be affected by variables related to either the analytical platform or to the experimental parameters adopted for the analysis. This study focuses on the complex volatile fraction of extra-virgin olive oil and addresses 2D-peak patterns variations, including MS signal fluctuations, as they may occur in long-term studies where pedo-climatic, harvest year, or shelf life changes are studied. The 2D-pattern misalignments are forced by changing chromatographic settings and MS acquisition. All procedural steps, preceding pattern recognition by template matching, are analyzed and a rational workflow defined to accurately realign patterns and analytes metadata. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection threshold, reference spectra extraction, and similarity match factor threshold are critical to avoid false-negative matches. Distance thresholds and polynomial transform parameters are key for effective template matching. In targeted analysis (supervised workflow) with optimized parameters, method accuracy reaches 92.5% (i.e., % of true-positive matches) while for combined untargeted and targeted ( UT) fingerprinting (unsupervised workflow), accuracy reaches 97.9%. Response normalization also is examined, evidencing good performance of multiple internal standard normalization that effectively compensates for discriminations occurring during injection of highly volatile compounds. The resulting workflow is simple, effective, and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
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26
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Cordero C, Kiefl J, Reichenbach SE, Bicchi C. Characterization of odorant patterns by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A challenge in omic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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28
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Muller M, Tredoux AGJ, de Villiers A. Application of Kinetically Optimised Online HILIC × RP-LC Methods Hyphenated to High Resolution MS for the Analysis of Natural Phenolics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Sampling Dynamics for Volatile Organic Compounds Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Arrow for Microbiological Samples. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are monitored in numerous fields using several commercially-available sampling options. Sorbent-based sampling techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), provide pre-concentration and focusing of VOCs prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. This study investigated the dynamics of SPME Arrow, which exhibits an increased sorbent phase volume and improved durability compared to traditional SPME fibers. A volatile reference mixture (VRM) and saturated alkanes mix (SAM) were used to investigate optimal parameters for microbiological VOC profiling in combination with GC–MS analysis. Fiber type, extraction time, desorption time, carryover, and reproducibility were characterized, in addition to a comparison with traditional SPME fibers. The developed method was then applied to longitudinal monitoring of Bacillus subtilis cultures, which represents a ubiquitous microbe in medical, forensic, and agricultural applications. The carbon wide range/polydimethylsiloxane (CWR/PDMS) fiber was found to be optimal for the range of expected VOCs in microbiological profiling, and a statistically significant increase in the majority of VOCs monitored was observed. B. subtilis cultures released a total of 25 VOCs of interest, across three different temporal trend categories (produced, consumed, and equilibrated). This work will assist in providing foundational data for the use of SPME Arrow in future microbiological applications.
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Lukić I, Carlin S, Horvat I, Vrhovsek U. Combined targeted and untargeted profiling of volatile aroma compounds with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for differentiation of virgin olive oils according to variety and geographical origin. Food Chem 2018; 270:403-414. [PMID: 30174064 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) was combined with conventional mono-dimensional GC-MS to differentiate Croatian virgin olive oils (VOO) according to variety and geographical origin, based on the profile of volatile aroma compounds isolated by HS-SPME. More than 1000 compounds were detected after untargeted profiling and 256 were identified or tentatively identified, providing one of the most detailed profiles of volatile aroma compounds in VOO up to date. Among them, 131 volatile compounds were significantly different across monovarietal VOOs, while 60 were found useful for the discrimination according to geographical origin. Many major lipoxygenase and minor non-lipoxygenase-generated compounds were shown to have discriminating ability with respect to both factors. Multivariate statistical analysis extracted twenty-one volatile markers with the highest discriminant power for varietal differentiation. The approach reported may have practical application in better understanding, defining, managing, and communicating the varietal or geographical typicity of monovarietal VOOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvia Carlin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach, 1 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Ivana Horvat
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach, 1 38010 S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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31
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Supercritical Fluid Chromatography × Ultra-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Red Chilli Pepper Fingerprinting by Photodiode Array, Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight and Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry (SFC × RP-UHPLC-PDA-Q-ToF MS-IMS). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Separation of Piper kadsura Using Preparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Combined with Preparative Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Chiral Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:416-427. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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34
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Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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36
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Nolvachai Y, Kulsing C, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Simultaneous liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of both polar and “multiresidue” pesticides in food using parallel hydrophilic interaction/reversed-phase liquid chromatography and a hybrid sample preparation approach. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Focusing and non-focusing modulation strategies for the improvement of on-line two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed phase profiling of complex food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 985:202-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Yan D, Wong YF, Tedone L, Shellie RA, Marriott PJ, Whittock SP, Koutoulis A. Chemotyping of new hop (Humulus lupulus L.) genotypes using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1536:110-121. [PMID: 28830588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with quadrupole accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-Q-TOFMS) is employed to profile Humulus lupulus L. (hop) essential oils. Comparison of characterised essential oils allows discrimination among chemotypes. Experimental and commercial hop genotypes displayed distinguishable chemotypic patterns among the volatile secondary metabolites making up their essential oils. In total, 210-306 unique compounds were detected (depending on specific genotype), with 99 of these compounds either positively or tentatively identified. Identified volatile secondary metabolites were grouped into esters, monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and ketones. Terpenoids were the dominant chemical families across all hop genotypes analysed, representing between 67% and 90% of the total ion count. The multidimensional chromatographic profiles of hop essential oils are extremely information-rich, making GC×GC-Q-TOFMS useful for fast screening of new hybrid hop genotypes, and therefore informing breeding strategies to derive new commercial hop cultivars for the development of distinctive and desirable beers.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Yan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Laura Tedone
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Robert A Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Place Ringwood 3154 VIC, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon P Whittock
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Hop Products Australia, 446 Elizabeth St, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
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40
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Parsons BA, Pinkerton DK, Synovec RE. Implications of phase ratio for maximizing peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1536:16-26. [PMID: 28712553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the phase ratio, β, of the primary (1D) and secondary (2D) separation dimensions of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) separations, and the implications of β on realization of maximal 2D peak capacity, nc,2D, are examined. A GC×GC chromatographic system with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOFMS, was otherwise held constant for the separation of a multi-component test mixture spanning a range of chemical functionalities, while only the β of the two analytical columns were changed, 1β for 1D and 2β for 2D. Six column sets were studied using common, commercially available β values. The β ratio, βR=1β/2β, is defined as a quantitative metric to facilitate this study. It is demonstrated that βR plays a key role in maximizing nc,2D. Overall, βR substantially affected nc,2D by influencing retention factors on the 2D column, 2k, and thereby changing the modulation period, PM, necessary for proper 2D column separations. The necessary changes to PM modify the modulation ratio, MR, which affects the 1D column peak widths and 1nc due to the impact of undersampling. Through changes to 1β, the range of 2k can be controlled, with subsequent effects to both 2nc and 1nc. These effects were opposite in direction, such that improvements to 2nc may result in declines in 1nc. It is observed that due to the pseudo-isothermal nature of the 2D separation, there are diminishing returns to extending the 2nc at the cost of 1nc. In this particular study, column set 3 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.25μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=1.11) with a PM of 3s provided the highest theoretical nc,2D of ∼8200, though this was at a relatively low MR of ∼1.8. Column set 2 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.5μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=0.56) with a PM of 1.5s provided a high theoretical nc,2D of ∼5800, at a much higher MR of ∼3.7. Though column set 2 had a lesser total peak capacity than column set 3, its higher MR suggests that by improving the 1D column efficiency (i.e., narrowing the 1D column peak widths) to improve 1nc, can result in an increased theoretical nc,2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon A Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA
| | - David K Pinkerton
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA.
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41
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Xin H, Dai Z, Cai J, Ke Y, Shi H, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X. Rapid purification of diastereoisomers from Piper kadsura using supercritical fluid chromatography with chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2017. [PMID: 28641835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is an advanced solution for the separation of achiral compounds in Piper kadsura. Analogues and stereoisomers are abundant in natural products, but there are obstacles in separation using conventional method. In this paper, four lignan diastereoisomers, (-)-Galbelgin, (-)-Ganschisandrin, Galgravin and (-)-Veraguensin, from Piper kadsura were separated and purified by chiral SFC. Purification strategy was designed, considering of the compound enrichment, sample purity and purification throughput. Two-step achiral purification method on chiral preparative columns with stacked automated injections was developed. Unconventional mobile phase modifier dichloromethane (DCM) was applied to improve the sample solubility. Four diastereoisomers was prepared at the respective weight of 103.1mg, 10.0mg, 152.3mg and 178.6mg from 710mg extract with the purity of greater than 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxia Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhuoshun Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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42
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Sarrut M, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and experimental comparison of one dimensional versus on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography for optimized sub-hour separations of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Analytical Approaches for High-Resolution Environmental Investigations of Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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45
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Cacciola F, Donato P, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography and Other Liquid-Based Comprehensive Techniques Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 89:414-429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche
e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche
e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit
of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche
ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit
of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Chromaleont
s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche
ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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46
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Cacciola F, Farnetti S, Dugo P, Marriott PJ, Mondello L. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for polyphenol analysis in foodstuffs. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:7-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cacciola
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali,”; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Sara Farnetti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Cellular Transplantation of Surgery; University of Miami; Miami FL USA
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.L; Viale Boccetta 70 98122 Messina Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Philip John Marriott
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Chromaleont S.r.L; Viale Boccetta 70 98122 Messina Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome; Rome Italy
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47
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D'Orazio G, Asensio-Ramos M, Fanali C, Hernández-Borges J, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Combined untargeted and targeted fingerprinting with comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography for volatiles and ripening indicators in olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:245-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of wine polyphenols and target contaminants. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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50
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Characterisation of minor components in vegetable oil by comprehensive gas chromatography with dual detection. Food Chem 2016; 212:730-8. [PMID: 27374590 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The profile of minor compounds, such as alcohols, sterols, free and alkyl fatty acids, waxes, etc., was investigated in different vegetable oils by a comprehensive gas chromatographic system, coupled with a simultaneous dual detection (flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometer) for quantitative and qualitative purposes. Such a system generated a unique two-dimensional chromatogram to be used as a chemical fingerprint. Multi-level information, due not only to a more "comprehensive" preparation technique, but also thanks to the exploitation of a more powerful and sensitive analytical determination allowed the extrapolation of diagnostic information from the minor components profile of different vegetable oils, along with their characteristic profile. Furthermore, an admixture of an extra virgin olive oil with a low amount of sunflower and palm oils was evaluated, attesting to the powerful diagnostic information provided by the proposed approach.
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