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Chen SP, Taylor SM, Huang S, Zheng B. Application of Odd-Order Derivatives in Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy toward Quantitative Deconvolution. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:36518-36530. [PMID: 39220516 PMCID: PMC11360015 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
When Fourier transform (FT) spectrum peaks are overlapped, primary maxima of odd-order derivatives can be used to evaluate their independent intensities. We studied the feasibility of higher odd-order derivatives on Lorentzian peak shape and magnitude peak shape. Simulation studies for FT nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy demonstrated good results toward quantitative deconvolution of overlapping FT spectrum peaks. Although it is not so desirable to deconvolute special line shapes such as Gaussian, Voigt, and Tsallis profiles, the odd-order derivatives exhibit a bright future compared to even-order derivatives. An application example of practical NMR spectroscopy with ethylbenzene isomers is presented. White Gaussian noises were added to the simulated spectra at two different signal-to-noise ratios (20 and 40). Kauppinen's denoising and smoothing algorithms can effectively remove interference of the noise and help to have good deconvoluting results using the odd-order derivatives. We compared features of our approach with popular deconvolution sharpening algorithms and conducted a comparison study with Kauppinen's Fourier self-deconvolution. Our approach has a better dynamic range of peak intensities and is not sensitive to the sampling rates. Other common deconvolution methods are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Chen
- Nexus
Scitech Centre of Canada, 17 White Oak Crescent, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 3R7, Canada
- Fujian
Superimposegraph Co., Ltd, Floor 20-1402. 338, Hualin Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Sandra M. Taylor
- Department
of Civil Engineering, Camosun College (Interurban
Campus), Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2C1, Canada
| | - Sai Huang
- Fujian
Superimposegraph Co., Ltd, Floor 20-1402. 338, Hualin Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Baoling Zheng
- Fujian
Superimposegraph Co., Ltd, Floor 20-1402. 338, Hualin Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
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2
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Azevedo AM, Nunes C, Moniz T, Pérez RL, Ayala CE, Rangel M, Reis S, Santos JL, Warner IM, Saraiva MLM. Studies of Protein Binding to Biomimetic Membranes Using a Group of Uniform Materials Based on Organic Salts Derived From 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic Acid. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:806-814. [PMID: 38747750 PMCID: PMC11340245 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241249768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Tuning the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) structure usually requires harsh conditions and long reaction times, which can result in low yields. Herein, ANS was modified to form an ANS group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS), prepared with simple metathesis reactions and distinct cations, namely tetrabutylammonium (N4444), tetrahexylammonium (N6666), and tetrabutylphosphonium (P4444). These ANS-based GUMBOS were investigated as fluorescent probes for membrane binding studies with four proteins having distinct physicochemical properties. Liposomes of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were employed as membrane models as a result of their ability to mimic the structure and chemical composition of cell membranes. Changes in fluorescence intensity were used to monitor protein binding to liposomes, and adsorption data were fitted to a Freundlich-like isotherm. It was determined that [N4444][ANS] and [P4444][ANS] GUMBOS have enhanced optical properties and lipophilicity as compared to parent ANS. As a result, these two GUMBOS were selected for subsequent protein-membrane binding studies. Both [N4444][ANS] and [P4444][ANS] GUMBOS and parent ANS independently reached membrane saturation within the same concentration range. Furthermore, distinct fluorescence responses were observed upon the addition of proteins to each probe, which demonstrates the impact of properties such as lipophilicity on the binding process. The relative maintenance of binding cooperativity and maximum fluorescence intensity suggests that proteins compete with ANS-based probes for the same membrane binding sites. Finally, this GUMBOS-based approach is simple, rapid, and involves relatively small amounts of reagents, making it attractive for high-throughput purposes. These results presented herein can also provide relevant information for designing GUMBOS with ameliorated properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.O. Azevedo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rocío L. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlan E. Ayala
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João L.M. Santos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M. Lúcia M.F.S. Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Tu CF, Chen YC. Utilizing a Metal Inlet Coiled with Copper Wire as the Ion Source for Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:661-667. [PMID: 38170959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), a customized metal inlet is typically adapted to the orifice of the mass spectrometer for ease of introduction of the sample. We herein explore that the metal inlet coiled with a copper wire (∼50 μm) can be directly used as an ion source to induce corona discharge-like processes for ionization of analytes in the gas phase. When the metal inlet is subjected to a high voltage in the mass spectrometer, the electric field provided by the mass spectrometer enables the generation of corona discharge to ionize volatile/semivolatile analytes derived from the sample in the condensed phase. The limit of detection for azulene derived from the aqueous sample was as low as ∼1 pM. Moreover, we also demonstrated the feasibility of coupling ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy with MS by using the metal inlet coiled with a thin copper wire as the interface. Integration of these two techniques enables the simultaneous acquisition of spectra from both instruments for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the sample. Furthermore, we showed that polar and nonpolar analytes in a mixture can be acquired in the same mass spectrum by simply depositing a sample droplet (∼20 μL) on a dielectric substrate near the copper wire-coiled metal inlet of the mass spectrometer. The ionization processes involved both electrospray ionization and corona discharge. To demonstrate the applicability of our method for detecting nonpolar and polar analytes in complex samples, we spiked a nonpolar analyte, benzo[a]pyrene, to a spice sample and successfully detected analytes with different polarities using our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Feng Tu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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4
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El Mously DA, Mostafa NM, Hassan NY, El-Sayed GM. Different Approaches in Manipulating Ratio Spectra for Analyzing Amlodipine Besylate and Irbesartan Combination. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1219-1227. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hypertension is a key risk factor for ischemic heart disease and atherosclerosis. Most patients require a combination of antihypertensive medications to accomplish their therapeutic goals. Antihypertensive medicines such as calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers are indicated for patients whose high blood pressure cannot be controlled with monotherapy. The combination of amlodipine besylate (AML) with irbesartan (IRB) is an example of this synergistic activity in lowering blood pressure.
Objective
In this regard, the goal of the research is to develop sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and irbesartan.
Methods
Three simple ratio spectra-manipulating spectrophotometric methods namely, ratio difference, mean centering of ratio spectra, and derivative ratio, were developed for the simultaneous assay of the cited mixture.
Results
Linear correlations were attained over the concentration range of 1–35 μg/mL and 2–35 μg/mL for amlodipine besylate and irbesartan, respectively. The methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with good results.
Conclusion
The methods developed were successfully applied for the assay of the cited drugs in their marketed formulation. They could be efficiently used for routine analysis of the mentioned drugs in QC laboratories.
Highlights
The proposed approaches do not require expensive solvents or complex instruments. They could be used in routine laboratory tests where time and cost are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A El Mously
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department , Kasr-El-Aini St , 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Mostafa
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department , Kasr-El-Aini St , 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagiba Y Hassan
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department , Kasr-El-Aini St , 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M El-Sayed
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department , Kasr-El-Aini St , 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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Tropaeolin OO as a Chemical Sensor for a Trace Amount of Pd(II) Ions Determination. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144511. [PMID: 35889380 PMCID: PMC9317805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective determination of metals in waste solutions is a very important aspect of the industry and environmental protection. Knowledge of the contents and composition of the waste can contribute to design an efficient process separation and recovery of valuable metals. The problematic issue is primarily the correct determination of metals with similar properties such as palladium and platinum. Thus this paper focuses on the development of a selective method that enables Pd(II) determination in the presence of Pt(IV) ions using the azo-dye tropaeolin OO (TR). For this purpose, the process of the metalorganic complex formation and Pd(II) ions determination were studied by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry under different conditions: solvents (water and B-R buffer), pH (2.09–6.09), temperature (20–60 °C), anions and cations concentrations. The formed metalorganic complex between Pd and tropaeolin OO allows for distinguishing Pd(II) ions from both platinum complexes, i.e. Pt(II), Pt(IV). Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to solutions containing both chloride and chlorate ions. The obtained characteristic spectrum with two maxima allows the determination of palladium even in the presence of other cations (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Co, Ni, Al) and changed concentrations of Pt(IV) ions. Furthermore, the developed spectrophotometric method for the Pd(II) ions determination using tropaeolin OO is characterized by high selectivity towards palladium ions.
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6
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Gupta D, Bhardwaj S, Sethi S, Pramanik S, Kumar Das D, Kumar R, Pratap Singh P, Kumar Vashistha V. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of drug components from their dosage formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 270:120819. [PMID: 35033809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectrophotometry is a quick and reliable method for determining the composition of a variety of complex drug mixtures. Several mathematical models are available for the resolution of complex multicomponent UV spectra. UV spectrophotometric methods have the inherent capacity to resolve the interlaced spectra of complex mixtures quickly and appropriately, particularly for quantitative determination of components of mixture where several costly tools are not available. These methods also have the benefit of lower operational costs as they are operated using lesser amounts of analytical grade solvents and generate less waste. In this review, we discussed the theoretical background of different UV spectrometric methods for quantitative analysis of drug mixtures. The main focus of this review is to describe and report applications of extended Beer's law-based multicomponent analysis and to highlight the recent developments in the simultaneous determination of drug components from their complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Shruti Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Sonika Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Susmita Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India; Jadavpur University, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prabal Pratap Singh
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
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7
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Moreira AJ, Lemos SG, Coelho D, Mascaro LH, Freschi GPG, Pereira EC. UV-Vis spectrophotometry coupled to chemometric analysis for the performance evaluation of atrazine photolysis and photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24010-24023. [PMID: 34820752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a spectrophotometric-chemometric (Spec-Chem) approach was applied as an alternative to chromatography to monitor ATZ and by-products after photolytic and photocatalytic oxidation aiming to unveil the ATZ degradation mechanism. Spec-Chem is an accessible, easy-to-operate, low-cost analytical approach to monitor atrazine (ATZ) and by-products, and its applicability was validated by HPLC, the reference technique for the evaluation of pollutant degradation mechanisms. The chromatographic (DChro) and spectrophotometric (DSpec) data found 95% and 57% ATZ removal after 30 min, respectively, proving that the DSpec erroneously induces a 38% loss in removal efficiency. When DSpec was treated by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis for providing chemometric data (DChem), it found ATZ removal and hydroxyatrazine (HAT) formation statistically equal to DChro (t-test, p = 0.05). After unraveling the ATZ degradation mechanism using Spec-Chem, a new hypothesis for the kinetic calculation of ATZ degradation was presented, where the concentrations of ATZ and HAT were used to find k and R2 values representative for the ATZ degradation mechanism. The values found for k were compatible with the literature under similar conditions of ATZ degradation, and the linear correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.99) showed an optimal fit for the proposed hypothesis. Thus, Spec-Chem was successfully applied to unravel the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of ATZ in the presence of TiO2, while k was obtained by the new hypothesis proposed that considered ATZ and HAT concentration as parameters of kinetic interest. Therefore, the importance of monitoring quantitatively ATZ and HAT were provided in this study, providing new information for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton J Moreira
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Campus Poços de Caldas, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sherlan G Lemos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Dyovani Coelho
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia H Mascaro
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gian P G Freschi
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Campus Poços de Caldas, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ernesto C Pereira
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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8
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Mansoldo FRP, Berrino E, Guglielmi P, Carradori S, Carta F, Secci D, Supuran CT, Vermelho AB. An innovative spectroscopic approach for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Mb-CO from myoglobin carbonylation reaction through chemometrics methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120602. [PMID: 34801390 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative approach using K-means and multivariate curve resolution-purity based algorithm (MCR-Purity) for the evaluation and quantification of carboxymyoglobin (Mb-CO) formation from Deoxy-Myoglobin (Deoxy-Mb) was presented. Through a multilevel multifactor experimental design, samples with different concentrations of Mb-CO were created. The UV-Vis spectra of these samples were submitted to K-means analysis, finding 3 clusters. The mean spectra of the clusters were extracted and it was possible to detect 2 totally differentiable groups through peaks 423 and 434 nm, which are wavelengths related to the Mb-CO and Deoxy-Mb components, respectively. The spectral data were subjected to MCR-Purity analysis. The MCR-Purity result successfully described the analyzed reaction, explaining more than 99.9% of the variance (R2) with a LOF of 1.43%. Then, a predictive model of MbCO was created through the linear relationship between MCR-Purity contributions and known concentrations of MbCO. The performance parameters of the created predictive model were R2CV = 0.98, RMSECV = 0.58 and RPDcv = 7.8 for the training set, and R2P = 0.98, RMSEP = 0.7 and RPDp = 6.8 for the test set. Thus, the predictive model presented an excellent performance considering that the Mb-CO variation is comprised between 0 and 21 µM. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the application of the proposed strategy to the analysis of spectral data presenting overlapping bands is feasible and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R P Mansoldo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Berrino
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alane B Vermelho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Paving the Way to Food Grade Analytical Chemistry: Use of a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent to Determine Total Hydroxytyrosol and Tyrosol in Extra Virgin Olive Oils. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030677. [PMID: 33810136 PMCID: PMC8004842 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is well known for containing relevant amounts of healthy phenolic compounds. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) allowed a health claim for labelling olive oils containing a minimum amount of hydroxytyrosol (OHTyr) and its derivatives, including tyrosol (Tyr). Therefore, harmonized and standardized analytical protocols are required in support of an effective application of the health claim. Acid hydrolysis performed after extraction and before chromatographic analysis has been shown to be a feasible approach. Nevertheless, other fast, green, and easy methods could be useful for on-site screening and monitoring applications. In the present research, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) composed of lactic acid and glucose was used to perform a liquid/liquid extraction on EVOO samples, followed by UV-spectrophotometric analysis. The spectral features of the extracts were related with the content of total OHTyr and Tyr, determined by the acid hydrolysis method. The second derivative of spectra allowed focusing on three single wavelengths (i.e., 299 nm, 290 nm, and 282 nm) significantly related with total OHTyr, total Tyr, and their sum, respectively. In particular, the sum of OHTyr and Tyr could be determined with a root mean square error of prediction of 29.5 mg kg−1, while the limits of quantitation and detection were respectively 11.8 and 4.9 mg kg−1. The proposed method, therefore, represents an easy screening tool, with the use of a green, food-derived solvent, and could be considered as an attempt to pave the way for food grade analytical chemistry.
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Li S, He Z, Qu C, Yu S, Li M, Li H. Insights into the structural characteristic of rabbit glycated myofibrillar protein with high solubility in low ionic strength medium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Gackowski M, Koba M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Kośliński P, Kruszewski S. Recent Applications of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Derivative Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190226155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, no one can imagine drug development, marketing and post-marketing without
rigorous quality control at each stage. Only modern, selective, accurate and precise analytical methods
for determination of active compounds, their degradation products and stability studies are able to assure
the appropriate amount and purity of drugs administered every day to millions of patients all over
the world. For routine control of drugs simple, economic, rapid and reliable methods are desirable. The
major focus of current scrutiny is placed on high-performance thin layer chromatography and derivative
spectrophotometry methods, which fulfill routine drug estimation’s expectations [1-4]. The present
paper reveals state-of-the-art and possible applications of those methods in pharmaceutical analysis
between 2010 and 2018. The review shows advantages of high-performance thin layer chromatography
and derivative spectrophotometry, including accuracy and precision comparable to more expensive and
time-consuming methods as well as additional fields of possible applications, which contribute to resolving
many analytical problems in everyday laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gackowski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Kośliński
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Medical Physics Division, Biophysics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Homšek A, Marković B, Bogavac-Stanojević N, Vladimirov S, Karljiković-Rajić K. Method Transfer Evaluation for Digital Derivative Spectrophotometry Through its Resolution Parameter Comparison of Different Computer Programs. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:525-535. [PMID: 32167375 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819889374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application assessment of different programs was performed with equivalence tests for method transfer pro second-order derivative spectrophotometry. The digital second-order derivative spectra were calculated on different instruments; GBC Scientific Equipment Cintra 20 (Cintral v.2.6 and Spectral v.1.70 software programs) and Thermo Scientific Evolution 300 (VISIONPro software) were analyzed using the amplitude A/B ratio (A = 2D265,263; B = 2D263,261). Amplitude A/B ratio is the resolution parameter for derivative spectrophotometry prescribed in European Pharmacopoeia. The obtained values for A/B ratio were either very similar or significantly different among programs: 0.669 (Cintral v.2.6), 0.549 (Spectral v.1.70), 0.556 (medium indirect VISIONPro), 0.557 (one-step Savitzky-Golay 7 VISIONPro), 0.689 (two-step Savitzky-Golay 7 VISIONPro). Method transfer was possible between Spectral v.1.70 and VISIONPro (medium indirect and one-step Savitzky-Golay 7), but the values obtained in Cintral v.2.6 were not comparable to the other programs. The absorbance data exported from both instruments were additionally calculated in OriginPro8 which provided almost the same mean A/B values (0.627 Cintral v.2.6; 0.624 VISIONPro), confirming that the two instruments recorded the same zero-order spectra. The calculation of resolution parameter could be used for verification of program comparison, which would enable transfer between sender and receiver laboratory. The accordance between program algorithms was confirmed when acceptable differences for values of resolution parameter (A/B ratios) were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Homšek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sote Vladimirov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Govindaraj N, Gangadoo S, Truong VK, Chapman J, Gill H, Cozzolino D. The use of derivatives and chemometrics to interrogate the UV-Visible spectra of gin samples to monitor changes related to storage. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117548. [PMID: 31672378 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been carried out to study and characterise different properties of alcoholic beverages using spectroscopy methods. Although UV-VIS spectroscopy is being used for the routine analysis of several beverages and foods, it has not been extensively used as a high throughput method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of derivatives to interrogate the UV-VIS spectra of gin samples to monitor changes related with storage conditions. Samples were analysed using an UV-VIS (200-800 nm) spectrophotometer with 1 cm path length. The raw spectra, second, third and fourth derivatives were used to analyse and interpret the UV-VIS spectra related to storage conditions. The results of this study indicated that the use of derivatives (third and fourth) as pre-process method to the UV-VIS spectra of gin samples allowed for a better identification of wavelengths as well as interpretation of the spectra associated with the different storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Govindaraj
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Sheeana Gangadoo
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
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14
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Lavrinenko IA, Holyavka MG, Chernov VE, Artyukhov VG. Second derivative analysis of synthesized spectra for resolution and identification of overlapped absorption bands of amino acid residues in proteins: Bromelain and ficin spectra in the 240-320 nm range. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117722. [PMID: 31707026 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We establish the origin and formation of peaks in UV absorption spectra of proteins by applying the second derivative analysis to (i) spectra of the native protein, (ii) to its model spectra "synthesized" as a sum of partial free amino acid spectra and (iii) to absorption spectra of the free amino acids. We show that the bromelain peaks at 248.2, 253.2, 258.4 and 264.2 nm are due to phenylalanine maxima; the predictable peak at 279.6 nm (which is almost coincident with the extremum of the zero-order spectrum at 279.4 nm) is mainly due to tyrosine maximum, while the peaks at 274.6 and 290.6 nm are due to tryptophan maximum; 268.0 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and phenylalanine maxima, and 283.4 nm peak to the superposition of tyrosine and tryptophan maxima. Similar results are obtained for ficin: the peaks at 248.4, 253.0 and 258.8 nm are formed by the phenylalanine maxima, the predictable peak at 264.4 nm accords with the corresponding bromelain 264.2 nm peak; the 279.4 nm peak almost coincides with the zero order spectrum peak (279.6 nm), but it is expressed stronger than that of bromelain due to a different ratio of tyrosine to tryptophan side groups. The peaks at 273.4 and 290.6 nm are associated with tryptophan, the 268.0 nm peak being mainly due to tyrosine (and fractionally to phenylalanine); and the 283.8 nm peak belongs to tyrosine and, to a greater extent, to tryptophan. We demonstrate that the amino acid residues of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine undergo correspondingly the largest, intermediate and the lowest positive (red) wavelength shift in the zero-order protein absorption spectrum with respect to the model (synthesized) spectrum. The difference appearing in the positions of the bromelain and ficin absorption band peaks is determined by superposition of relative contributions from amino acid residues. This superposition is resulted from (i) linear combination of amino acid residues spectra and (ii) their different (non-uniform) wavelength shifts as functions of microenvironment of these residues' chromophores. The proposed approach to the analysis of the protein absorption spectra with the help of "synthesized" spectra can be transferred to other objects studied in analytical and organic chemistry of high molecular compounds containing monomer units with various chromophores.
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15
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Hu Y, Zhao D, Qin Y, Wang X. An order determination method in direct derivative absorption spectroscopy for correction of turbidity effects on COD measurements without baseline required. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 226:117646. [PMID: 31606668 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, turbidity interference represents a difficult technical problem. Common methods need the spectrum of real turbidity particles as the baseline, but it is inconvenient and vain to obtain because it changes with perturbation. Due to lack of theoretical guidance, the direct derivative method with no need of baseline was rarely used. Here in, we studied the absorption spectra of turbidity particles in series of samples and proposed an order determination method in the` direct derivative. In turbidity interference handling, the absorbance derivative of turbidity at each wavelength fell to zero by determining the appropriate derivative order. Two parameters were presented for order determination, which represented the overall size of particles and its scattering type based on the spectral shape and profile. Experiments showed that the formazine solution, as an extreme situation, had the largest parameters, so the derivative order was determined depending on it to ensure effective turbidity correctionin various real water samples. Through comparing the correction effects and COD prediction results of first-to-fourth order derivative spectra, the proposed method was verified to provide theoretical basis of direct derivative method and reduce blindness in the order determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtian Hu
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Yali Qin
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation-Imaging Testbed, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China
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16
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Córdova BM, Santa Cruz JP, Ocampo M. TV, Huamani-Palomino RG, Baena-Moncada AM. Simultaneous adsorption of a ternary mixture of brilliant green, rhodamine B and methyl orange as artificial wastewater onto biochar from cocoa pod husk waste. Quantification of dyes using the derivative spectrophotometry method. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biochar obtained from cocoa pod husk waste for the simultaneous adsorption of a ternary mixture of brilliant green, rhodamine B and methyl orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M. Córdova
- Group of Biomaterials and Polymers
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Engineering
- Lima 25
- Peru
| | - Jean P. Santa Cruz
- Laboratorio de Operaciones Unitarias
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Textil
- Rímac
- Peru
| | - Tony V. Ocampo M.
- Group of Biomaterials and Polymers
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Engineering
- Lima 25
- Peru
| | | | - Angélica María Baena-Moncada
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
- Rímac
- Peru
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17
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Influence of the Scanning Temperature on the Classification of Whisky Samples Analysed by UV-VIS Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9163254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The definition of the optimal temperature and its effects (either increasing or variations) during analysis of alcoholic beverages are of importance to develop protocols based in spectroscopy. Although several reports have been published on the use of spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to classify and authenticate alcoholic beverages (e.g., wine, tequila, whisky), few reports deal with issues related with the spectra collection (e.g., temperature, path length) and its effect on the classification performances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing temperature on both the UV-VIS spectra of whisky and on the classification results of the samples according to country of origin. Whisky samples from different commercial labels were analysed at different temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55 °C) using a UV-VIS instrument (Agilent, Cary 3500). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models based in cross validation were used to classify whisky samples according to scanning temperature and origin. The results of this study indicated that temperature did not affect the classification of whisky samples according to country of origin. Overall, well defined protocols need to be defined for routine use of these methods in research and by the industry.
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18
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Simion IM, Sârbu C. The impact of the order of derivative spectra on the performance of pattern recognition methods. Classification of medicinal plants according to the phylum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:91-95. [PMID: 31030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Data pre-processing is an important strategy in chemometrics and related fields because in many cases the transformation of data has a great effect on the performance of the method (model). However, a careful examination of the literature clearly points out that only very few systematic studies are dedicated to the effect of the derivative spectra on the performance of the pattern recognition methods. This comprehensive study compares the impact of the order of derivative spectra and other data pre-processing procedures (normalization and standardization) on the performance of cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis applied for characterization and classification of medicinal plants according to their phylum using UV spectra. The efficiency of the pre-processing methods was estimated by comparing the accuracy of classification and prediction measured by internal cross-validation. Derivatization method (1st order) resulted in the best classification (100%) of medicinal plants according to their phylum (Pteridophyte, Magnoliophyte and Spermatophyte) as compared to other pre-processing methods (normalized spectra-71.4%, standardized spectra-76.2% and original spectra-78.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Maria Simion
- Department of Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Costel Sârbu
- Department of Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Omar MA, Badr El-Din KM, Salem H, Abdelmageed OH. Development and validation of Novel Spectro-chemometric and high performance liquid chromatography methods for simultaneous determination of binary mixture of etilefrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate in their bulk powders and different pharmaceutical formulations. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Mansour FR. A new innovative spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:626-632. [PMID: 28783604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new innovative spectrophotometric method is developed to determine the concentration ratios in binary mixtures by determining the zero crossing point in the first derivative of the gross curve. This relationship can be applied if the part of the UV spectrum of substance Y, that intersects with the overlaid spectra of substance X is straight. By plotting the intersection wavelength against the concentration ratio (CxCy), a straight line was obtained with a co-efficient of determination equals 0.9999. As an application, simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir in their binary mixtures was performed using two methods; a direct UV spectrophotometric method for determination of ledipasvir at 333nm, and the new "wavelength-intersection ratio" method for determination of sofosbuvir. In the wavelength-intersection ratio method, different mixtures of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir containing different concentration ratios were prepared; the zero crossing point of the first derivative curve in the range 285 to 295nm were determined for each mixture. An absorbance shift in the intersection was obtained with the change in the concentration ratio (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir). When the concentration ratio was plotted against the intersection wavelength, a straight line was obtained with a coefficient of determination of 0.9992. The direct method was linear in the range 3 to 18μg/mL while the wavelength-intersection ratio method was linear in the range 11-110μg/mL. The limits of detection were determined and found to be 0.5 and 3μg/mL for ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, respectively. The accuracy and repeatability of the two methods were tested. The mean %recovery was found to be 100.19% and 100.75% for ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 0.57 for ledipasvir and 1.79 for sofosbuvir. The intermediate precision was also checked, the coefficients of variation for sofosbuvir and ledipasvir measurements between days did not exceed 1.88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, 7001 Tasmania, Australia.
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21
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Rasheed CM, Fakhre NA, Ibrahim M. Simultaneous Determination of Enrofloxacin and Tylosin in Chicken Samples by Derivative Spectrophotometry. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Askari H, Ghaedi M, Dashtian K, Azghandi MHA. Rapid and high-capacity ultrasonic assisted adsorption of ternary toxic anionic dyes onto MOF-5-activated carbon: Artificial neural networks, partial least squares, desirability function and isotherm and kinetic study. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 37:71-82. [PMID: 28427684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present paper focused on the ultrasonic assisted simultaneous removal of fast green (FG), eosin Y (EY) and quinine yellow (QY) from aqueous media following using MOF-5 as a metal organic framework and activated carbon hybrid (AC-MOF-5). The structure and morphology of AC-MOF-5 was identified by SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The interactive and main effects of variables such as pH, initial dyes concentration (mgL-1), adsorbent dosage (mg) and sonication time (min) on removal percentage were studied by central composite design (CCD), subsequent desirability function (DF) permit to achieved real variable experimental condition. Optimized values were found 7.06, 5.68, 7.59 and 5.04mgL-1, 0.02g and 2.55min for pH, FG, EY and QY concentration, adsorbent dosage and sonication time, respectively. Under this conditions removal percentage were obtained 98.1%, 98.1% and 91.91% for FG, EY and QY, respectively. Two models, namely partial least squares (PLS) and multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) model were used for building up to construct an empirical model to predict the dyes under study removal behavior. The obtained results show that ANN and PLS model is a powerful tool for prediction of under-study dyes adsorption by AC-MOF-5. The evaluation and estimation of equilibrium data from traditional isotherm models display that the Langmuir model indicated the best fit to the equilibrium data with maximum adsorption capacity of 21.230, 20.242 and 18.621mgg-1, for FG, EY and QY, respectively, while the adsorption rate efficiently follows the pseudo-second-order model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Askari
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran.
| | - Kheibar Dashtian
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75918-74831, Iran
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Kori S, Parmar A, Sharma S. Colloidal assemblies: effective extraction media for diazepam from impaled blood, urine and milk samples. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2017.1334825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivpoojan Kori
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankush Parmar
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Esteki M, Nouroozi S, Amanifar S, Shahsavari Z. A Simple and Highly Sensitive Method for Quantitative Detection of Methyl Paraben and Phenol in Cosmetics Using Derivative Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Chemometric Techniques. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Esteki
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zanjan; Zanjan 45195-313 Iran
| | - Siavash Nouroozi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zanjan; Zanjan 45195-313 Iran
| | - Setareh Amanifar
- Department of Agriculture; University of Zanjan; Zanjan 45195-313 Iran
| | - Zahra Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zanjan; Zanjan 45195-313 Iran
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