1
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Weise C, Fischer J, Belder D. Mass spectrometry coupling of chip-based supercritical fluid chromatography enabled by make-up flow-assisted backpressure regulation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4447-4456. [PMID: 38907770 PMCID: PMC11294422 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This work introduces a novel microfluidic backpressure pressure control developed for chip-based supercritical fluid chromatography (chipSFC). The presented on-chip pressure control mechanism involves the post-column addition of a viscous make-up stream, which enables pressure regulation within the range of 73 to 130 bar range. In contrast to approaches using mechanical backpressure regulators, this chip-based make-up-assisted pressure regulation offers a wear-free alternative that functions entirely through fluidic means and contributes minimally to extra column volume. It prevents phase separation of the supercritical mobile phase and, therefore, expands the analytical scope of chipSFC to detection systems with an ambient pressure interface. This was demonstrated by a proof-of-principle experiment, where a model mixture was separated within 30 s and detected using atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Weise
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Anderson BG, Hancock TA, Kennedy RT. Preparation of high-efficiency HILIC capillary columns utilizing slurry packing at 2100 bar. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464856. [PMID: 38579610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixture analysis requires high-efficiency chromatography columns. Although reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the dominant approach for such mixtures, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an important complement to RPLC by enabling the separation of polar compounds. Chromatography theory predicts that small particles and long columns will yield high efficiency; however, little work has been done to prepare HILIC columns longer than 25 cm packed with sub-2 μm particles. In this work, we tested the slurry packing of 75 cm long HILIC columns with 1.7 μm bridged-ethyl-hybrid amide HILIC particles at 2,100 bar (30,000 PSI). Acetonitrile, methanol, acetone, and water were tested as slurry solvents, with acetonitrile providing the best columns. Slurry concentrations of 50-200 mg/mL were assessed, and while 50-150 mg/mL provided comparable results, the 150 mg/mL columns provided the shortest packing times (9 min). Columns prepared using 150 mg/mL slurries in acetonitrile yielded a reduced minimum plate height (hmin) of 3.3 and an efficiency of 120,000 theoretical plates for acenaphthene, an unretained solute. Para-toluenesulfonic acid produced the lowest hmin of 1.9 and the highest efficiency of 210,000 theoretical plates. These results identify conditions for producing high-efficiency HILIC columns with potential applications to complex mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tate A Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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3
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Matzinger M, Mayer RL, Mechtler K. Label-free single cell proteomics utilizing ultrafast LC and MS instrumentation: A valuable complementary technique to multiplexing. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200162. [PMID: 36806919 PMCID: PMC10909491 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to map a proteomic fingerprint to transcriptomic data would master the understanding of how gene expression translates into actual phenotype. In contrast to nucleic acid sequencing, in vitro protein amplification is impossible and no single cell proteomic workflow has been established as gold standard yet. Advances in microfluidic sample preparation, multi-dimensional sample separation, sophisticated data acquisition strategies, and intelligent data analysis algorithms have resulted in major improvements to successfully analyze such tiny sample amounts with steadily boosted performance. However, among the broad variation of published approaches, it is commonly accepted that highest possible sensitivity, robustness, and throughput are still the most urgent needs for the field. While many labs have focused on multiplexing to achieve these goals, label-free SCP is a highly promising strategy as well whenever high dynamic range and unbiased accurate quantification are needed. We here focus on recent advances in label-free single-cell mass spectrometry workflows and try to guide our readers to choose the best method or combinations of methods for their specific applications. We further highlight which techniques are most propitious in the future and which applications but also limitations we foresee for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Matzinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)Vienna BioCenterViennaAustria
| | - Rupert L. Mayer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)Vienna BioCenterViennaAustria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)Vienna BioCenterViennaAustria
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI), Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of SciencesVienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
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4
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for lipidomics using off-line coupling of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with 50 cm long reversed phase capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463707. [PMID: 36516490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of the lipidome remains a challenge requiring development of new analytical approaches to expand lipid coverage in complex samples. In this work, offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was investigated for lipidomics from human plasma. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was implemented in the first dimension to fractionate lipid classes. Nine fractions were collected and subjected to a second-dimension separation utilizing 50 cm capillary columns packed with 1.7 µm C18 particles operated on custom-built instrumentation at 35 kpsi. Online coupling with time-of-flight mass spectrometry allowed putative lipid identification from precursor-mass based library searching. The method had good orthogonality (fractional coverage of ∼40%), achieved a peak capacity of approximately 1900 in 600 min, and detected over 1000 lipids from a 5 µL injection of a human plasma extract while consuming less than 3 mL of solvent. The results demonstrate the expected gains in peak capacity when employing long columns and two-dimensional separations and illustrate practical approaches for improving lipidome coverage from complex biological samples.
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5
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Chromatographic separation of peptides and proteins for characterization of proteomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:270-281. [PMID: 36504223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of proteomes aims to comprehensively characterize proteins in cells or tissues via two main strategies: (1) bottom-up strategy based on the separation and identification of enzymatic peptides; (2) top-down strategy based on the separation and identification of intact proteins. However, it is challenged by the high complexity of proteomes. Consequently, the improvements in peptide and protein separation technologies for simplifying the sample should be critical. In this feature article, separation columns for peptide and protein separation were introduced, and peptide separation technologies for bottom-up proteomic analysis as well as protein separation technologies for top-down proteomic analysis were summarized. The achievement, recent development, limitation and future trends are discussed. Besides, the outlook on challenges and future directions of chromatographic separation in the field of proteomics was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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6
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Stejskal K, Jeff ODB, Matzinger M, Dürnberger G, Boychenko A, Jacobs P, Mechtler K. Deep Proteome Profiling with Reduced Carryover Using Superficially Porous Microfabricated nanoLC Columns. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15930-15938. [PMID: 36356180 PMCID: PMC9685595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
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In the field of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
(LC–MS)-based proteomics, increases in the sampling depth and
proteome coverage have mainly been accomplished by rapid advances
in mass spectrometer technology. The comprehensiveness and quality
of the data that can be generated do, however, also depend on the
performance provided by nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC) separations.
Proper selection of reversed-phase separation columns can be important
to provide the MS instrument with peptides at the highest possible
concentration and separated at the highest possible resolution. In
the current contribution, we evaluate the use of the prototype generation
2 μPAC nanoLC columns, which use C18-functionalized superficially
porous micropillars as a stationary phase. When compared to traditionally
used fully porous silica stationary phases, more precursors could
be characterized when performing single shot data-dependent LC–MS/MS
analyses of a human cell line tryptic digest. Up to 30% more protein
groups and 60% more unique peptides were identified for short gradients
(10 min) and limited sample amounts (10–100 ng of cell lysate
digest). With LC–MS gradient times of 10, 60, 120, and 180
min, respectively, we identified 2252, 6513, 7382, and 8174 protein
groups with 25, 500, 1000, and 2000 ng of the sample loaded on the
column. Reduction of sample carryover to the next run (up to 2 to
3%) and decreased levels of methionine oxidation (up to 3-fold) were
identified as additional figures of merit. When analyzing a disuccinimidyl
dibutyric urea-crosslinked synthetic library, 29 to 59 more unique
crosslinked peptides could be identified at an experimentally validated
false discovery rate of 1–2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Stejskal
- IMBA─Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Op de Beeck Jeff
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Matzinger
- IMP─Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Dürnberger
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul Jacobs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karl Mechtler
- IMP─Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- IMBA─Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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7
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He Y, Brademan DR, Hutchins PD, Overmyer KA, Coon JJ. Maximizing MS/MS Acquisition for Lipidomics Using Capillary Separation and Orbitrap Tribrid Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3394-3399. [PMID: 35138847 PMCID: PMC8950118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a typical strategy for lipidomics analysis. Although capillary LC-MS is a common analytical technique for proteomics analysis, its application to lipidomics has been limited. In this study, we aim at improving lipid identifications achieved in a single LC-MS analysis by a 3-fold approach: capillary LC and nanoelectrospray for enhanced ionization, ion trap for higher sensitivity tandem MS, and parallelization of mass analyzers for increased speed of acquisition on an Orbitrap hybrid system. By applying the methods to a complex lipid mixture of human plasma, we identified and performed relative quantification on over 1500 lipids within a 60 min capillary LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen He
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine A. Overmyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA,Correspondence: J.J.C. ()
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8
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Zhou Y, Guo G, Wang X. Development of
Ultranarrow‐Bore
Open Tubular High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyan Zhou
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Guangsheng Guo
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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9
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高碳含量新型亚微米无孔二氧化硅材料的修饰方法及其在反相加压毛细管电色谱平台上的应用. Se Pu 2022; 40:88-99. [PMID: 34985220 PMCID: PMC9404077 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
亚微米无孔二氧化硅(NPS)材料具有小粒径及表面光滑形状规整等特点,是一种性能优异的色谱材料,但其存在比表面积小、修饰效率低的问题。针对此设计了一种具有高碳含量的修饰方法:以3-缩水甘油基氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(GPTS)作为硅烷偶联剂,聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为聚合物包覆层,并以硬脂酰氯修饰得到一种氨基包覆的具有C18碳链结构的新型亚微米无孔二氧化硅材料(C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2)。利用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、Zeta电势等进行表征,证明C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2固定相的成功制备。该修饰方法将NPS的碳含量从0.55%提高到了8.29%,解决了过往NPS材料采用十八烷基氯硅烷等传统C18修饰方法时碳含量较低的问题。此外,29Si固体核磁显示:NPS与多孔二氧化硅(PS)微球相比不仅存在孔结构与比表面积区别,且表面硅羟基种类也不同。16%的PS微球硅原子带有一个硅羟基(孤立硅羟基,Q3)、19%带有两个硅羟基(偕硅羟基,Q2);而NPS微球不存在偕硅羟基,仅有30%硅原子处于孤立硅羟基状态。实验发现NPS微球存在硅羟基数量低且缺少偕硅羟基的特点,导致NPS材料表面修饰活性低,难以通过简单一步反应获得高碳含量。采用不同疏水物质如苯系物、多环芳烃对色谱性能及保留机理进行研究,结果表明C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2色谱柱符合反相作用机理。氨基的包覆改变硅球表面电性,提高了NPS材料运用于加压毛细管电色谱平台(pCEC)时的电渗流大小,施加+15 kv时,显示出良好的分离能力,证实了C18-NH2-GPTS-SiO2材料通过多步反应提高碳含量的修饰方法在pCEC平台上应用的优异性。
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10
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Wang X, Zhu J, Yang C, Qin F, Zhang B. Segmented Microfluidics-Based Packing Technology for Chromatographic Columns. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8450-8458. [PMID: 34111926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS) has become the method of choice for the analysis of complex biological systems, especially when the available sample amount is limited. The preparation of high-performance capillary columns for nanoLC use is still a technical challenge. Here, we report a segmented microfluidic method for the preparation of packed capillary columns, where liquid segments were used as soft, dynamic, and well-dispersed slurry reservoirs for carrying and delivering micrometer packing particles. Based on this microfluidic packing technology, the column bed was assembled layer-by-layer at a 50 μm resolution, and ultralong capillary columns of 3, 5, and 10 m were fabricated in such a manner. The microfluidically packed columns demonstrated excellent separation efficiencies of 116 000 plates/m. The higher efficiencies obtained at higher slurry concentrations also indicate that a high-quality packed bed can be obtained without sacrificing the packing speed. Kinetic performance limit analysis shows that the microfluidic packed columns have higher peak capacity production efficiency in the high-resolution region, presenting an improved separation impedance of 2800, which is significantly better than columns packed with the conventional slurry packing method. In comparison with a commercial nanoLC column, a 5 m long microfluidic packed column was evaluated for proteomic analysis using a standard HeLa protein digest and presented 261% improvement in peptide identification capability, resulting in significantly enhanced protein identification confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyuhu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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11
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Moravcová D, Čmelík R, Křenková J. Separation of labeled isomeric oligosaccharides by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - the role of organic solvent in manipulating separation selectivity of the amide stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462303. [PMID: 34147834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of using mixtures of organic solvents for the separation of labeled oligosaccharides on the amide stationary phase under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions are presented. The effect of the type of buffer as well as solvent or their mixtures on retention of uracil, saccharide labeling reagents (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-aminobenzamide, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, procainamide), and corresponding labeled saccharides were evaluated. The successful isocratic separation of labeled isomeric trisaccharides (maltotriose, panose, and isomaltotriose) was achieved in the mobile phase consisting of a 90% (v/v) mixture of organic solvents (methanol/acetonitrile 60:40) and 10% (v/v) 30 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.3. Changing the volume ratio between methanol/acetonitrile from 60:40 to 50:50 (v/v) allowed to obtain the separation of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides labeled by ethyl 4-aminobenzoate in less than 10.5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, Brno 60200, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Čmelík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křenková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Veveří 97, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
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12
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Luo C, DeStefano JJ, Langlois TJ, Boyes BE, Schuster SA, Godinho JM. Fundamental to achieving fast separations with high efficiency: A review of chromatography with superficially porous particles. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5087. [PMID: 33566360 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Types of particles have been fundamental to LC separation technology for many years. Originally, LC columns were packed with large-diameter (>100 μm) calcium carbonate, silica gel, or alumina particles that prohibited fast mobile-phase speeds because of the slow diffusion of sample molecules inside deep pores. During the birth of HPLC in the 1960s, superficially porous particles (SPP, ≥30 μm) were developed as the first high-speed stationary-phase support structures commercialized, which permitted faster mobile-phase flowrates due to the fast movement of sample molecules in/out of the thin shells. These initial SPPs were displaced by smaller totally porous particles (TPP) in the mid-1970s. But SPP history repeated when UHPLC emerged in the 2000s. Stationary-phase support structures made from sub-3-μm SPPs were introduced to chromatographers in 2006. The initial purpose of this modern SPP was to enable chromatographers to achieve fast separations with high efficiency using conventional HPLCs. Later, the introduction of sub-2-μm SPPs with UHPLC instruments pushed the separation speed and efficiency to a very fast zone. This review aims at providing readers a comprehensive and up-to-date view on the advantages of SPP materials over TPPs historically and theoretically from the material science angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Luo
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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13
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Ding M, Yang L, Zeng J, Yan X, Wang Q. Orderly MOF-Assembled Hybrid Monolithic Stationary Phases for Nano-Flow HPLC. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15757-15765. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- Department of Chemistry & the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Chemistry & the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiahui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry & the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Department of Chemistry & the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qiuquan Wang
- Department of Chemistry & the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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14
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Sorensen MJ, Kennedy RT. Capillary ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for fast and high resolution metabolomics separations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461706. [PMID: 33229007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS is an important tool for metabolomics due its high sensitivity and broad metabolite coverage. The goal of improving resolution and decreasing analysis time in HPLC has led to the use of 5 - 15 cm long columns packed with 1.7 - 1.9 µm particles requiring pressures of 8 - 12 kpsi. We report on the potential for capillary LC-MS based metabolomics utilizing porous C18 particles down to 1.1 µm diameter and columns up to 50 cm long with an operating pressure of 35 kpsi. Our experiments show that it is possible to pack columns with 1.1 µm porous particles to provide predicted improvements in separation time and efficiency. Using kinetic plots to guide the choice of column length and particle size, we packed 50 cm long columns with 1.7 µm particles and 20 cm long columns with 1.1 µm particles, which should produce equivalent performance in shorter times. Columns were tested by performing isocratic and gradient LC-MS analyses of small molecule metabolites and extracts from plasma. These columns provided approximately 100,000 theoretical plates for metabolite standards and peak capacities over 500 in 100 min for a complex plasma extract with robust interfacing to MS. To generate a given peak capacity, the 1.1 µm particles in 20 cm columns required roughly 75% of the time as 1.7 µm particles in 50 cm columns with both operated at 35 kpsi. The 1.1 µm particle packed columns generated a given peak capacity nearly 3 times faster than 1.7 µm particles in 15 cm columns operated at ~10 kpsi. This latter condition represents commercial state of the art for capillary LC. To consider practical benefits for metabolomics, the effect of different LC-MS variables on mass spectral feature detection was evaluated. Lower flow rates (down to 700 nL/min) and larger injection volumes (up to 1 µL) increased the features detected with modest loss in separation performance. The results demonstrate the potential for fast and high resolution separations for metabolomics using 1.1 µm particles operated at 35 kpsi for capillary LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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The use of UHPLC, IMS, and HRMS in multiresidue analytical methods: A critical review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1158:122369. [PMID: 33091675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Residue chemists who analyse pesticides in vegetables or veterinary drugs in animal-based food are currently facing a situation where there is a requirement to detect more and more compounds at lower and lower concentrations. Conventional tandem quadrupole instruments provide sufficient sensitivity, but speed and selectivity appear as future limitations. This will become an even larger issue when there is a need to not only detect active compounds but also their degradation products and metabolites. This will likely lead to a situation in which the conventional targeted approach must be expanded or augmented by a certain non-targeted strategy. High-resolution mass spectrometry provides such capabilities, but it frequently requires an additional degree of selectivity for the unequivocal confirmation of analytes present at trace levels in highly complex and variable food matrices. The hyphenation of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility and high-resolution mass spectrometry provides analytical chemists with a new tool for performing such a demanding multiresidue analysis. The objective of this paper is to investigate the benefits of the added ion mobility dimension as well as to critically discuss the current limitations of this commercially available technology.
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