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Mattarozzi M, Laski E, Bertucci A, Giannetto M, Bianchi F, Zoani C, Careri M. Metrological traceability in process analytical technologies and point-of-need technologies for food safety and quality control: not a straightforward issue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:119-135. [PMID: 36367573 PMCID: PMC9816273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional techniques for food analysis are based on off-line laboratory methods that are expensive and time-consuming and often require qualified personnel. Despite the high standards of accuracy and metrological traceability, these well-established methods do not facilitate real-time process monitoring and timely on-site decision-making as required for food safety and quality control. The future of food testing includes rapid, cost-effective, portable, and simple methods for both qualitative screening and quantification of food contaminants, as well as continuous, real-time measurement in production lines. Process automatization through process analytical technologies (PAT) is an increasing trend in the food industry as a way to achieve improved product quality, safety, and consistency, reduced production cycle times, minimal product waste or reworks, and the possibility for real-time product release. Novel methods of analysis for point-of-need (PON) screening could greatly improve food testing by allowing non-experts, such as consumers, to test in situ food products using portable instruments, smartphones, or even visual naked-eye inspections, or farmers and small producers to monitor products in the field. This requires the attention of the research community and devices manufacturers to ensure reliability of measurement results from PAT strategy and PON tests through the demonstration and critical evaluation of performance characteristics. The fitness for purpose of methods in real-life conditions is a priority that should not be overlooked in order to maintain an effective and harmonized food safety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Eleni Laski
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertucci
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Giannetto
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre CIPACK, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Zoani
- Department for Sustainability, Biotechnology and Agroindustry Division (SSPT-BIOAG), Casaccia Research Centre, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Technopole Pad 33 Parco Area Delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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Fully integrated sampler and dilutor in an electrochemical paper-based device for glucose sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:302. [PMID: 34417662 PMCID: PMC8379134 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An electroanalytical platform capable to take and dilute the sample has been designed in order to fully integrate the different steps of the analytical process in only one device. The concept is based on the addition of glass-fiber pads for sampling and diluting to an electrochemical cell combining a paper-based working electrode with low-cost connector headers as counter and reference electrodes. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this all-in-one platform for biosensing applications, an enzymatic sensor for glucose determination (requiring a potential as low as −0.1 V vs. gold-plated wire by using ferrocyanide as mediator) was developed. Real food samples, such as cola beverages and orange juice, have been analyzed with the bioelectroanalytical lab-on-paper platform. As a proof-of-concept, and trying to go further in the integration of steps, sucrose was successfully detected by depositing invertase in the sampling strip. This enzyme hydrolyzes sucrose into fructose and glucose, which was determined using the enzymatic biosensor. This approach opens the pathway for the development of devices applying the lab-on-paper concept, saving costs and time, and making possible to perform decentralized analysis with high accuracy.
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Muhammad N, Zia-ul-Haq M, Ali A, Naeem S, Intisar A, Han D, Cui H, Zhu Y, Zhong JL, Rahman A, Wei B. Ion chromatography coupled with fluorescence/UV detector: A comprehensive review of its applications in pesticides and pharmaceutical drug analysis. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Valverde-Som L, Jiménez-Carvelo AM, Delgado-Aguilar M. Validation requirements of screening analytical methods based on scenario-specified applicability indicators. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ferreira PC, Ataíde VN, Silva Chagas CL, Angnes L, Tomazelli Coltro WK, Longo Cesar Paixão TR, Reis de Araujo W. Wearable electrochemical sensors for forensic and clinical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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