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Zaid A, Hassan NH, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography as a Bioanalytical Platform for Drug Discovery and Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041121. [PMID: 37111606 PMCID: PMC10140985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a significant separation tool for high-resolution analysis of disease-associated metabolites and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. This review highlights recent advances of GC×GC with different detection modalities for drug discovery and analysis, which ideally improve the screening and identification of disease biomarkers, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses to treatment in complex biological matrixes. Selected recent GC×GC applications that focus on such biomarkers and metabolite profiling of the effects of drug administration are covered. In particular, the technical overview of recent GC×GC implementation with hyphenation to the key mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that provide the benefit of enhanced separation dimension analysis with MS domain differentiation is discussed. We conclude by highlighting the challenges in GC×GC for drug discovery and development with perspectives on future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norfarizah Hanim Hassan
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Valverde P, Barranco D, López-Escudero FJ, Díez CM, Trapero C. Efficiency of breeding olives for resistance to Verticillium wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1149570. [PMID: 36909426 PMCID: PMC9994353 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1149570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Olive trees are the most cultivated evergreen trees in the Mediterranean Basin, where they have deep historical and socioeconomic roots. The fungus Verticillium dahliae develops inside the vascular bundles of the host, and there are no effective applicable treatments, making it difficult to control the disease. In this sense, the use of integrated disease management, specifically the use of resistant cultivars, is the most effective means to alleviate the serious damage that these diseases are causing and reduce the expansion of this pathogen. In 2008, the University of Cordoba started a project under the UCO Olive Breeding Program whose main objective has been to develop new olive cultivars with high resistance to Verticillium wilt. Since 2008, more than 18,000 genotypes from 154 progenies have been evaluated. Only 19.9% have shown some resistance to the disease in controlled conditions and only 28 have been preselected due to their resistance in field condition and remarkable agronomic characteristics. The results of this study represent an important advancement in the generation of resistant olive genotypes that will become commercial cultivars currently demanded by the olive growing sector. Our breeding program has proven successful, allowing the selection of several new genotypes with high resistance to the disease and agronomical performance. It also highlights the need for long-term field evaluations for the evaluation of resistance and characterization of olive genotypes.
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Zhao X, Song Y, Zhang Y, Cai G, Xue G, Liu Y, Chen K, Zhang F, Wang K, Zhang M, Gao Y, Sun D, Wang X, Li J. Predictions of Milk Fatty Acid Contents by Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy in Chinese Holstein Cows. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020666. [PMID: 36677723 PMCID: PMC9864415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic improvement of milk fatty acid content traits in dairy cattle is of great significance. However, chromatography-based methods to measure milk fatty acid content have several disadvantages. Thus, quick and accurate predictions of various milk fatty acid contents based on the mid-infrared spectrum (MIRS) from dairy herd improvement (DHI) data are essential and meaningful to expand the amount of phenotypic data available. In this study, 24 kinds of milk fatty acid concentrations were measured from the milk samples of 336 Holstein cows in Shandong Province, China, using the gas chromatography (GC) technique, which simultaneously produced MIRS values for the prediction of fatty acids. After quantification by the GC technique, milk fatty acid contents expressed as g/100 g of milk (milk-basis) and g/100 g of fat (fat-basis) were processed by five spectral pre-processing algorithms: first-order derivative (DER1), second-order derivative (DER2), multiple scattering correction (MSC), standard normal transform (SNV), and Savitzky-Golsy convolution smoothing (SG), and four regression models: random forest regression (RFR), partial least square regression (PLSR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LassoR), and ridge regression (RidgeR). Two ranges of wavebands (4000~400 cm-1 and 3017~2823 cm-1/1805~1734 cm-1) were also used in the above analysis. The prediction accuracy was evaluated using a 10-fold cross validation procedure, with the ratio of the training set and the test set as 3:1, where the determination coefficient (R2) and residual predictive deviation (RPD) were used for evaluations. The results showed that 17 out of 31 milk fatty acids were accurately predicted using MIRS, with RPD values higher than 2 and R2 values higher than 0.75. In addition, 16 out of 31 fatty acids were accurately predicted by RFR, indicating that the ensemble learning model potentially resulted in a higher prediction accuracy. Meanwhile, DER1, DER2 and SG pre-processing algorithms led to high prediction accuracy for most fatty acids. In summary, these results imply that the application of MIRS to predict the fatty acid contents of milk is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxin Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong OX Livestock Breeding Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuetong Song
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Yuanpei Zhang
- Shandong OX Livestock Breeding Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gaozhan Cai
- Shandong OX Livestock Breeding Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guanghui Xue
- Shandong OX Livestock Breeding Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shandong OX Livestock Breeding Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Yundong Gao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianbin Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (X.W.); (J.L.)
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Zhang Y, Huang L, Deng G, Wang Y. Visual Monitoring of Fatty Acid Degradation during Green Tea Storage by Hyperspectral Imaging. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020282. [PMID: 36673374 PMCID: PMC9857679 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction in freshness during green tea storage leads to a reduction in its commercial value and consumer acceptance, which is thought to be related to the oxidation of fatty acids. Here, we developed a novel and rapid method for the assessment of green tea freshness during storage. Hyperspectral images of green tea during storage were acquired, and fatty acid profiles were detected by GC-MS. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was used to model the association of spectral data with fatty acid content. In addition, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) was employed to select the characteristic wavelengths and thus simplify the model. The results show that the constructed CARS-PLS can achieve accurate prediction of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content, with residual prediction deviation (RPD) values over 2. Ultimately, chemical imaging was used to visualize the distribution of fatty acids during storage, thus providing a fast and nondestructive method for green tea freshness evaluation.
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Kawai T, Matsumori N, Otsuka K. Recent advances in microscale separation techniques for lipidome analysis. Analyst 2021; 146:7418-7430. [PMID: 34787600 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00967b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review paper highlights the recent research on liquid-phase microscale separation techniques for lipidome analysis over the last 10 years, mainly focusing on capillary liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Lipids are one of the most important classes of biomolecules which are involved in the cell membrane, energy storage, signal transduction, and so on. Since lipids include a variety of hydrophobic compounds including numerous structural isomers, lipidomes are a challenging target in bioanalytical chemistry. MS is the key technology that comprehensively identifies lipids; however, separation techniques like LC and CE are necessary prior to MS detection in order to avoid ionization suppression and resolve structural isomers. Separation techniques using μm-scale columns, such as a fused silica capillary and microfluidic device, are effective at realizing high-resolution separation. Microscale separation usually employs a nL-scale flow, which is also compatible with nanoelectrospray ionization-MS that achieves high sensitivity. Owing to such analytical advantages, microscale separation techniques like capillary/microchip LC and CE have been employed for more than 100 lipidome studies. Such techniques are still being evolved and achieving further higher resolution and wider coverage of lipidomes. Therefore, microscale separation techniques are promising as the fundamental technology in next-generation lipidome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Wang F, Chen M, Luo R, Huang G, Wu X, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Wang J. Fatty acid profiles of milk from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, camels, and donkeys based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1687-1700. [PMID: 34802741 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diversity and limitation of determination methods, published data on the fatty acid (FA) compositions of different milk samples have contributed to inaccurate comparisons. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determinate milk FA, and the proposed method had satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. We also analyzed the FA compositions of 237 milk samples from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, donkeys, and camels. Holstein, Jersey, goat, and buffalo milks contained high content of even-chain saturated FA, whereas goat milk had higher content of medium- and short-chain FA (MSCFA). Yak and camel milk are potential functional foods due to their high levels of odd- and branched-chain FA and low ratios of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Human milk contained lower levels of saturated FA, MSCFA, and conjugated linoleic acid, and higher levels of monounsaturated FA and PUFA. As a special nonruminant milk, donkey milk contained low levels of monounsaturated FA and high levels of PUFA and MSCFA. Based on the FA profiles of 8 types of milk, nonruminant milk was distinct from ruminant milk, whereas camel and yak milk were different from other ruminant milks and considered as potential functional foods for balanced human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumchi 830,091, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250,100, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Runbo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Xufang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumchi 830,091, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China.
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Flores M, Avendaño V, Bravo J, Valdés C, Forero-Doria O, Quitral V, Vilcanqui Y, Ortiz-Viedma J. Edible Oil Parameters during Deterioration Processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:7105170. [PMID: 34568484 PMCID: PMC8463213 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous increase in research on lipids, technologies and the development of chemical-analytical methods associated with the characterization and monitoring of different processes that involve modifications in edible fats are increasing. The beneficial effect of lipids, especially those essential for the health of the population, is widely known. However, degradation compounds are also produced that eventually have negative effects. In this dual context, the monitoring of the changes suffered by nutritional compounds can be obtained thanks to the development of technologies and analytical methods applied to the study of lipids. The modifications that lipids undergo can be followed by a wide variety of methods, ranging from the basic ones associated with simple chemical titrations to the more complex ones associated with sophisticated laboratory equipment. These determinations involve chemical and/or physical quantification of lipids to know an initial condition on the major and minor components. In addition to technologies that allow monitoring during more complex processes such as thermal deterioration, in multiple conditions depending on the objective of the study, this review could benefit a comprehensive understanding of lipid deterioration for future developments and research in the study of fats and oils for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Carlos Schorr 255, Talca, Chile
| | - Victoria Avendaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Carlos Schorr 255, Talca, Chile
| | - Jessica Bravo
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 141, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Oscar Forero-Doria
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Carlos Schorr 255, Talca, Chile
| | - Vilma Quitral
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yesica Vilcanqui
- Escuela de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Prolongación Calle Ancash S/N, Moquegua, Peru
| | - Jaime Ortiz-Viedma
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The determination of C18 fatty acids (FAs) is a key and difficult aspect in FA profiling, and a qualified method with good chromatographic separation and high sensitivity, as well as easy methylation, is required. A GC-MS method was established to simultaneously determine C18 FAs in milk. To simplify the methylation protocol for milk samples, besides a base-catalyzation methylation (50 °C for 20 min), the necessity of an additional acid-catalyzation was also studied using different temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C) and durations (90 min and 150 min). The results showed that the chromatographic resolution was improved, although three co-eluted peaks existed. The base-catalyzation was sufficient, and an additional acid-catalyzation was not necessary. The proposed method was validated with good sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision, and then applied in determining C18 FAs in 20 raw milk and 30 commercial milk samples. UHT milk presented a different profile of C18 FAs from raw milk and PAS milk samples, which indicated that excessive heating could change the profile. Overall, the proposed method is a high-throughput and competent approach for the determination of C18 FAs in milk, and which presents an improvement in chromatographic resolution and sensitivity, as well as a simplification of methylation.
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Encapsulation and Protection of Omega-3-Rich Fish Oils Using Food-Grade Delivery Systems. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071566. [PMID: 34359436 PMCID: PMC8305697 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of adequate quantities of lipids rich in omega-3 fatty acids is claimed to provide a broad spectrum of health benefits, such as inhibiting inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Lipids isolated from many marine sources are a rich source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the omega-3 form which are claimed to have particularly high biological activities. Functional food products designed to enhance human health and wellbeing are increasingly being fortified with these omega-3 PUFAs because of their potential nutritional and health benefits. However, food fortification with PUFAs is challenging because of their low water-solubility, their tendency to rapidly oxidize, and their variable bioavailability. These challenges can be addressed using advanced encapsulation technologies, which typically involve incorporating the omega-3 oils into well-designed colloidal particles fabricated from food-grade ingredients, such as liposomes, emulsion droplets, nanostructured lipid carriers, or microgels. These omega-3-enriched colloidal dispersions can be used in a fluid form or they can be converted into a powdered form using spray-drying, which facilitates their handling and storage, as well as prolonging their shelf life. In this review, we provide an overview of marine-based omega-3 fatty acid sources, discuss their health benefits, highlight the challenges involved with their utilization in functional foods, and present the different encapsulation technologies that can be used to improve their performance.
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Mattarozzi M, Riboni N, Maffini M, Scarpella S, Bianchi F, Careri M. Reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange mixed-mode stationary phase for fast separation of medium-, long- and very long chain free fatty acids by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462209. [PMID: 34000595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two commercial stationary phases allowing both reversed phase mechanism and anion-exchange with different selectivity, i.e. CSH C18 and Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX, were tested for the separation of a complex mixture of 21 fatty acids (FAs) encompassing saturated medium-, long- and very long chain FAs, unsaturated long and very long chain FAs, cis/trans isomers, and isomers of odd- and branched-chain FAs. For this purpose, the role of surface area of stationary phase and the effect of pH of the mobile phase on the retention of the analytes were investigated. Separation was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). BEH C18 AX was shown to be more versatile and to offer superior retention of these analytes to CSH C18 owing to a higher surface area and anion-exchange capacity up to pH 8.5. The UHPLC system allows shortening analysis time, the chromatographic analysis being accomplished in about 5 min, affording a high throughput of samples without the need for derivatization or ion-pairing reagents compared to techniques based upon gas chromatography approaches or LC. Finally, the application of the BEH C18 AX column using UHPLC-HRMS was demonstrated for the separation and unambiguous identification of FAs of nutritional interest in a dietary supplement sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mattarozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Monica Maffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Simona Scarpella
- Waters SPA, Viale T. Edison 110, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy.
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Mota MFS, Waktola HD, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Gas chromatography ‒ mass spectrometry for characterisation, assessment of quality and authentication of seed and vegetable oils. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Beccaria M, Siqueira ALM, Maniquet A, Giusti P, Piparo M, Stefanuto PH, Focant JF. Advanced mono- and multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for oxygen-containing compound characterization in biomass and biofuel samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:115-134. [PMID: 33185940 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of biomass, from triglycerides to lignocellulosic-based feedstock, are among promising candidates to possibly fulfill requirements as a substitute for crude oils as primary sources of chemical energy feedstock. During the feedstock processing carried out to increase the H:C ratio of the products, heteroatom-containing compounds can promote corrosion, thus limiting and/or deactivating catalytic processes needed to transform the biomass into fuel. The use of advanced gas chromatography techniques, in particular multi-dimensional gas chromatography, both heart-cutting and comprehensive coupled to mass spectrometry, has been widely exploited in the field of petroleomics over the past 30 years and has also been successfully applied to the characterization of volatile and semi-volatile compounds during the processing of biomass feedstock. This review intends to describe advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based techniques, mainly focusing in the period 2011-early 2020. Particular emphasis has been devoted to the multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, for the isolation and characterization of the oxygen-containing compounds in biomass feedstock. Within this context, the most recent advances to sample preparation, derivatization, as well as gas chromatography instrumentation, mass spectrometry ionization, identification, and data handling in the biomass industry, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, Solaize, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Adrien Maniquet
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, Solaize, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, Harfleur, France.,International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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