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Peters R, Veenstra R, Heutinck K, Baas A, Munniks S, Knotter J. Human scent characterization: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111743. [PMID: 37315480 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human scent has long been cited as a probable parameter that can be exploited as a biometric measure. Identifying the scent of individual persons using specially trained canines is a well-known forensic method which is frequently used in criminal investigations. To date there has been limited research on the chemical components present in human scent and their usefulness in distinguishing between people. This review delivers insight into studies which have dealt with human scent in forensics. Sample collection methods, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, compounds identified in human scent and data analysis techniques are discussed. Methods for sample collection and preparation are presented, but to date, there is no available validated method. Instrumental methods are presented and from the overview it is clear that gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry is the method of choice. New developments such as two-dimensional gas chromatography offer exiting possibilities to collect more information. Given the amount and complexity of data, data processing is used to extract the relevant information to discriminate people. Finally, sensors offer new opportunities for the characterization of human scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Peters
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Rick Veenstra
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Heutinck
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Baas
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Munniks
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Knotter
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands; Dutch Police Academy, Arnhemseweg 348, 7334 AC Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
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2
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Review of contemporary chemometric strategies applied on preparing GC–MS data in forensic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Young GM, Lurie IS. Recent forensic applications of enhanced chromatographic separation methods. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:369-381. [PMID: 34535950 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the recent applications of enhanced separation methods employed in forensic analysis utilizing gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography published between 2015 to 2020, except papers previously covered in relevant review articles. Applications of enhanced chromatographic separation methods to arson investigations, environmental forensics, sexual assault investigations, drug analysis, and toxicology are discussed. Future directions for enhanced chromatographic separation methods in forensic science are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genetta M Young
- Department of Forensic Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ira S Lurie
- Department of Forensic Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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Feizi N, Hashemi-Nasab FS, Golpelichi F, Saburouh N, Parastar H. Recent trends in application of chemometric methods for GC-MS and GC×GC-MS-based metabolomic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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A unique data analysis framework and open source benchmark data set for the analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography software. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461721. [PMID: 33246680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is amongst the most powerful separation technologies currently existing. Since its advent in early 1990, it has become an established method which is readily available. However, one of its most challenging aspects, especially in hyphenation with mass spectrometry is the high amount of chemical information it provides for each measurement. The GC × GC community agrees that there, the highest demand for action is found. In response, the number of software packages allowing for in-depth data processing of GC × GC data has risen over the last couple of years. These packages provide sophisticated tools and algorithms allowing for more streamlined data evaluation. However, these tools/algorithms and their respective specific functionalities differ drastically within the available software packages and might result in various levels of findings if not appropriately implemented by the end users. This study focuses on two main objectives. First, to propose a data analysis framework and second to propose an open-source dataset for benchmarking software options and their specificities. Thus, allowing for an unanimous and comprehensive evaluation of GC × GC software. Thereby, the benchmark data includes a set of standard compound measurements and a set of chocolate aroma profiles. On this foundation, eight readily available GC × GC software packages were anonymously investigated for fundamental and advanced functionalities such as retention and detection device derived parameters, revealing differences in the determination of e.g. retention times and mass spectra.
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6
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Development of gas chromatographic pattern recognition and classification tools for compliance and forensic analyses of fuels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:157-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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7
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Trinklein TJ, Prebihalo SE, Warren CG, Ochoa GS, Synovec RE. Discovery-based analysis and quantification for comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography flame ionization detection data. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Dubois LM, Aczon S, Focant JF, Perrault KA. Translation of a One-Dimensional to a Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Method with Dual-Channel Detection for Volatile Organic Compound Measurement in Forensic Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10091-10098. [PMID: 32551508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After its introduction in the early 1990s, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has evolved from a separation science research tool to the central component of many industries. Despite the maturity of the technique, some fields remain reluctant to its use in routine applications. In the case of forensic science, some constraints are the strict requirements enforced in forensic laboratories and the time and effort that must be invested for intralaboratory method validation. Concerns may also arise about whether information could be lost when transitioning to a new technique. This study reports on a method translation from conventional one-dimensional (1D) GC to GC×GC, ensuring the integrity of data as conversion is made. The GC was retrofitted with a reverse fill/flush (RFF) flow modulator and equipped with dual-channel detection using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS) and a flame ionization detector (FID). The parallel use of two detectors, where qMS was applied for qualitative identification and FID for quantification, allowed higher flows and slightly wider peaks to be exploited for the analysis of a volatile organic compound (VOC) reference mixture relevant to forensic VOC profiling. Peak quality assessment and calibration curves using GC-qMS and GC×GC-qMS/FID document the transfer and adaptation of the original method without a loss in data quality. Furthermore, the preprocessing and the data analysis processing steps, including calibration and peak quality assessment for each of the three data sets, are explained in detail. This information provides benchmark data for routine laboratories that want to implement a GC×GC approach into routine workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Dubois
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Aczon
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Katelynn A Perrault
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
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10
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Ribeiro ARL, Maia AS, Ribeiro C, Tiritan ME. Analysis of chiral drugs in environmental matrices: Current knowledge and trends in environmental, biodegradation and forensic fields. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Snow NH. Applications. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813745-1.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Weggler BA, Gruber B, Dorman FL. Rapid Screening of Complex Matrices: Utilizing Kendrick Mass Defect To Enhance Knowledge-Based Group Type Evaluation of Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10949-10954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt A. Weggler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- MolSys—Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Place du Six Août 11, B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Beate Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Research Instiute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank L. Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Bowman DT, Warren LA, McCarry BE, Slater GF. Profiling of individual naphthenic acids at a composite tailings reclamation fen by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1522-1531. [PMID: 30308920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are naturally occurring in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) and accumulate in tailings as a result of water-based extraction processes. NAs exist as a complex mixture, so the development of an analytical technique to characterize them has been an on-going challenge. The aim of this study was to use comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to monitor individual NAs within a wetland reclamation site in the AOSR. Samples were collected from four monitoring wells at the site and the extracts were found to contain numerous resolved isomers of classical (monocyclic-, bicyclic-, adamantane-, indane-, and tetralin-type carboxylic acids) and sulfur-containing NAs (thiamonocyclic- and thiophene-type carboxylic acids). The absolute abundances of the monitored NAs were compared between four monitoring wells and unique profiles were observed at each well. Few significant changes in absolute abundances were observed over the sampling period, with the exception of one well (Well 6A). In addition, isomeric percent compositions were calculated for each set of structural isomers, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-dimensional hierarchical cluster analysis revealed high spatial variation at the site. However, consistent distributions were observed at each of the monitoring wells for some sets of NA isomers (such as: adamantane NAs), which may be useful for forensic applications, such as identifying sources of contamination or demonstrating biodegradation. The methods and results presented in this study demonstrate the utility of monitoring individual NAs, since both changes in absolute abundances of individual NAs and the distribution of NA isomers have the ability to provide insight into their sources and the processes controlling their concentrations that are not only of relevance to the Alberta Oil Sands, but also to other petroleum deposits and environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bowman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, ON, Canada
| | - Lesley A Warren
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W., Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St. Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Brian E McCarry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory F Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, ON, Canada; School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W., Hamilton L8S 4K1, ON, Canada.
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Braga SC, Oliveira LF, Hashimoto JC, Gama MR, Efraim P, Poppi RJ, Augusto F. Study of volatile profile in cocoa nibs, cocoa liquor and chocolate on production process using GC × GC-QMS. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Detection and Characterization of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Forensic Fire Debris Samples by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study covers an extensive experimental design that was developed for creating simulated fire debris samples under controlled conditions for the detection and identification of ignitable liquids (IL) residues. This design included 19 different substrates, 45 substrate combinations with and without ignitable liquids, and 45 different ILs from three classes (i.e., white spirit, gasoline, and lamp oil). Chemical analysis was performed with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for improved separation and compound identification. The enhanced peak capacity offered by GC×GC-TOFMS allowed the use of a target compound list in combination with a simple binary decision model to arrive at quite acceptable results with respect to IL detection (89% true positive and 7% false positive rate) and classification (100% correct white spirit, 79% correct gasoline, and 77% correct lamp oil assignment). Although these results were obtained in a limited set of laboratory controlled fire experiments including only three IL classes, this study confirms the conclusions of other studies that GC×GC-TOFMS can be a powerful tool in the challenging task of forensic fire debris analysis.
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Zhu GT, Hu XL, He S, He XM, Zhu SK, Feng YQ. Hydrothermally tailor-made chitosan fiber for micro-solid phase extraction of petroleum acids in crude oils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Gruber B, Weggler B, Jaramillo R, Murrell K, Piotrowski P, Dorman F. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in forensic science: A critical review of recent trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhu MZ, Chen GL, Wu JL, Li N, Liu ZH, Guo MQ. Recent development in mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques for the analysis of medicinal plants. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:365-374. [PMID: 29687660 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are gaining increasing attention worldwide due to their empirical therapeutic efficacy and being a huge natural compound pool for new drug discovery and development. The efficacy, safety and quality of medicinal plants are the main concerns, which are highly dependent on the comprehensive analysis of chemical components in the medicinal plants. With the advances in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, comprehensive analysis and fast identification of complex phytochemical components have become feasible, and may meet the needs, for the analysis of medicinal plants. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to provide an overview on the latest developments in MS and its hyphenated technique and their applications for the comprehensive analysis of medicinal plants. METHODOLOGY Application of various MS and its hyphenated techniques for the analysis of medicinal plants, including but not limited to one-dimensional chromatography, multiple-dimensional chromatography coupled to MS, ambient ionisation MS, and mass spectral database, have been reviewed and compared in this work. RESULTS Recent advancs in MS and its hyphenated techniques have made MS one of the most powerful tools for the analysis of complex extracts from medicinal plants due to its excellent separation and identification ability, high sensitivity and resolution, and wide detection dynamic range. CONCLUSION To achieve high-throughput or multi-dimensional analysis of medicinal plants, the state-of-the-art MS and its hyphenated techniques have played, and will continue to play a great role in being the major platform for their further research in order to obtain insight into both their empirical therapeutic efficacy and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Gui-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Dubois LM, Stefanuto PH, Heudt L, Focant JF, Perrault KA. Characterizing decomposition odor from soil and adipocere samples at a death scene using HS-SPME-GC×GC-HRTOFMS. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Zoccali M, Cappello S, Mondello L. Multilevel characterization of marine microbial biodegradation potentiality by means of flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1547:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Chiral Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:416-427. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Chow HYJ, Górecki T. Temperature Programming of the Second Dimension in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8207-8211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hei-Yin J. Chow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Parsons BA, Pinkerton DK, Synovec RE. Implications of phase ratio for maximizing peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1536:16-26. [PMID: 28712553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the phase ratio, β, of the primary (1D) and secondary (2D) separation dimensions of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) separations, and the implications of β on realization of maximal 2D peak capacity, nc,2D, are examined. A GC×GC chromatographic system with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOFMS, was otherwise held constant for the separation of a multi-component test mixture spanning a range of chemical functionalities, while only the β of the two analytical columns were changed, 1β for 1D and 2β for 2D. Six column sets were studied using common, commercially available β values. The β ratio, βR=1β/2β, is defined as a quantitative metric to facilitate this study. It is demonstrated that βR plays a key role in maximizing nc,2D. Overall, βR substantially affected nc,2D by influencing retention factors on the 2D column, 2k, and thereby changing the modulation period, PM, necessary for proper 2D column separations. The necessary changes to PM modify the modulation ratio, MR, which affects the 1D column peak widths and 1nc due to the impact of undersampling. Through changes to 1β, the range of 2k can be controlled, with subsequent effects to both 2nc and 1nc. These effects were opposite in direction, such that improvements to 2nc may result in declines in 1nc. It is observed that due to the pseudo-isothermal nature of the 2D separation, there are diminishing returns to extending the 2nc at the cost of 1nc. In this particular study, column set 3 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.25μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=1.11) with a PM of 3s provided the highest theoretical nc,2D of ∼8200, though this was at a relatively low MR of ∼1.8. Column set 2 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.5μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=0.56) with a PM of 1.5s provided a high theoretical nc,2D of ∼5800, at a much higher MR of ∼3.7. Though column set 2 had a lesser total peak capacity than column set 3, its higher MR suggests that by improving the 1D column efficiency (i.e., narrowing the 1D column peak widths) to improve 1nc, can result in an increased theoretical nc,2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon A Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA
| | - David K Pinkerton
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198, USA.
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Lawton ZE, Traub A, Fatigante WL, Mancias J, O'Leary AE, Hall SE, Wieland JR, Oberacher H, Gizzi MC, Mulligan CC. Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1048-1059. [PMID: 28000107 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for cost-effective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Angelica Traub
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | - Jose Mancias
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Adam E O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Seth E Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Jamie R Wieland
- Department of Management and Quantitative Methods, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael C Gizzi
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
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Skultety L, Frycak P, Qiu C, Smuts J, Shear-Laude L, Lemr K, Mao JX, Kroll P, Schug KA, Szewczak A, Vaught C, Lurie I, Havlicek V. Resolution of isomeric new designer stimulants using gas chromatography - Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and theoretical computations. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 971:55-67. [PMID: 28456284 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing isomeric representatives of "bath salts", "plant food", "spice", or "legal high" remains a challenge for analytical chemistry. In this work, we used vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy combined with gas chromatography to address this issue on a set of forty-three designer drugs. All compounds, including many isomers, returned differentiable vacuum ultraviolet/ultraviolet spectra. The pair of 3- and 4-fluoromethcathinones (m/z 181.0903), as well as the methoxetamine/meperidine/ethylphenidate (m/z 247.1572) triad, provided very distinctive vacuum ultraviolet spectral features. On the contrary, spectra of 4-methylethcathinone, 4-ethylmethcathinone, 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone triad (m/z 191.1310) displayed much higher similarities. Their resolution was possible only if pure standards were probed. A similar situation occurred with the ethylone and butylone pair (m/z 221.1052). On the other hand, majority of forty-three drugs was successfully separated by gas chromatography. The detection limits for all the drug standards were in the 2-4 ng range (on-column amount), which is sufficient for determinations of seized drugs during forensics analysis. Further, state-of-the-art time-dependent density functional theory was evaluated for computation of theoretical absorption spectra in the 125-240 nm range as a complementary tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovit Skultety
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petr Frycak
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Changling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Karel Lemr
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - James X Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Angelica Szewczak
- Department of Forensic Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cory Vaught
- Department of Forensic Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ira Lurie
- Department of Forensic Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Byliński H, Gębicki J, Dymerski T, Namieśnik J. Direct Analysis of Samples of Various Origin and Composition Using Specific Types of Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:340-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1298986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Lopatka M, Sampat AA, Jonkers S, Adutwum LA, Mol HG, van der Weg G, Harynuk JJ, Schoenmakers PJ, van Asten A, Sjerps MJ, Vivó-Truyols G. Local Ion Signatures (LIS) for the examination of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applied to fire debris analysis. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mucédola V, Vieira LC, Pierone D, Gobbi AL, Poppi RJ, Hantao LW. Thermal desorption modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using a simple and inexpensive segmented-loop fluidic interface. Talanta 2017; 164:470-476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sampat AA, Lopatka M, Vivó-Truyols G, Schoenmakers PJ, van Asten AC. Towards chemical profiling of ignitable liquids with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Exploring forensic application to neat white spirits. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Megson D, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ, Dorman FL, Robson M, Focant JF. A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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In-silico optimisation of two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of Australian methamphetamine seizure samples. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:511-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Achieving a Near-Theoretical Maximum in Peak Capacity Gain for the Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquids Using GC×GC-TOFMS. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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34
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A New Approach for the Characterization of Organic Residues from Stone Tools Using GC×GC-TOFMS. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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35
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Parsons BA, Pinkerton DK, Wright BW, Synovec RE. Chemical characterization of the acid alteration of diesel fuel: Non-targeted analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry with tile-based Fisher ratio and combinatorial threshold determination. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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