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Starovoit MR, Jadeja S, Gazárková T, Lenčo J. Mitigating In-Column Artificial Modifications in High-Temperature LC-MS for Bottom-Up Proteomics and Quality Control of Protein Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14531-14540. [PMID: 39196537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Elevating the column temperature is an effective strategy for improving the chromatographic separation of peptides. However, high temperatures induce artificial modifications that compromise the quality of the peptide analysis. Here, we present a novel high-temperature LC-MS method that retains the benefits of a high column temperature while significantly reducing peptide modification and degradation during reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Our approach leverages a short inline trap column maintained at a near-ambient temperature installed upstream of a separation column. The retentivity and dimensions of the trap column were optimized to shorten the residence time of peptides in the heated separation column without compromising the separation performance. This easy-to-implement approach increased peak capacity by 1.4-fold within a 110 min peptide mapping of trastuzumab and provided 10% more peptide identifications in exploratory LC-MS proteomic analyses compared with analyses conducted at 30 °C while maintaining the extent of modifications close to the background level. In the peptide mapping of biopharmaceuticals, where in-column modifications can falsely elevate the levels of some critical quality attributes, the method reduced temperature-related artifacts by 66% for N-terminal pyroGlu and 63% for oxidized Met compared to direct injection at 60 °C, thus improving reliability in quality control of protein drugs. Our findings represent a promising advancement in LC-MS methodology, providing researchers and industry professionals with a valuable tool for improving the chromatographic separation of peptides while significantly reducing the unwanted modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta R Starovoit
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Xin Y, Foster SW, Makey DM, Parker D, Bradow J, Wang X, Berritt S, Mongillo R, Grinias JP, Kennedy RT. High-Throughput Capillary Liquid Chromatography Using a Droplet Injection and Application to Reaction Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4693-4701. [PMID: 38442211 PMCID: PMC11001260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The cycle time of a standard liquid chromatography (LC) system is the sum of the time for the chromatographic run and the autosampler injection sequence. Although LC separation times in the 1-10 s range have been demonstrated, injection sequences are commonly >15 s, limiting throughput possible with LC separations. Further, such separations are performed on relatively large bore columns requiring flow rates of ≥5 mL/min, thus generating large volumes of mobile phase waste when used for large scale screening and increasing the difficulty in interfacing to mass spectrometry. Here, a droplet injector system was established that replaces the autosampler with a four-port, two-position valve equipped with a 20 nL internal loop interfaced to a syringe pump and a three-axis positioner to withdraw sample droplets from a well plate. In the system, sample and immiscible fluid are pulled alternately from a well plate into a capillary and then through the injection valve. The valve is actuated when sample fills the loop to allow sequential injection of samples at high throughput. Capillary LC columns with 300 μm inner diameter were used to reduce the consumption of mobile phase and sample. The system achieved 96 separations of 20 nL droplet samples containing 3 components in as little as 8.1 min with 5-s cycle time. This system was coupled to a mass spectrometer through an electrospray ionization source for high-throughput chemical reaction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Devin M Makey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Deklin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James Bradow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - Robert Mongillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06415, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Pérez-Robles R, Fekete S, Navas N, Guillarme D. Practical study on the impact of injection conditions in gradient elution mode for the analysis of therapeutic proteins when using very short columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464359. [PMID: 37717303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of injected sample volume on apparent efficiency has been studied for very short columns in a systematic way. For large molecules such as therapeutic proteins, it was found that relatively large volumes can be injected onto ultra-short RPLC and IEX columns (i.e. L < 50 mm) without significantly affecting the quality of the separation. This favourable behavior is due to the on-off elution mechanism of large molecules and to the fact that therapeutic protein samples are formulated in aqueous-based media, which is the weakest solvent in RPLC and IEX. Therefore, their peak is strongly focused at the column inlet even when large volume is injected, and pre-column peak dispersion is compensated. However, ultra-short HILIC columns do not seem to be favorable, as they require for very low injection volume to avoid detrimental peak splitting and breakthrough effects. Such peak distortion is related to the inherent solvent mismatch between sample diluent (aqueous) and mobile phase strength (highly organic in HILIC). When studying mass load, the ranking of the elution modes was the same, and the largest relative mass could be injected onto IEX columns (as large as 10% sample to sorbent mass), without affecting the separation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pérez-Robles
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental-Alejandro Otero, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Navas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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4
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Zhu K, Pursch M, Huygens B, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Minimize Precolumn Band Broadening with Immiscible Solvent Sandwich Injection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15311-15317. [PMID: 37797306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the possibility of reducing the effect of precolumn band broadening (PreCBB) by sandwiching the sample between two small plugs of an immiscible liquid. It has been found that in cases of severe PreCBB, improvements in peak efficiency can amount up to 20 times for the early-eluting compounds. For smaller degrees of PreCBB, the gain on the efficiency of early-eluting compounds is smaller (order of 50%), yet it is still significant. It has been verified that the presence of the immiscible fluid sandwich does not affect the repeatability of the analysis nor the linearity of the calibration curves used for analyte quantitation. It is also shown that the main effect of the two sandwich plugs is the minimization of the dispersion in the precolumn transfer tubing itself, which makes the method fundamentally different from pure on-column focusing methods such as the performance optimizing injection sequence (POISe) method. It is further demonstrated that both halves of the sandwich are needed, since the beneficial effect is clearly much smaller when only one plug is present. A drawback of the method is that some of the late-eluting peaks are slightly adversely affected by the presence of the sandwich liquid in the case where 127 μm i.d. tubing was used. The mechanism for this peak deterioration effect is at present still unclear but only occurs under gradient conditions and is clearly linked to the size of the sandwich plugs (the smaller the plugs, the smaller the adverse effect) and the internal diameter of the tubing used between the injection valve and the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- IFF, Pharma Solutions, 1801 Larkin Center Drive, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH, Analytical Science, 65201 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Bram Huygens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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5
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Moussa A, Deridder S, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Dispersion Caused by Capillary Misconnection in Nano-Flow Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13975-13983. [PMID: 37671479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that high-speed/high-efficiency separations in nano-flow liquid chromatography (LC) are very sensitive to the quality of the connections between the column and the rest of the instrument. In the present study, two types of connection errors (capillary misalignment and the occurrence of an inter-capillary gap) have been investigated using computational fluid dynamics. Interestingly, it has been found that large degrees of capillary misalignment (assuming an otherwise perfect contact between the capillary end-faces) can be afforded without introducing any significant dispersion over the entire range of investigated relative misalignment errors (0 ≤ ε/dcap ≤ 75%), even at the largest flow rates considered in nano-LC. On the other hand, when an inter-capillary gap is present, the dispersion very rapidly increases with the radial width Dc of this gap (extra variance ∼Dcn with n even reaching values above 4). The dependency on the gap length Lc is however much smaller. Results show that, when Dc ≤ 30 μm and Lc ≤ 200 μm, dispersion losses can be limited to the order of 1 nL2 at a flow of 1.5 μL/min, which is generally very small compared to the dispersion in the capillaries (20 μm i.d.) themselves. This result also reconfirms that zero-dead volume connectors with a sufficiently narrow bore can in theory be used without compromising peak dispersion in nano-LC, at least when the capillaries can be matched perfectly to the connector in- and outlet faces. The results are also indicative of the extra dispersion occurring inside microfluidic chips or in the connections between a microfluidic chip and the outer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sander Deridder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Filip B, Bochenek R, Marek WK, Antos D. Flow behavior of protein solutions in a lab-scale chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464178. [PMID: 37392636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A fluid dynamics model has been developed to describe flow behavior in a lab-scale chromatographic system dedicated for protein processing. The case study included a detailed analysis of elution pattern of a protein, which was a monoclonal antibody, glycerol, and their mixtures in aqueous solutions. Glycerol solutions mimicked viscous environment of the concentrated protein solutions. The model accounted for concentration dependences of solution viscosity and density, and dispersion anisotropy in the packed bed. It was implemented into a commercial computational fluid dynamics software using user-defined functions. The prediction efficiency was successfully verified by comparing the model simulations in the form of the concentration profiles and their variances with the corresponding experimental data. The contribution of the individual elements of the chromatographic system to protein band broadening was evaluated for different configurations: for the extra-column volumes in the absence of the chromatographic column, for the zero-length column without the packed bed and for the column containing the packed bed. The influence of the operating variables, including: the mobile phase flowrate, the type of the injection system, i.e., the injection loop capillary or the superloop, the injection volume and the length of the packed bed, on band broadening of the protein was determined under nonadsorbing conditions. For protein solutions having viscosity comparable with the mobile phase, the flow behavior either in the column hardware or in the injection system made major contributions to band broadening, which depended on the type of the injection system. For highly viscous protein solution, the flow behavior in the packed bed exerted a dominant influence on band broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Filip
- Doctoral School of the Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Roman Bochenek
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech K Marek
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland.
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7
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Influence of the Column Inner Diameter on Chromatographic Efficiency in Miniaturized and Conventional Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Moussa A, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Fundamental investigation of the dispersion caused by a change in diameter in nano liquid chromatography capillary tubing. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463719. [PMID: 36542892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of the extra dispersion caused by the change in diameter when coupling two pieces of capillary tubing with different diameter. In this first investigation into the problem, the focus is on the typical flow rates (0.25≤F≤2μL/min) and diameters (d≤40μm) used in nano-LC, considering both the case of either a doubling or halving of the diameter. The CFD simulations allow to study the problem from a fundamental point of view, i.e., under otherwise perfect conditions (perfect alignment, zero dead-volume). Flow rates, capillary diameters, diffusion coefficients and liquid viscosities have been varied over a range relevant for nano-LC (Reynolds-numbers Re ≤ 1), with also an excursion made towards high-temperature nano-LC conditions (Re ≥ 10 and more). The extra dispersion caused by the change in diameter has been quantified via a volumetric variance σ2conn, defined in such a way that the overall dispersion across the entire capillary system can be easily reconstructed from the known analytical solutions in the individual segments. When the two capillaries are longer than their diffusion entry length, covering most of the practical cases, σ2conn converges to a limiting value σ2conn,∞ which varies to a close approximation with the square of flow rate. Under the investigated nano-LC conditions, the σ2conn,∞-values are surprisingly small (e.g., on the order of 0.01 to 0.15 nL2 in a 20 to 40μm connection) compared to the dispersion occurring in the remainder of the capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moussa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
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9
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Quantitative Methods for Metabolite Analysis in Metabolic Engineering. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Handlovic TT, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW. Symmetrization of Peaks in Chiral Chromatography with an Area-Invariant Resolution Enhancement Method. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16638-16646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy T. Handlovic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
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11
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Bernau CR, Knödler M, Emonts J, Jäpel RC, Buyel JF. The use of predictive models to develop chromatography-based purification processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1009102. [PMID: 36312533 PMCID: PMC9605695 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1009102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatography is the workhorse of biopharmaceutical downstream processing because it can selectively enrich a target product while removing impurities from complex feed streams. This is achieved by exploiting differences in molecular properties, such as size, charge and hydrophobicity (alone or in different combinations). Accordingly, many parameters must be tested during process development in order to maximize product purity and recovery, including resin and ligand types, conductivity, pH, gradient profiles, and the sequence of separation operations. The number of possible experimental conditions quickly becomes unmanageable. Although the range of suitable conditions can be narrowed based on experience, the time and cost of the work remain high even when using high-throughput laboratory automation. In contrast, chromatography modeling using inexpensive, parallelized computer hardware can provide expert knowledge, predicting conditions that achieve high purity and efficient recovery. The prediction of suitable conditions in silico reduces the number of empirical tests required and provides in-depth process understanding, which is recommended by regulatory authorities. In this article, we discuss the benefits and specific challenges of chromatography modeling. We describe the experimental characterization of chromatography devices and settings prior to modeling, such as the determination of column porosity. We also consider the challenges that must be overcome when models are set up and calibrated, including the cross-validation and verification of data-driven and hybrid (combined data-driven and mechanistic) models. This review will therefore support researchers intending to establish a chromatography modeling workflow in their laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Bernau
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Knödler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Emonts
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - R. C. Jäpel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: J. F. Buyel,
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12
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Theory of separation performance and peak width in gradient elution liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1218:339962. [PMID: 35701036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Separation performance in chromatography has been extensively studied since the dawn of the technique. Although the basic principles of band broadening and the resulting separation performance in isocratic elution are in general well known and understood, this is much less the case for gradient separations. In this tutorial, first the basic principles, concepts and parameters that determine separation performance, peak width and variance and analysis time in isocratic separations are reviewed. This is subsequently used to discuss the parameters that affect peak width in gradient elution, together with the concepts of plate count and plate height in this elution mode. In addition, the effect of peak compression in gradient elution is elaborated. Finally, the effect of extra-column dispersion on separation performance in gradient elution is discussed, and an overview of how these contributions can be experimentally evaluated is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
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13
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Kumar V, Khanal O, Jin M. Modeling the Impact of Holdup Volume from Chromatographic Workstations on Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijesh Kumar
- Technical Development, Downstream and Drug Product Development, Spark Therapeutics, Inc., 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ohnmar Khanal
- Technical Development, Downstream and Drug Product Development, Spark Therapeutics, Inc., 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mi Jin
- Technical Development, Downstream and Drug Product Development, Spark Therapeutics, Inc., 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Gritti FG, Meyyappan S, Leveille WP, Hill J. Improved Performance of UHPLC–MS Hyphenated Systems. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.im3069q9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) research prototype instrument was built to improve the resolution power and the usability of conventional LC–MS hyphenated instruments for routine analyses in pharmaceutical applications. The improved characteristics of this UHPLC–MS system include: 1) the dramatic reduction of post-column sample dispersion; 2) the adoption of vacuum jacketed columns (VJC) for the reduction of undesirable radial temperature gradients across the column diameter; and 3) the presence of a column outlet end nut heater to refocus the distorted peaks prior to analyte ionization. The benefits of each of these added features are analyzed with a rigorous approach from a peak broadening perspective. A 2x improvement in peak capacities recorded with this prototype UHPLC–MS system compared to a standard system (Acquity UHPLC I-class/Xevo TQ-S) is illustrated for the gradient separation of seven small pharmaceutical compounds using a 2.1 mm x 100 mm column packed with sub-2-μm core-shell particles (1.6 μm Acquity UHPLC Cortecs C18 column).
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15
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Peak broadening caused by using different micro-liquid chromatography detectors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6107-6114. [PMID: 35705858 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in column technology resulted in smaller particles and more efficient phases. In parallel, the use of columns with reduced dimensions is becoming more common. This means the effective column volume is also decreased, thereby making the systems more susceptible to effects of band broadening due to extra-column volume. Despite these trends and the fact that a growing number of miniaturized liquid chromatography systems are being offered commercially, manufacturers often stick to the modular concept with dedicated units for pumps, column oven, and detectors. This modular design results in long connection capillaries, which leads to extra-column band broadening and consequently prevents the exploitation of the intrinsic efficiency of state-of-the-art columns. In particular, band broadening post column has a considerable negative effect on efficiency. In this study, mass flow and concentration-dependent detectors were examined for their influence on band broadening using a micro-LC system. A mass spectrometric detector, an evaporative light scattering detector, two UV detectors, and a previously undescribed fluorescence detector were compared. The influence on efficiency is compared using plate height vs linear velocity data and peak variance. It is shown that an increase in the inner diameter after the post-column transfer capillary leads to significant loss in plate height. Comparing the UV detectors, it could be shown that the dispersion was reduced by 38% by the reduction of the post-column volume. The largest variance was found for the evaporative light scattering detector, which was 368% higher compared to the variance of the detector with the least effect on band broadening.
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16
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Cruz JC, Souza IDD, Lanças FM, Queiroz MEC. Current advances and applications of online sample preparation techniques for miniaturized liquid chromatography systems. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Broeckhoven K, Gunnarson C. But Why Doesn’t It Get Better? Kinetic Plots for Liquid Chromatography, Part III: Pulling It All Together. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.vi2966r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Choosing a liquid chromatography (LC) column for a particular application can be a surprisingly challenging task. On one hand, column manufacturers give us many options to choose from, including particle types, pore sizes, particle sizes, and different lengths and diameters. On the other hand, we usually don’t have time to experimentally evaluate many combinations of these parameters, and sometimes we end up picking something similar to the columns that are already in the drawer. The “kinetic plot” is a powerful graphical tool that can help leverage the best available theory to help us understand how different combinations of parameters (that is, particle size and length) will perform in terms of the time needed to get to a particular column efficiency (and thus resolution), and therefore make well-informed decisions when choosing columns.
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18
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Are Two Liquid Chromatography Columns in Tandem Better Than One?: Answers from the Hydrophobic Subtraction Model. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Geller S, Lieberman H, Belanger AJ, Yew NS, Kloss A, Ivanov AR. Comparison of Microflow and Analytical Flow Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Global Metabolomics Methods Using a Urea Cycle Disorder Mouse Model. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:151-163. [PMID: 34843255 PMCID: PMC8742624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microscale-based separations are increasingly being applied in the field of metabolomics for the analysis of small-molecule metabolites. These methods have the potential to provide improved sensitivity, less solvent waste, and reduced sample-size requirements. Ion-pair free microflow-based global metabolomics methods, which we recently reported, were further compared to analytical flow ion-pairing reagent containing methods using a sample set from a urea cycle disorder (UCD) mouse model. Mouse urine and brain homogenate samples representing healthy, diseased, and disease-treated animals were analyzed by both methods. Data processing was performed using univariate and multivariate techniques followed by analyte trend analysis. The microflow methods performed comparably to the analytical flow ion-pairing methods with the ability to separate the three sample groups when analyzed by partial least-squares analysis. The number of detected metabolic features present after each data processing step was similar between the microflow-based methods and the ion-pairing methods in the negative ionization mode. The observed analyte trend and coverage of known UCD biomarkers were the same for both evaluated approaches. The 12.5-fold reduction in sample injection volume required for the microflow-based separations highlights the potential of this method to support studies with sample-size limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Geller
- Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Nelson S Yew
- Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alla Kloss
- Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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20
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Broeckhoven K. Advances in the limits of separation power in supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Wahab MF, Gritti F, O'Haver TC. Discrete Fourier transform techniques for noise reduction and digital enhancement of analytical signals. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Bishop LDC, Misiura A, Landes CF. A new metric for relating macroscopic chromatograms to microscopic surface dynamics: the distribution function ratio (DFR). Analyst 2021; 146:4268-4279. [PMID: 34105529 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous stationary phase chemistry causes chromatographic tailing that lowers separation efficiency and complicates optimizing mobile phase conditions. Model-free metrics are attractive for assessing optimal separation conditions due to the low quantity of information required, but often do not reveal underlying mechanisms that cause tailing, for example, heterogeneous retention modes. We report a new metric, which we call the Distribution Function Ratio (DFR), based on a graphical comparison between the chromatogram and Gaussian cumulative distribution functions, achieving correspondence to ground truth surface dynamics with a single chromatogram. Using a Monte Carlo framework, we show that the DFR can predict the prevalence of heterogeneous retention modes with high precision when the relative desorption rate between modes is known, as in during surface dynamics experiments. Ground truth comparisons reveal that the DFR outperforms both the asymmetry factor and skewness by yielding a one-to-one correspondence with heterogeneous retention mode prevalence over a broad range of experimentally realistic values. Perhaps of more value, we illustrate that the DFR, when combined with the asymmetry factor and skewness, can estimate microscopic surface dynamics, providing valuable insights into surface chemistry using existing chromatographic instrumentation. Connecting ensemble results to microscopic quantities through the lens of simulation establishes a new chemistry-driven route to measuring and advancing separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
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23
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The impact of decreased LC-MS/MS run times on small molecule bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:409-413. [PMID: 33719532 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Terada H, Kuroda I, Uzu H, Ohira M, Yoshikawa K, Furuno M, Fukusaki E, Tanaka N. Reduction of the extra-column band dispersion by a slow transport and splitting of a sample band in isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461996. [PMID: 33640804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sample introduction method was studied to reduce the extra-column effect in reversed-phase HPLC. Slow transport of a sample band (SToSB) in the pre-column space followed by the introduction of the band into the column at a near-optimum flow rate resulted in larger plate counts for a 1.0 mmID, 5 cm long column as much as 1.4-1.6 times for solutes with a retention factor (k) of 0.5-1.8 compared to a conventional elution method. Further reduction of the extra-column effect was possible by orthogonally splitting the sample band (SplSB) by flow switching during its slow transport followed by the introduction of the leading part of the band into the column. In this case, increased plate counts of up to 2-3 times for solutes with k of 0.5-1.8 were observed for a 1.0 mmID, 5 cm column. The sample introduction method, SToSB in the injector and the pre-column tube of a few μL, was found to reduce the extra-column band variance by 0.4-0.5 μL2 for an UHPLC system with the extra-column volume (Vextra) of ca. 4.6 μL and the system variance (σextra2) of 1.1 μL2 at flow rate of 100 μL/min, while SToSB and subsequent SplSB were found to be more effective, reducing σextra2 by about 0.8 μL2. With an UHPLC instrument with Vextra of about 10 μL and σextra2 of ca. 3.6 μL2 at flow rate of 300 μL/min, 1.4-2.1 times as many plate counts were observed with SToSB and SplSB compared to the normal elution method for early-eluting solutes with k=0.25-1.7 for a column, 2.1 mmID, 5 cm long. With this UHPLC instrument, SToSB and/or SplSB resulted in the reduction of σextra2 by 1.2-2.2 μL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Terada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Ikuma Kuroda
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Uzu
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohira
- GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; GL Sciences Inc., 237-2 Sayamagahara, Iruma, Saitama 358-0032, Japan.
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25
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Gunnarson C, Lauer T, Willenbring H, Larson E, Dittmann M, Broeckhoven K, Stoll DR. Implications of dispersion in connecting capillaries for separation systems involving post-column flow splitting. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461893. [PMID: 33524933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is common practice in liquid chromatography to split the flow of the effluent exiting the analytical column into two or more parts, either to enable parallel detection (e.g., coupling the separation to two destructive detectors such as light scattering and mass spectrometry (MS)), or to accommodate flow rate limitations of a detector (e.g., electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). In these instances the user must make choices about split ratio and dimensions of connecting tubing that is used between the split point and the detector, however these details are frequently not mentioned in the literature, and rarely justified. In our own work we often split the effluent following the second dimension (2D) column in two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems coupled to MS detection, and we have frequently observed post 2D column peak broadening that is larger than we would expect to result from dispersion in the MS ionization source itself. For the present paper we describe a series of experiments aimed at understanding the impact of the split ratio and post-split connecting tubing dimensions on dispersion of peaks exiting an analytical column. We start with the simple idea - based on the principle of conservation of mass - that analyte peaks entering the split point are split into two parts such that the analyte mass (and thus peak volume) entering and exiting the split point is conserved, and directly related to the ratio of flow rates entering and exiting the split point. Measurements of peak width and variance after the split point show that this simple view of the splitting process - along with estimates of additional dispersion in the post-split tubing - is sufficient to predict peak variances at the detector with accuracy that is sufficient to guide experimental work (median error of about 10% over a wide range of conditions). We feel it is most impactful to recognize that flow splitting impacts apparent post-column dispersion not because anything unexpected happens in the splitting process, but because the split dramatically reduces the volume of the analyte peak, which then is more susceptible to dispersion in connecting tubing that would not cause significant dispersion under conditions where splitting is not implemented. These results will provide practitioners with a solid basis on which rational decisions about split ratios and dimensions of post-split tubing can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caden Gunnarson
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Lauer
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | | | - Eli Larson
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Monika Dittmann
- Agilent Technologies, R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA.
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26
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Wahab MF, Roy D, Armstrong DW. The theory and practice of ultrafast liquid chromatography: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1151:238170. [PMID: 33608081 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern high-throughput experimentation and challenging analytical problems of academic/industrial research have put the responsibility on separation scientists to develop new fast separation approaches. With the availability of high-pressure pumps, small particles with hydrolytically stable surface chemistries, reduced extra-column band broadening, and low volume detectors with fast signal processing, it is now feasible to do sub-minute to sub-second chromatography. Herein, the fundamental theoretical principles of ultrafast chromatography, along with practical solutions, are reviewed. Approaches for rapid separations in packed beds, narrow open tubular columns, and monoliths are demonstrated, along with the challenges that were faced. The instrumentation requirements (pumps, injection systems, detectors, column packing process) for using short columns ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm are examined, followed by real applications. One of the main problems in ultrafast chromatography is partial or complete peak overlap. As per Gidding's statistical overlap theory, peak overlap cannot be avoided for a completely random sample for a column with a given peak capacity. Signal processing techniques based on Fourier transform deconvolution of band broadening, power laws, derivatives, and iterative curve fitting are explained to help improve the chromatographic resolution. An example of ten peaks separated in under a second is shown and discussed. Other ultrafast separations in supercritical fluid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis are briefly mentioned to provide a complete understanding of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Daipayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, USA.
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27
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Column-in-valve designs to minimize extra-column volumes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461779. [PMID: 33385742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the design and performance of in-house built column cartridges that can be directly screwed into the ports of a commercial rotor-stator valve to minimize extra-column band broadening and pressure-drop losses when pursuing ultra-fast separations such as those needed in 2D and 3D-LC separations. Two basic designs were evaluated and were compared with the results obtained with a commercial screw-in column cartridge. The system produces an extra-column band broadening as low as 0.05 to 0.1 μL2 for the employed UV-detector set-up. Despite these very low values, the obtained separation efficiency of the in-house fabricated cartridge columns was very low, corresponding to a reduced minimal plate height around h=7 at the very best, which, for the 1.7 μm particle and 26.4 mm long columns corresponds to a number of theoretical plates of N=2200 under isocratic conditions. A similar poor performance was obtained with a commercial column cartridge with similar dimensions using the same set-up. One possible explanation of the observed performance could be found in the inner diameter of the column cartridges (i.d. =0.75 mm and 1 mm) which, for the employed sub 2-μm particles, falls into a region of column diameters that, according to literature models, is most likely to suffer from inherent packing problems.
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28
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Innovations in Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phase Supports. Anal Chem 2020; 93:257-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Kadjo AF, Dasgupta PK, Shelor CP. Optimum Cell Pathlength or Volume for Absorbance Detection in Liquid Chromatography: Transforming Longer Cell Results to Virtual Shorter Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6391-6400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinde F. Kadjo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Charles Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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31
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Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst 2020; 145:1129-1157. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) based techniques in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection have had a large impact on the development of new pharmaceuticals in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
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32
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Advances and Challenges in Extremely High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Current and Future Analytical Scale Column Formats. Anal Chem 2019; 92:554-560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Kaplitz AS, Kresge GA, Selover B, Horvat L, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias KM, Foster SW, Davis JJ, Grinias JP. High-Throughput and Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 92:67-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kaplitz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Glenn A. Kresge
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Benjamin Selover
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Leah Horvat
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | | | - Justin M. Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19810, United States
| | - Kaitlin M. Grinias
- Analytical Platforms & Platform Modernization, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joshua J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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