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Xia D, Lee C, Charpentier NM, Deng Y, Yan Q, Gabriel JCP. Drivers and Pathways for the Recovery of Critical Metals from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309635. [PMID: 38837685 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing importance of critical metals (CMs) in modern society underscores their resource security and circularity. Waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are particularly attractive reservoirs of CMs due to their gamut CM embedding and ubiquitous presence. However, the recovery of most CMs is out of reach from current metal-centric recycling industries, resulting in a flood loss of refined CMs. Here, 41 types of such spent CMs are identified. To deliver a higher level of CM sustainability, this work provides an insightful overview of paradigm-shifting pathways for CM recovery from WPCBs that have been developed in recent years. As a crucial starting entropy-decreasing step, various strategies of metal enrichment are compared, and the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperspectral sensing is highlighted. Then, tailored metal recycling schemes are presented for the platinum group, rare earth, and refractory metals, with emphasis on greener metallurgical methods contributing to transforming CMs into marketable products. In addition, due to the vital nexus of CMs between the environment and energy sectors, the upcycling of CMs into electro-/photo-chemical catalysts for green fuel synthesis is proposed to extend the recycling chain. Finally, the challenges and outlook on this all-round upgrading of WPCB recycling are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Carmen Lee
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nicolas M Charpentier
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Yuemin Deng
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
- Ecologic France, 15 Avenue du Centre, Guyancour, 78280, France
| | - Qingyu Yan
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe P Gabriel
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
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de Lima Ribeiro A, Fuchs MC, Lorenz S, Röder C, Heitmann J, Gloaguen R. Multi-sensor characterization for an improved identification of polymers in WEEE recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:239-256. [PMID: 38417310 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymers represent around 25% of total waste from electronic and electric equipment. Any successful recycling process must ensure that polymer-specific functionalities are preserved, to avoid downcycling. This requires a precise characterization of particle compounds moving at high speeds on conveyor belts in processing plants. We present an investigation using imaging and point measurement spectral sensors on 23 polymers including ABS, PS, PC, PE-types, PP, PVC, PET-types, PMMA, and PTFE to assess their potential to perform under the operational conditions found in recycling facilities. The techniques applied include hyperspectral imaging sensors (HSI) to map reflectance in the visible to near infrared (VNIR), short-wave (SWIR) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR) as well as point Raman, FTIR and spectroradiometer instruments. We show that none of the sensors alone can identify all the compounds while meeting the industry operational requirements. HSI sensors successfully acquired simultaneous spatial and spectral information for certain polymer types. HSI, particularly the range between (1600-1900) nm, is suitable for specific identification of transparent and light-coloured (non-black) PC, PE-types, PP, PVC and PET-types plastics; HSI in the MWIR is able to resolve specific spectral features for certain PE-types, including black HDPE, and light-coloured ABS. Fast-acquisition Raman spectroscopy (down to 500 ms) enabled the identification of all polymers regardless their composition and presence of black pigments, however, it exhibited limited capacities in mapping applications. We therefore suggest a combination of both imaging and point measurements in a sequential design for enhanced robustness on industrial polymer identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa de Lima Ribeiro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Margret C Fuchs
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Lorenz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christian Röder
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Heitmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Richard Gloaguen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Wang D, Liang Y, Zeng Y, Liu C, Zhan C, Chen P, Song S, Jia F. Highly selective recovery of gold and silver from E-waste via stepwise electrodeposition directly from the pregnant leaching solution enabled by the MoS 2 cathode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133430. [PMID: 38183940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of electronic waste, i.e., waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs), provides substantial environmental and economic advantages. In fact, the concentration of valuable precious and base metals in WPCBs is even higher compared to those found in mined ores. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to selectively extract precious metals with low concentrations from the pregnant leaching solution, due to the co-deposition of base metals, like Cu, which have higher concentrations. In this research, stepwise recovery of precious metals and copper directly from WPCBs thiosulfate leaching solution was facilitated by the Ti cathode coated with MoS2 (MoS2/Ti). The in-situ enrichment of Au(S2O3)23- and Ag(S2O3)23- at the surface of MoS2 enables the high efficiency and selectivity of electrodeposition, which has been confirmed through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and visualization. As a result, the first-step electrodeposition at 0.6 V recovered 92.44 % Au and 98.18 % Ag without any co-deposition of Cu. Subsequently, the second-step recovery employed a constant current of 0.03 A, achieving 100 % recovery of copper within 12 h. Furthermore, this study optimized the reduction potential, NH3·H2O concentration, and S2O32- concentration for the stepwise electrodeposition process. These findings provide valuable insights for establishing a closed loop circular economy in the electronics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yumeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Chun Zhan
- Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
| | - Shaoxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430073, Hubei, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
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Liu X, Zhao K, Miao X, Zhan H. Potential of ultraviolet laser pulse-induced current for characterizing the grain size of table sugar. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21195. [PMID: 37954347 PMCID: PMC10632695 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a laser-induced current (LIC) method to investigate the grain-size dependence of the plasma of table sugar induced by a nanosecond (ns) pulsed ultraviolet laser in the size range of <180 μm->550 μm and achieve the lower power consumption in measurement. Under multiple laser irradiations and an external electric field (Vb) of 200 V, the LIC variation's (ΔIp) standard deviation and variance were 0.53 nA and 0.05 nA, respectively, indicating the relatively small systematic error during the testing process. The Vb causes a decrease in the possibility of electron-ion complexation and accelerates the separation, resulting in an increase in ΔIp with Vb. With increasing grain size (diameter D) of table sugar, ΔI demonstrate a valley-like behaviour and 250-380 μm is the critical range Dc where ΔI is very weak and considerably depends on the Vb with the slope of 0.031 nA/V. At D > 550 μm and Vb = 5 V, ΔI intensities monotonically rise by 30 % when D surpasses Dc. In this instance, the energy was the main contributor to the LIC signal during plasma generation and expansion. While D is less than Dc, ΔIp increases by 27 % at D ≤ 180 μm and Vb = 5 V. The yield stress is the main reason for the formation of plasma with high temperature and density in this situation because the sugar behaves like an elastic solid. The reason for such a LIC variation trend was discussed, which can be explained by considering the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties competing with each other. The present result suggests that the LIC method enables non-contact characterisation of sugar particle size at low-power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecong Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Terahertz Spectroscopy and Photoelectric Detection, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Terahertz Spectroscopy and Photoelectric Detection, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xinyang Miao
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Terahertz Spectroscopy and Photoelectric Detection, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Honglei Zhan
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Terahertz Spectroscopy and Photoelectric Detection, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Gamela RR, Fontoura BM, Costa VC, Babos DV, Pereira-Filho ER. Matrix-Matching Calibration Using Solid Standards: A Comparison between Univariate and Multivariate Strategies for the Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Bean Seed Samples Employing Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo R. Gamela
- Faculty of Agriculture, Higher Polytechnic Institute of Gaza, Lionde, Chokwe-Gaza, Mozambique
| | - Beatriz M. Fontoura
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Diego V. Babos
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Edenir R. Pereira-Filho
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Stenio K, Costa VC, De Morais CP, Magalhães AB, Milori DMBP. Direct determination of nutrient elements in plant leaves by double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: evaluation of calibration strategies using direct and inverse models for matrix-matching. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1246-1253. [PMID: 35260868 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a single calibration model to determine nutrient elements directly (Ca, Mg, Mn, and P) in soybean and sugar cane leaf samples by double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP LIBS). Matrix-matching calibration (MMC) was evaluated using direct and inverse models. Forty-five samples were used to build the calibration model (23 soybean leaves and 22 sugar cane leaves), and fifteen were used for the prediction test (8 soybean leaves and 7 sugar cane leaves) models. In the direct model, the analyte concentration in the sample is the independent variable, and the analytical signal is the dependent variable. In the inverse model, the analytical signal is the independent variable, and the analyte concentration in the sample is the dependent variable. In general, both models presented satisfactory results; however, the inverse model performed better. Emission lines used to propose calibration models were selected using a linear Pearson's correlation (R) strategy between each spectral point and the Ca, Mg, Mn, and P concentration measured by reference methods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) for the direct models were 0.60 g kg-1 to (Ca), 0.47 g kg-1 (Mg), 9.3 mg kg-1 to (Mn), and 0.28 g kg-1 to (P); for inverse model was 0.55 g kg-1 to (Ca), 0.39 g kg-1 (Mg), 10.5 mg kg-1 to (Mn), and 0.21 g kg-1 to (P). The calibration strategies proposed in this study may minimize matrix effects in direct solid analysis in soybean and sugar cane leaf samples, performing the determination of Ca, Mg, Mn, and P by DP LIBS using a single calibration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleydson Stenio
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13560-970, Brazil.
- Agrorobótica, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13571-512, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Carla Pereira De Morais
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13560-970, Brazil.
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Andrade DF, Castro JP, Garcia JA, Machado RC, Pereira-Filho ER, Amarasiriwardena D. Analytical and reclamation technologies for identification and recycling of precious materials from waste computer and mobile phones. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131739. [PMID: 34371353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the world's fastest-growing class of waste. WEEE contain a large amount of precious materials that have aroused the interest to develop new recycling technologies. Hence, effective recycling strategies are extremely necessary to promote the proper handling of these materials as well as for environmentally sound recovery of secondary raw resource. This paper reviews important existing methods and emerging technologies in WEEE management, with special emphasis in characterization, extraction and reclamation of precious materials from waste computer and mobile phones. Traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies still play a central role in the recovery of metals. More recently, emerging greener recycling technologies using microorganisms (i.e. biometallurgical), plasma arc fusion method and pretreatments (i.e. ultrasound and mechanochemical technologies) combined with other recycling methods (e.g. hydrometallurgical), and using less toxic solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have also been attempted to recycle metals from computer and mobile phone scrap. The role of analytical method development, especially using spectroanalytical methods for chemical inspection and e-waste sorting process at industrial applications is also discussed. This confirmed that most direct sampling techniques such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XFR) have several advantages over traditional sorting methods including rapid analytical response, without use of chemical reagents or waste generation, and greater reclamation of precious and critical materials in the WEEE stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandes Andrade
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, 01002, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeyne Pricylla Castro
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Garcia
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; SG Soluções Científicas, 13560660, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cardoso Machado
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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Review of Element Analysis of Industrial Materials by In-Line Laser—Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapidly developing technique for chemical materials analysis. LIBS is applied for fundamental investigations, e.g., the laser plasma matter interaction, for element, molecule, and isotope analysis, and for various technical applications, e.g., minimal destructive materials inspection, the monitoring of production processes, and remote analysis of materials in hostile environment. In this review, we focus on the element analysis of industrial materials and the in-line chemical sensing in industrial production. After a brief introduction we discuss the optical emission of chemical elements in laser-induced plasma and the capability of LIBS for multi-element detection. An overview of the various classes of industrial materials analyzed by LIBS is given. This includes so-called Technology materials that are essential for the functionality of modern high-tech devices (smartphones, computers, cars, etc.). The LIBS technique enables unique applications for rapid element analysis under harsh conditions where other techniques are not available. We present several examples of LIBS-based sensors that are applied in-line and at-line of industrial production processes.
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Francischini DS, Arruda MA. When a picture is worth a thousand words: Molecular and elemental imaging applied to environmental analysis – A review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Dismantling of Printed Circuit Boards Enabling Electronic Components Sorting and Their Subsequent Treatment Open Improved Elemental Sustainability Opportunities. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This critical review focuses on advanced recycling strategies to enable or increase recovery of chemical elements present in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Conventional recycling involves manual removal of high value electronic components (ECs), followed by raw crushing of WPCBs, to recover main elements (by weight or value). All other elements remain unrecovered and end up highly diluted in post-processing wastes or ashes. To retrieve these elements, it is necessary to enrich the waste streams, which requires a change of paradigm in WPCB treatment: the disassembly of WPCBs combined with the sorting of ECs. This allows ECs to be separated by composition and to drastically increase chemical element concentration, thus making their recovery economically viable. In this report, we critically review state-of-the-art processes that dismantle and sort ECs, including some unpublished foresight from our laboratory work, which could be implemented in a recycling plant. We then identify research, business opportunities and associated advanced retrieval methods for those elements that can therefore be recovered, such as refractory metals (Ta, Nb, W, Mo), gallium, or lanthanides, or those, such as the platinum group elements, that can be recovered in a more environmentally friendly way than pyrometallurgy. The recovery methods can be directly tuned and adapted to the corresponding stream.
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13
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Araujo-Andrade C, Bugnicourt E, Philippet L, Rodriguez-Turienzo L, Nettleton D, Hoffmann L, Schlummer M. Review on the photonic techniques suitable for automatic monitoring of the composition of multi-materials wastes in view of their posterior recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:631-651. [PMID: 33749390 PMCID: PMC8165644 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x21997908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the increasingly pressing context of improving recycling, optical technologies present a broad potential to support the adequate sorting of plastics. Nevertheless, the commercially available solutions (for example, employing near-infrared spectroscopy) generally focus on identifying mono-materials of a few selected types which currently have a market-interest as secondary materials. Current progress in photonic sciences together with advanced data analysis, such as artificial intelligence, enable bridging practical challenges previously not feasible, for example in terms of classifying more complex materials. In the present paper, the different techniques are initially reviewed based on their main characteristics. Then, based on academic literature, their suitability for monitoring the composition of multi-materials, such as different types of multi-layered packaging and fibre-reinforced polymer composites as well as black plastics used in the motor vehicle industry, is discussed. Finally, some commercial systems with applications in those sectors are also presented. This review mainly focuses on the materials identification step (taking place after waste collection and before sorting and reprocessing) but in outlook, further insights on sorting are given as well as future prospects which can contribute to increasing the circularity of the plastic composites' value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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14
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Garcia JA, da Silva JRA, Pereira-Filho ER. LIBS as an alternative method to control an industrial hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of Cu in waste from electro-electronic equipment (WEEE). Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Araújo AS, Castro JP, Sperança MA, Andrade DF, de Mello ML, Pereira-Filho ER. Multiway Calibration Strategies in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A Proposal. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6291-6300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Silva Araújo
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jeyne Pricylla Castro
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Sperança
- Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA) Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Andrade
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Matheus Lima de Mello
- Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA) Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
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Andrade DF, de Almeida E, de Carvalho HWP, Pereira-Filho ER, Amarasiriwardena D. Chemical inspection and elemental analysis of electronic waste using data fusion - Application of complementary spectroanalytical techniques. Talanta 2021; 225:122025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hilario FF, Lima de Mello M, Pereira-Filho ER. Forensic analysis of hand-written documents using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and chemometrics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:232-241. [PMID: 33350401 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), fast and semi non-destructive elemental analysis of ball-point pen writings has been performed directly from paper surfaces, aiming to obtain maximum differentiation between pens with a minimum number of pulses. The instrumental variables, the delay time, laser pulse energy and number of pulses per point, were evaluated through factorial design and optimum values were obtained through a quadratic regression model. Several atomic emission lines were tested as fingerprints in order to improve the differentiation between the tested inks and the range of 212-228 and 324-328 nm, which corresponds to Cu emission, demonstrated to be the best alternative as a discriminatory factor for two pens of the same color. However, the background contribution of cheque paper limited the multielement profile of the technique. Seventeen different pens were analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) treatment was used to classify the samples in clusters and to assemble hyperspectral images in order to obtain visual differentiation of the inks in a scores map. The results obtained by LIBS analysis were verified by microwave-assisted digestion of inks and analysis by ICP OES. Lastly, a real situation test was conducted where a forged document was analyzed by the proposed methodology as an alternative to distinguish between two inks of the same color, originating from different pens. For this proof of concept study, seventeen samples were evaluated, but further studies related to heterogeneity between pulses and samples should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ferri Hilario
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Lima de Mello
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil.
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Costa VC, de Mello ML, Babos DV, Castro JP, Pereira-Filho ER. Calibration strategies for determination of Pb content in recycled polypropylene from car batteries using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Babos DV, Cruz-Conesa A, Pereira-Filho ER, Anzano JM. Direct determination of Al and Pb in waste printed circuit boards (PCB) by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): Evaluation of calibration strategies and economic - environmental questions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122831. [PMID: 32531672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-matching calibration (MMC), two-point calibration transfer (TP CT), one-point and multi-line calibration (OP MLC), single-sample calibration (SSC) and calibration free (CF) were evaluated in order to overcome matrix effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). These calibration strategies were evaluated for direct determination of Al and Pb in waste printed circuit boards (PCB) using direct solids analysis by LIBS. Each strategy has limitations and advantages of its implementation, for the correction of matrix effects, so that it allows elementary determination with adequate accuracy. The MMC and CF proved to be excellent calibration strategies for the determination of strategic (Al) and toxic (Pb) elements by LIBS, with good recoveries (ranging from 80-120%) and low relative standard deviation (RSD%) values. A detailed discussion of the advantages and limitations of each of these five calibration strategies evaluated for LIBS is presented in this study. Lead concentrations in waste PCB samples are 5-12 times higher than established by Directive 2011/65/EU, and the samples analyzed contain between 3 and 55 g kg-1 Al, being an interesting economic and recycling source for this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Victor Babos
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Andrés Cruz-Conesa
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jesús M Anzano
- Laser Laboratory, Chemistry & Environment Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Gamela RR, Costa VC, Sperança MA, Pereira-Filho ER. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) data fusion to predict the concentration of K, Mg and P in bean seed samples. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gamela RR, Costa VC, Babos DV, Araújo AS, Pereira-Filho ER. Direct Determination of Ca, K, and Mg in Cocoa Beans by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Evaluation of Three Univariate Calibration Strategies for Matrix Matching. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Castro JP, Babos DV, Pereira-Filho ER. Calibration strategies for the direct determination of rare earth elements in hard disk magnets using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta 2020; 208:120443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Papai R, da Silva Mariano C, Pereira CV, Ferreira da Costa PV, de Oliveira Leme F, Nomura CS, Gaubeur I. Matte photographic paper as a low-cost material for metal ion retention and elemental measurements with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta 2019; 205:120167. [PMID: 31450474 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Matte photographic paper was explored as a low-cost material for metal-ion retention. The extraction was promoted by ultrasound, the mechanical waves of which forced adhesion to the photographic paper surface of an ion pair formed by DTAB (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) with the anionic coordination complex formed by metal ions and SPADNS (1,8-dihydroxy-2-(4-sulfophenylazo)naphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid trisodium salt). As a proof of concept, the migration of copper ions present in aqueous solution to the solid phase and their direct measurement by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was evaluated. The main parameters that affected the extraction (paper type and sonication time) and analyte detection in the solid phase (delay, spot size and accumulated number of pulses) were optimised in a univariate way. The conditions influencing the complexation reaction and formation of the ion pair in aqueous solution (pH and copper, SPADNS and DTAB concentrations) were set according to a previous study. Under the optimised conditions, it was possible to use this extraction technology as an alternative in determining copper content in aqueous solutions by LIBS, overcoming the intrinsic difficulties of this instrumental technique in the analysis of liquid samples. The calibration curves were obtained in a linear range of 0.50-7.50 mg L-1 copper in solution, with detection and quantification limits estimated at 0.08 and 0.24 mg L-1, respectively. The precision of the method was less than 4.3% and the accuracy was checked by spike and recovery tests on liquid samples with different chemical compositions and by comparison of LIBS results with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry data. The potential of the proposed method for extraction of Al3+, Ag+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ was also evaluated and adequate extraction efficiencies were obtained. The proposed method stands out due to its low cost and ease of execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Papai
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), Avenida Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Prédio 2, 05508-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cleide da Silva Mariano
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Faculdade Pentágono (FAPEN), Rua Cel. Fernando Prestes, 326, 09020-110, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Vilela Pereira
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vinicius Ferreira da Costa
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio de Oliveira Leme
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Seimi Nomura
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida, Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivanise Gaubeur
- Laboratório de Espectroanalítica Molecular e Atômica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bloco L-407, 09210-971, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Calibration strategies for determination of the In content in discarded liquid crystal displays (LCD) from mobile phones using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1061:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Andrade DF, Romanelli JP, Pereira-Filho ER. Past and emerging topics related to electronic waste management: top countries, trends, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17135-17151. [PMID: 31001771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis was performed to assess historical and recent research trends regarding e-waste studies from 1998 to 2018. Documents related to e-waste were identified from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science© (WoS) database, and a total of 3311 academic articles was retrieved. The analysis was performed from four main aspects: (1) publication activity by year, by WoS category, and by geographic distribution; (2) journals; (3) most-cited papers; and (4) top 10 countries and author keyword analysis. The number of publications concerning e-waste issues has increased substantially over the last 20 years, especially in the environmental science category, and more than a third of the publications were produced in China (1181 records). Waste Management and Environmental Science & Technology were the most sought-after journals for disseminating the results. Studies related to "e-waste flow analysis," "recycling," "recovery of precious metals," and "risk assessment of recycling areas" have been the most common for several years. The analysis of keywords suggested that there are many topics on electronic waste and that each country has presented a different focus of research. Overall, the bibliometric analysis proved to be an efficient tool with which to monitor historical and current research trends and to evaluate the sheer volume of currently existing scientific literature on e-waste topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandes Andrade
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Romanelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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FORTUNATO FM, CATELANI TA, POMARES-ALFONSO MS, PEREIRA-FILHO ER. Application of Multi-energy Calibration for Determination of Chromium and Nickel in Nickeliferous Ores by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:165-168. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neiva AM, Sperança MA, Costa VC, Jacinto MAC, Pereira-Filho ER. Determination of toxic metals in leather by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with emphasis on chromium. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:618. [PMID: 30267231 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tanning industry is one of the largest environmental polluters due to high generation waste in all production processes, but the tanning is particularly worrisome due to the use of significant amounts of chromium. Cr is an element potentially toxic to both health and the environment, depending on the concentration and the oxidation state. Cr(VI) can come in contact with human skin when using leather goods, which can cause allergies and dermatitis, besides being carcinogenic. Considering that approximately 90% of the world production of leather is performed with Cr salts, the determination of this element in leather is necessary to avoid exposure to the risks that the element can provide. The main goal of this study was the development of an alternative analytical method for the determination of Cr in leathers (ovine and bovine leather tanned with Cr and vegetable tannin) using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) for direct solid analysis. Besides performing analysis of the chemical composition and determination of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti, and Zn in leather by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also used in the evaluation of the WDXRF and ICP OES data sets. WDXRF calibration models for Cr presented satisfactory figures of merit and the analysis of the leathers revealed an alarming concentration of total Cr in the samples reaching 21,353 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Maciel Neiva
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Sperança
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Câmara Costa
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo State, 13565-905, Brazil.
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