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Dong H, Tong L, Cheng M, Hou S. Utilizing electrospun molecularly imprinted membranes for food industry: Opportunities and challenges. Food Chem 2024; 460:140695. [PMID: 39098194 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely studied in environmental protection and food industry, owing to their excellent specific recognition and structural stability. However, MIPs prepared by conventional methods suffer from low adsorption capacity and slow mass transfer rate. To date, the combination of electrostatic spinning technology and molecular imprinting technology has been proposed to prepare molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) with specific recognition capability, and has shown great attraction in the separation and detection of food additives, as well as the extraction and release of active ingredients. In recent years, MIPs and electrostatic spinning technologies have been investigated and evaluated. However, there is no review of electrostatically spun MIMs for food field. In this review, we focus on the fabrication methods and applications of electrostatically spun MIMs in the food, discuss the challenges in practical food applications, and emphasize the promising applications of electrostatically spun MIMs in food field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Liping Tong
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Shifeng Hou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Membrane Application of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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Karrat A, Amine A. Bioinspired synergy strategy based on the integration of nanozyme into a molecularly imprinted polymer for improved enzyme catalytic mimicry and selective biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 266:116723. [PMID: 39222569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes offer many advantages such as good stability and high catalytic activity, but their selectivity is lower than that of enzymes. This is because most of enzymes have a protein component (apoenzyme) for substrate affinity to enhance selectivity and a non-protein element (coenzyme) for catalytic activity to improve sensitivity. The synergy between molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and nanozymes can mimic natural enzymes, with MIP acting as the apoenzyme and nanozyme as the coenzyme. Despite researchers' attempts to associate MIPs with nanozymes, the full potential of this combination remains not well explored. This study addresses this gap by integrating Fe3O4-Lys-Cu nanozymes with peroxidase-like catalytic activities within appropriate MIPs for L-DOPA and dopamine. The catalytic performance of the nanozyme was improved by the presence of Cu in Fe3O4-Lys-Cu and further enhanced by MIP. Indeed, the exploration of the pre-concentration property of MIP has increased twenty-fold the catalytic activity of the nanozyme. Moreover, this synergistic combination facilitated the template removal process during MIP production by reducing the extraction time from several hours to just 1 min thanks to the addition of co-substrates which trigger the reaction with nanozyme and release the template. Overall, the synergistic combination of MIPs and nanozymes offers a promising avenue for the design of artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhafid Karrat
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146 Mohammedia, Morocco.
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Oshaghi S. Nano-sized magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase microextraction for highly selective recognition and enrichment of sulfamethoxazole from spiked water samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1729:465016. [PMID: 38852266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This research, described ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid-phase microextraction, which is efficient for the enrichment and determination of sulfamethoxazole, based on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (USA-DMSPME-MIP). Meanwhile, the initial characterization of Fe3O4-MIP was completed by conventional methods and well-known protocols to obtain recognition and adsorbing performance at pre-specified optimum conditions. Fe3O4-MIP exhibited information regarding its selective recognition pattern towards sulfamethoxazole. The USA-DMSPME-MIP parameters were optimized by response surface methodology, and based on optimum conditions, this efficient method for the extraction and enrichment of sulfamethoxazole from spiked water samples and quantification by HPLC-UV was used. The enhanced technique indicates the limit of detection is 2 ng mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole, along with excellent linear range with coefficients of determination >0.99 and good recoveries for spiked water samples (94.2 and 98.2 %) with RSDs less than 3.5 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Oshaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran.
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Wu X, Wang Y, Qin B, Shao G, Wang Z, Wang T, Fu Y. A nanocellulose molecularly imprinted membrane: Preparation, characterization and application in targeted separation of taxane 10-deacetylbaccatin III. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126794. [PMID: 37699463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeted separation of active phytochemicals is urgently needed in the natural medicine field. In this paper, due to the natural porosity and high biocompatibility of cellulose, a nanocellulose membrane combined with surface molecular imprinting was successfully prepared; the efficient nanocellulose-based molecular imprinted membrane (NC-MIM) provided good adsorption for the targeted separation of phytochemicals such as 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Through a series of characterization and adsorption experiments, the adsorption mechanism of NC-MIM was determined. At pH 8.0 and temperatures of 20 °C-40 °C, the maximum capacity of NC-MIM for adsorption of 10-DAB reached 66.90 mg g - 1, and the content of 10-DAB was dramatically increased 17.5-fold after adsorption. The specific adsorption results showed that NC-MIM had excellent capacity for targeted separation of 10-DAB from among taxane structural analogues. Even after ten cycles, NC-MIM demonstrated a remarkable adsorption capacity of 86.43%, thereby indicating exceptional selectivity and stability. The successful implementation of NC-MIM for green, safe, and efficient enrichment of phytochemicals from plants provides a promising new approach and valuable insights into its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Bingyang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Guansong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; The College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, PR China
| | - Yujie Fu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
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Woźnica M, Sobiech M, Luliński P. A Fusion of Molecular Imprinting Technology and Siloxane Chemistry: A Way to Advanced Hybrid Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:248. [PMID: 36677999 PMCID: PMC9863567 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting technology is a well-known strategy to synthesize materials with a predetermined specificity. For fifty years, the "classical" approach assumed the creation of "memory sites" in the organic polymer matrix by a template molecule that interacts with the functional monomer prior to the polymerization and template removal. However, the phenomenon of a material's "memory" provided by the "footprint" of the chemical entity was first observed on silica-based materials nearly a century ago. Through the years, molecular imprinting technology has attracted the attention of many scientists. Different forms of molecularly imprinted materials, even on the nanoscale, were elaborated, predominantly using organic polymers to induce the "memory". This field has expanded quickly in recent years, providing versatile tools for the separation or detection of numerous chemical compounds or even macromolecules. In this review, we would like to emphasize the role of the molecular imprinting process in the formation of highly specific siloxane-based nanomaterials. The distinct chemistry of siloxanes provides an opportunity for the facile functionalization of the surfaces of nanomaterials, enabling us to introduce additional properties and providing a way for vast applications such as detectors or separators. It also allows for catalyzing chemical reactions providing microreactors to facilitate organic synthesis. Finally, it determines the properties of siloxanes such as biocompatibility, which opens the way to applications in drug delivery and nanomedicine. Thus, a brief outlook on the chemistry of siloxanes prior to the discussion of the current state of the art of siloxane-based imprinted nanomaterials will be provided. Those aspects will be presented in the context of practical applications in various areas of chemistry and medicine. Finally, a brief outlook of future perspectives for the field will be pointed out.
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Gong Z, Cerda V, Lee HK. Two-dimensional materials as a platform in extraction methods: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Khulu S, Ncube S, Nuapia Y, Madikizela LM, Tutu H, Richards H, Ndungu K, Mavhunga E, Chimuka L. Multivariate optimization of a two-way technique for extraction of pharmaceuticals in surface water using a combination of membrane assisted solvent extraction and a molecularly imprinted polymer. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131973. [PMID: 34426269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates development and evaluation of a two-way technique based on the combination of membrane assisted solvent extraction and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MASE-MIP) for selective and efficient extraction of five selected pharmaceuticals belonging to five different therapeutic classes. The pharmaceuticals were extracted from surface water samples followed by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF/MS) determination. A central composite design was applied to optimize the influence of the sample salt content, the stirring rate, the stirring time and the amount of MIP on the extraction of an anticonvulsant (carbamazepine), a cardiac stimulant (etilefrine), a muscle relaxant (methocarbamol), an antiretroviral (nevirapine) and an antidepressant (venlafaxine) from surface water. Optimization of the analytical method was performed by spiking water with a mixture of all five pharmaceuticals at 500 ng mL-1. Optimum extraction conditions for a sample volume of 18 mL were found to be 5 g of salt content, a stirring rate of 400 rpm, an extraction time of 60 min and 50 mg of MIP. The MASE-MIP-LC-qTOF/MS method gave detection and quantification limits ranging from 0.09 to 0.20 ng mL-1 and 0.31-0.69 ng mL-1, respectively. The spiked river water samples yielded recoveries ranging from 38 to 91% for the selected model compounds belonging to the five classes of pharmaceuticals. Upon the application of the developed analytical method in water analysis, all selected pharmaceuticals were detected in South African river water with nevirapine and venlafaxine being more prominent attaining the maximum concentrations of 1.64 and 2.48 ng mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinegugu Khulu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 60, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa
| | - Yannick Nuapia
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant, & Environmental Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa
| | - Hlanganani Tutu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Heidi Richards
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Kuria Ndungu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research-NIVA, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Mavhunga
- School of Education, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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Madikizela LM, Tutu H, Cukrowska E, Chimuka L. Trends in Innovations and Recent Advances in Membrane Protected Extraction Techniques for Organics in Complex Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1197-1208. [PMID: 34908490 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2013769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protected extraction is an ongoing innovation for isolation and pre-concentration of analytes from complex samples. The extraction process, clean-up and pre-concentration of analytes occur in a single step. The inclusion of solid sorbents such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) after membrane extraction ensures that selective double extraction occurs in a single step. The first step involves selective extraction using the membrane and diffused analytes are trapped on the solid sorbent enclosed in the membrane. No further clean-up is required even for very dirty samples like plant extracts and wastewaters samples. Sample clean-up occurs during extraction in the first process and not as additional step since matrix components are prevented from trapping on the sorbent. This can be referred to as prevention is better than cure approach. In this work, the analytical methods that employed membrane protected extraction for various organics such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals are reviewed. The designs of these analytical methods, their applications, advantages and drawbacks are discussed in this review. Literature suggests that the introduction of solid sorbents in membrane creates the much-needed synergy in selectivity. Previous reviews focused on membrane combinations with MIPs while discussing micro-solid-phase extraction. The scope of this review was broadened to include other sample preparation aspects such as membrane protected stir bar solvent extraction and membrane protected solid-phase microextraction. In addition, novel sample preparation methods for solid samples which include Soxhlet membrane protected molecular imprinted solid phase extraction and membrane protected ultra sound assisted extracted are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hlanganani Tutu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ewa Cukrowska
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Martín-Esteban A. Green molecularly imprinted polymers for sustainable sample preparation. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:233-245. [PMID: 34562063 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecularly imprinted polymers in sample preparation as selective sorbent materials has received great attention during the last years leading to analytical methods with unprecedented selectivity. However, with the progressive implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry principles, it is necessary to critically review the greenness of synthesis and further use of molecularly imprinted polymers in sample preparation. Accordingly, in the present review, the different steps and strategies for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers, the used reagents, as well as their incorporation to microextraction techniques are reviewed from a green perspective and recent alternatives to make the use of molecularly imprinted polymers more sustainable are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martín-Esteban
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Chmangui A, Jayasinghe GDTM, Driss MR, Touil S, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bouabdallah S, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Assessment of trace levels of aflatoxins AFB1 and AFB2 in non-dairy beverages by molecularly imprinted polymer based micro solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3433-3443. [PMID: 34259236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbent was synthesised and used in a batch micro-solid phase extraction format for isolating aflatoxins (AFB1, and AFB2) from non-dairy beverages before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination. MIP synthesis (precipitation polymerization in 3 : 1 acetonitrile/toluene as a porogen) was performed with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC), methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene-80 (DVB) as a dummy template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively (1 : 4 : 20 molar ratio). 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as a polymerization initiator. The adsorbent MIP (50 mg) was enclosed in a cone-shaped polypropylene membrane (porous membrane protected molecularly imprinted micro-solid phase extraction), and parameters such as sample pH, mechanical (orbital-horizontal) shaking, the extraction time (loading stage), the composition of the eluting solution, and the desorption time were optimised. The highest extraction yields were obtained by using 5 mL of non-dairy beverages (pH adjusted at 6.0), and mechanical shaking (150 rpm) for 15 min. Elution was performed with 5 mL of an acetonitrile/formic acid (97.5 : 2.5) mixture under ultrasound (325 W, 35 kHz) for 15 min. After eluate evaporation to dryness and re-dissolution in 150 μL of the mobile phase, the pre-concentration factor of the method was 33.3, which yields limits of detection within the 0.085-0.207 μg L-1 range. In addition, the current proposal was shown to be an accurate and precise method through relative standard deviation of intraday and inter-day assays below 18% and analytical recoveries in the range of 91-104%. However, the method was found to suffer from matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chmangui
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Strategic Grouping in Materials (AEMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Elfadil D, Lamaoui A, Della Pelle F, Amine A, Compagnone D. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Combined with Electrochemical Sensors for Food Contaminants Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:4607. [PMID: 34361757 PMCID: PMC8347609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of relevant contaminants using screening approaches is a key issue to ensure food safety and respect for the regulatory limits established. Electrochemical sensors present several advantages such as rapidity; ease of use; possibility of on-site analysis and low cost. The lack of selectivity for electrochemical sensors working in complex samples as food may be overcome by coupling them with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs are synthetic materials that mimic biological receptors and are produced by the polymerization of functional monomers in presence of a target analyte. This paper critically reviews and discusses the recent progress in MIP-based electrochemical sensors for food safety. A brief introduction on MIPs and electrochemical sensors is given; followed by a discussion of the recent achievements for various MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants analysis. Both electropolymerization and chemical synthesis of MIP-based electrochemical sensing are discussed as well as the relevant applications of MIPs used in sample preparation and then coupled to electrochemical analysis. Future perspectives and challenges have been eventually given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Elfadil
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.E.); (F.D.P.)
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco;
| | - Abderrahman Lamaoui
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco;
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.E.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco;
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (D.E.); (F.D.P.)
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