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Xu Z. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated silencing of CD44: unveiling the role of hyaluronic acid-mediated interactions in cancer drug resistance. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2849-2876. [PMID: 37991544 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of CD44 (CD44 Molecule (Indian Blood Group)), a cell surface glycoprotein, and its interaction with hyaluronic acid (HA) in drug resistance mechanisms across various types of cancer is provided, where CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was utilized to silence CD44 expression and examine its impact on cancer cell behavior, migration, invasion, proliferation, and drug sensitivity. The significance of the HA-CD44 axis in tumor microenvironment (TME) delivery and its implications in specific cancer types, the influence of CD44 variants and the KHDRBS3 (KH RNA Binding Domain Containing, Signal Transduction Associated 3) gene on cancer progression and drug resistance, and the potential of targeting HA-mediated pathways using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to overcome drug resistance in cancer were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Xu
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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2
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Jachowski A, Marcinkowski M, Szydłowski J, Grabarczyk O, Nogaj Z, Marcin Ł, Pławski A, Jagodziński PP, Słowikowski BK. Modern therapies of nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:695-711. [PMID: 37698765 PMCID: PMC10632224 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC), particularly nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most prevalent types of neoplasia worldwide, regardless of gender, with the highest mortality rates in oncology. Over the years, treatment for NSCLC has evolved from conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy to more tailored and minimally invasive approaches. The use of personalised therapies has increased the expected efficacy of treatment while simultaneously reducing the frequency of severe adverse effects (AEs). In this review, we discuss established modern approaches, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as experimental molecular methods like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and nanoparticles. These emerging methods offer promising outcomes and shorten the recovery time for various patients. Recent advances in the diagnostic field, including imaging and genetic profiling, have enabled the implementation of these methods. The versatility of these modern therapies allows for multiple treatment options, such as single-agent use, combination with existing conventional treatments, or incorporation into new regimens. As a result, patients can survive even in the advanced stages of NSCLC, leading to increased survival indicators such as overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Jachowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Marcinkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Szydłowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Oskar Grabarczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nogaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łaz Marcin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pławski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32 Street, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kazimierz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland.
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Kouhmareh K, Martin E, Finlay D, Bhadada A, Hernandez-Vargas H, Downey F, Allen JK, Teriete P. Capture of circulating metastatic cancer cell clusters from a lung cancer patient can reveal a unique genomic profile and potential anti-metastatic molecular targets: A proof of concept study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558270. [PMID: 37781582 PMCID: PMC10541091 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and lung cancer, known for its highly metastatic progression, remains among the most lethal of malignancies. The heterogeneous genomic profile of lung cancer metastases is often unknown. Since different metastatic events can selectively spread to multiple organs, strongly suggests more studies are needed to understand and target these different pathways. Unfortunately, access to the primary driver of metastases, the metastatic cancer cell clusters (MCCCs), remains difficult and limited. These metastatic clusters have been shown to be 100-fold more tumorigenic than individual cancer cells. Capturing and characterizing MCCCs is a key limiting factor in efforts to help treat and ultimately prevent cancer metastasis. Elucidating differentially regulated biological pathways in MCCCs will help uncover new therapeutic drug targets to help combat cancer metastases. We demonstrate a novel, proof of principle technology, to capture MCCCs directly from patients' whole blood. Our platform can be readily tuned for different solid tumor types by combining a biomimicry-based margination effect coupled with immunoaffinity to isolate MCCCs. Adopting a selective capture approach based on overexpressed CD44 in MCCCs provides a methodology that preferentially isolates them from whole blood. Furthermore, we demonstrate a high capture efficiency of more than 90% when spiking MCCC-like model cell clusters into whole blood. Characterization of the captured MCCCs from lung cancer patients by immunofluorescence staining and genomic analyses, suggests highly differential morphologies and genomic profiles., This study lays the foundation to identify potential drug targets thus unlocking a new area of anti-metastatic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Kouhmareh
- PhenoVista Biosciences, 6195 Cornerstone Ct E STE 114, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Erika Martin
- PhenoVista Biosciences, 6195 Cornerstone Ct E STE 114, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Darren Finlay
- NCI Cancer Center Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anukriti Bhadada
- TumorGen Inc., 6197 Cornerstone Ct E STE #101, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Francisco Downey
- TumorGen Inc., 6197 Cornerstone Ct E STE #101, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jeffrey K Allen
- TumorGen Inc., 6197 Cornerstone Ct E STE #101, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Peter Teriete
- IDEAYA Biosciences, 7000 Shoreline Ct STE #350, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Dai J, Cai J, Zhang T, Pang M, Xu X, Bai J, Liu Y, Qin Y. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Corpus Luteum Cyst Formation in Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1848. [PMID: 37895197 PMCID: PMC10606659 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Corpus luteum cysts are a serious reproductive disorder that affects the reproductive performance of sows. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome datasets of porcine normal and cyst luteal granulosa cells were generated to explore the molecular mechanism of luteal cyst formation. We obtained 28.9 Gb of high-quality transcriptome data from luteum tissue samples and identified 1048 significantly differentially expressed genes between the cyst and normal corpus luteum samples. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in cancer and immune signaling pathways. Furthermore, 22,622 information-containing positive and negative ions were obtained through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 1106 metabolites were successfully annotated. Important differentially abundant metabolites and pathways were identified, among which abnormal lipid and choline metabolism were involved in the formation of luteal cysts. The relationships between granulosa cells of luteal cysts and cancer, immune-related signaling pathways, and abnormalities of lipid and choline metabolism were elaborated, providing new entry points for studying the pathogenesis of porcine luteal cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiage Dai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiabao Cai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China;
| | - Taipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China;
| | - Mingyue Pang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiahua Bai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yusheng Qin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (J.D.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (X.X.); (J.B.); (Y.L.)
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Vad-Nielsen J, Staunstrup NH, Kjeldsen ML, Dybdal N, Flandin G, De Stradis C, Daugaard TF, Vilsbøll-Larsen T, Maansson CT, Doktor TK, Sorensen BS, Nielsen AL. Genome-wide epigenetic and mRNA-expression profiling followed by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-disruptions corroborate the MIR141/MIR200C-ZEB1/ZEB2-FGFR1 axis in acquired EMT-associated EGFR TKI-resistance in NSCLC cells. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:42-65. [PMID: 36762066 PMCID: PMC9903082 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) is an epigenetic-based mechanism contributing to the acquired treatment resistance against receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutations. Delineating the exact epigenetic and gene-expression alterations in EMT-associated EGFR TKI-resistance (EMT-E-TKI-R) is vital for improved diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients. Methods We characterized genome-wide changes in mRNA-expression, DNA-methylation and the histone-modification H3K36me3 in EGFR-mutated NSCLC HCC827 cells in result of acquired EMT-E-TKI-R. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to functional examine key findings from the omics analyses. Results Acquired EMT-E-TKI-R was analyzed with three omics approaches. RNA-sequencing identified 2,233 and 1,972 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively, and among these were established EMT-markers. DNA-methylation EPIC array analyses identified 14,163 and 7,999 hyper- and hypo-methylated, respectively, differential methylated positions of which several were present in EMT-markers. Finally, H3K36me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing detected 2,873 and 3,836 genes with enrichment and depletion, respectively, and among these were established EMT-markers. Correlation analyses showed that EMT-E-TKI-R mRNA-expression changes correlated better with H3K36me3 changes than with DNA-methylation changes. Moreover, the omics data supported the involvement of the MIR141/MIR200C-ZEB1/ZEB2-FGFR1 signaling axis for acquired EMT-E-TKI-R. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated analyses corroborated the importance of ZEB1 in acquired EMT-E-TKI-R, MIR200C and MIR141 to be in an EMT-E-TKI-R-associated auto-regulatory loop with ZEB1, and FGFR1 to mediate cell survival in EMT-E-TKI-R. Conclusions The current study describes the synchronous genome-wide changes in mRNA-expression, DNA-methylation, and H3K36me3 in NSCLC EMT-E-TKI-R. The omics approaches revealed potential novel diagnostic markers and treatment targets. Besides, the study consolidates the functional impact of the MIR141/MIR200C-ZEB1/ZEB2-FGFR1-signaling axis in NSCLC EMT-E-TKI-R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nina Dybdal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Christoffer Trier Maansson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Koed Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Boe Sandahl Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Chen Y, Han J, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Zhao M, Zhang J, Wang J. 18F-labeled FGFR1 peptide: a new PET probe for subtype FGFR1 receptor imaging. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1047080. [PMID: 37182162 PMCID: PMC10174317 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1047080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family is highly expressed in a variety of tumor types and represents a new target for cancer therapy. Different FGFR subtype aberrations have been found to exhibit highly variable sensitivity and efficacy to FGFR inhibitors. Methods The present study is the first to suggest an imaging method for assessing FGFR1 expression. The FGFR1-targeting peptide NOTA-PEG2-KAEWKSLGEEAWHSK was synthesized by manual solid-phase peptide synthesis and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification and then labeled with fluorine-18 using NOTA as a chelator. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the stability, affinity and specificity of the probe. Tumor targeting efficacy and biodistribution were evaluated by micro-PET/CT imaging in RT-112, A549, SNU-16 and Calu-3 xenografts. Results The radiochemical purity of [18F]F-FGFR1 was 98.66% ± 0.30% (n = 3) with excellent stability. The cellular uptake rate of [18F]F-FGFR1 in the RT-112 cell line (FGFR1 overexpression) was higher than that in the other cell lines and could be blocked by the presence of excess unlabeled FGFR1 peptide. Micro-PET/CT imaging revealed a significant concentration of [18F]F-FGFR1 in RT-112 xenografts with no or very low uptake in nontargeted organs and tissues, which demonstrated that [18F]F-FGFR1 was selectively taken up by FGFR1-positive tumors. Conclusion [18F]F-FGFR1 showed high stability, affinity, specificity and good imaging capacity for FGFR1-overexpressing tumors in vivo, which provides new application potential in the visualization of FGFR1 expression in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingya Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinming Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Drug Resistance, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xinming Zhao,
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Dzul Keflee R, Hoong Leong K, Ogawa S, Bignon J, Chiang Chan M, Weng Kong K. Overview of the multifaceted resistances toward EGFR-TKIs and new chemotherapeutic strategies in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115262. [PMID: 36191627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been vastly studied over the last decade. This has led to the rapid development of many generations of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). However, patients treated with third-generation TKIs (osimertinib, avitinib and rociletinib) targeting the EGFR T790M mutation have shown emerging resistances and relapses. Therefore, further molecular understanding of NSCLC mutations, bypass signalling, tumour microenvironment and the existence of cancer stem cells to overcome such resistances is warranted. This will pave the way for designing novel and effective chemotherapies to improve patients' overall survival. In this review, we provide an overview of the multifaceted mechanism of resistances towards EGFR-TKIs, as well as the challenges and perspectives that should be addressed in strategising chemotherapeutic treatments to overcome the ever evolving and adaptive nature of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidi Dzul Keflee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jerome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Chaudhary M, Sharma P, Mukherjee TK. Applications of CRISPR/Cas technology against drug-resistant lung cancers: an update. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11491-11502. [PMID: 36097111 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Out of all the cancer types, the most prevalent one is lung cancer. Multiple genes and signaling pathways play role in the progression of lung cancer. Considering the wider prevalence and fatality of lung cancer it has become the focus of current cancer research. Though currently used approaches have shown positive results against lung cancer but success against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still looms as an enigma for the entire research fraternity. The development of resistance against inhibitors within a short span is one of the reasons responsible for the failure and relapse of lung cancer. Under these prevailing conditions genome/gene-editing technology using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated proteins (Cas), popularly known as CRISPR/Cas technology offers a convenient and flexible method for inducing precise changes within the lung cancer cell. Additionally, CRISPR-barcoding and CRISPR knockout screens at the genome-wide level can help in the functional investigation of specific mutations and identification of novel cancer drivers respectively. Several variants of the CRISPR/Cas system are being developed to limit off-targeting with enhanced precision. The present review article updates the usefulness of CRISPR/Cas technology against various types of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
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Zheng J, Zhang W, Li L, He Y, Wei Y, Dang Y, Nie S, Guo Z. Signaling Pathway and Small-Molecule Drug Discovery of FGFR: A Comprehensive Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:860985. [PMID: 35494629 PMCID: PMC9046545 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.860985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a groundbreaking innovation for cancer treatment. Among the receptor tyrosine kinases, the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) garnered substantial attention as promising therapeutic targets due to their fundamental biological functions and frequently observed abnormality in tumors. In the past 2 decades, several generations of FGFR kinase inhibitors have been developed. This review starts by introducing the biological basis of FGF/FGFR signaling. It then gives a detailed description of different types of small-molecule FGFR inhibitors according to modes of action, followed by a systematic overview of small-molecule-based therapies of different modalities. It ends with our perspectives for the development of novel FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zufeng Guo
- *Correspondence: Shenyou Nie, ; Zufeng Guo,
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FGF/FGFR-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225796. [PMID: 34830951 PMCID: PMC8616288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR axis is associated with many types of cancer and contributes to the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of current treatment strategies. There are several mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, including cross-talks with other signaling pathways, avoidance of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, and initiation of EMT. Here, we provide an overview of current research and approaches focusing on targeting components of the FGFR/FGF signaling module to overcome drug resistance during anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Increased expression of both FGF proteins and their receptors observed in many cancers is often associated with the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of currently used anti-cancer therapies. Malfunctioning of the FGF/FGFR axis in cancer cells generates a number of molecular mechanisms that may affect the sensitivity of tumors to the applied drugs. Of key importance is the deregulation of cell signaling, which can lead to increased cell proliferation, survival, and motility, and ultimately to malignancy. Signaling pathways activated by FGFRs inhibit apoptosis, reducing the cytotoxic effect of some anti-cancer drugs. FGFRs-dependent signaling may also initiate angiogenesis and EMT, which facilitates metastasis and also correlates with drug resistance. Therefore, treatment strategies based on FGF/FGFR inhibition (using receptor inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, or microRNAs) appear to be extremely promising. However, this approach may lead to further development of resistance through acquisition of specific mutations, metabolism switching, and molecular cross-talks. This review brings together information on the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the FGF/FGFR axis in the generation of drug resistance in cancer and highlights the need for further research to overcome this serious problem with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Berlow NE. Probabilistic Boolean Modeling of Pre-clinical Tumor Models for Biomarker Identification in Cancer Drug Development. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e269. [PMID: 34661991 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As high-throughput sequencing experiments become more widely used in pre-clinical and clinical settings, pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic biomarker development plays an increasingly important role in oncology drug development pipelines and programs. Consequently, computer-based learning approaches have entered into use at multiple stages in pre-clinical and clinical pipelines. However, few approaches are available to identify interpretable and implementable biomarkers of response early in the drug development process when only small pre-clinical data packages are available. To address the need for early-stage biomarker development using pre-clinical tumor models, we have adapted the previously published Probabilistic Target Inhibitor Map (PTIM) platform to the challenge of biomarker hypothesis development, and denoted this approach the Probabilistic Target Map-Biomarker (PTM-Biomarker). In this article, we detail the history and design philosophy of PTM-Biomarker, and present two case studies using the biomarker discovery tool to illustrate its utility in guiding cancer drug development. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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12
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Zhao J, Tan W, Zhang L, Liu J, Shangguan M, Chen J, Zhao B, Peng Y, Cui M, Zhao S. FGFR3 phosphorylates EGFR to promote cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114536. [PMID: 33794187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecologic cancer, and the majority of patients with ovarian cancer experience relapse after traditional treatment. Cisplatin (DDP) is a common chemotherapeutic drug for ovarian cancer, but many patients acquire DDP-resistance after treatment with long-term chemotherapy. The mechanisms of drug-resistance in ovarian cancer are not clear, and we thus aim to investigate novel targets for DDP-resistant ovarian cancer. Differential analysis, KEGG pathway enrichment and protein interaction networks were employed to identify the key genes related to DDP-resistance in ovarian cancer. Subsequently, cell viability, apoptosis and migration were measured to assess the effect of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) on DDP-resistance. Further, Pearson correlation analysis and co-expression analysis were used to explore the downstream pathways of FGFR3, and the function of FGFR3 and its downstream targets were further demonstrated by in vitro and nude mice experiments. FGFR3 were expressed at high levels in DDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells. FGFR3 silencing suppressed the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway and impeded the drug-resistance and development of tumor cells. Afterwards, we found that FGFR3 was co-expressed with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). FGFR3 overexpression elevated EGFR phosphorylation and activated PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, in nude mice, silencing FGFR3 and inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation were observed to promote the therapeutic effect of DDP. In conclusion, FGFR3 overexpression enhances DDP-resistance of ovarian cancer by promoting EGFR phosphorylation and further activating PI3K/AKT pathway. This study may offer promising targets for DDP-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Wenxi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Shangguan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Benzheng Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, PR China.
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Giron P, Eggermont C, Noeparast A, Vandenplas H, Teugels E, Forsyth R, De Wever O, Aza‐Blanc P, Gutierrez GJ, De Grève J. Targeting USP13-mediated drug tolerance increases the efficacy of EGFR inhibition of mutant EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2579-2593. [PMID: 33210294 PMCID: PMC8048518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) induce sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Despite impressive clinical responses, patients ultimately relapse as a reservoir of drug-tolerant cells persist, which ultimately leads to acquired resistance mechanisms. We performed an unbiased high-throughput siRNA screen to identify proteins that abrogate the response of EGFR-mutant NSCLC to EGFR-targeted therapy. The deubiquitinase USP13 was a top hit resulting from this screen. Targeting USP13 increases the sensitivity to EGFR inhibition with small molecules in vitro and in vivo. USP13 selectively stabilizes mutant EGFR in a peptidase-independent manner by counteracting the action of members of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. We conclude that USP13 is a strong mutant EGFR-specific cotarget that could improve the treatment efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Giron
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological Cell Signaling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering SciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Center of Medical GeneticsUZ BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Carolien Eggermont
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological Cell Signaling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering SciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Amir Noeparast
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Hugo Vandenplas
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Erik Teugels
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Ramses Forsyth
- Laboratory of Anatomical and Experimental PathologyUZ BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Pedro Aza‐Blanc
- Sanford‐Burnham‐Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gustavo J. Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological Cell Signaling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering SciencesVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Jacques De Grève
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology; Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Center of Medical GeneticsUZ BrusselBrusselsBelgium
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14
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Recent advances of dual FGFR inhibitors as a novel therapy for cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113205. [PMID: 33556787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) includes four highly conserved transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR1-4). FGF and FGFR regulate many biological processes, such as angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration. The abnormal expression of FGFR is related to the tumorigenesis, tumor progression and drug resistance of anti-tumor treatments in many types of tumors. Nowadays there are many anti-cancer drugs targeting FGFR. However, traditional single-target anti-tumor drugs are easy to acquire drug resistance. The therapeutic effect can be enhanced by simultaneously inhibiting FGFR and another target (such as VEGFR, EGFR, PI3K, CSF-1R, etc.). We know drug combination can bring problems such as drug interactions. Therefore, the development of FGFR dual target inhibitors is an important direction. In this paper, we reviewed the research on dual FGFR inhibitors in recent years and made brief comments on them.
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15
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Clement MS, Gammelgaard KR, Nielsen AL, Sorensen BS. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a resistance mechanism to sequential MET-TKI treatment of MET-amplified EGFR-TKI resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1904-1914. [PMID: 33209611 PMCID: PMC7653150 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance is a major obstacle in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MET amplification drives resistance to EGFR-TKIs in 5-20% of initially sensitive. EGFR mutated NSCLC patients, and combined treatment with EGFR-TKIs and MET-TKIs can overcome this resistance. Yet, inevitably MET-TKI resistance will also occur. Hence, knowledge on development of this sequential resistance is important for identifying the proper next step in treatment. Methods To investigate sequential resistance to MET-TKI treatment, we established a two-step TKI resistance model in EGFR-mutated HCC827 cells with MET amplification-mediated erlotinib resistance. These cells were subsequently treated with increasing doses of the MET-TKIs capmatinib or crizotinib in combination with erlotinib to establish resistance. Results In all the MET-TKI resistant cell lines, we systematically observed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) evident by decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of vimentin and ZEB1. Furthermore, FGFR1 expression was increased in all MET-TKI resistant cell lines and four out of the six resistant cell lines had increased sensitivity to FGFR inhibition, indicating FGFR1-mediated bypass signaling. Conclusions EMT is common in the development of sequential EGFR-TKI and MET-TKI resistance in NSCLC cells. Our findings contribute to the evidence of EMT as a common TKI resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boe Sandahl Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Sreedurgalakshmi K, Srikar R, Rajkumari R. CRISPR-Cas deployment in non-small cell lung cancer for target screening, validations, and discoveries. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:566-580. [PMID: 33191402 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Continued advancements in CRISPR-Cas systems have accelerated genome research. Use of CRISPR-Cas in cancer research has been of great interest that is resulting in development of orthogonal methods for drug target validations and discovery of new therapeutic targets through genome-wide screens of cancer cells. CRISPR-based screens have also revealed several new cancer drivers through alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes inducing resistance to targeted therapies via activation of alternate signaling pathways. Given such dynamic status of cancer, we review the application of CRISPR-Cas in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for development of mutant models, drug screening, target validation, novel target discoveries, and other emerging potential applications. In addition, CRISPR-based approach for development of novel anticancer combination therapies is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sreedurgalakshmi
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.,Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Srikar
- Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Reena Rajkumari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
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17
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Zhou H, Xiang Q, Hu C, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Zhang R. Identification of MMP1 as a potential gene conferring erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer based on bioinformatics analyses. Hereditas 2020; 157:32. [PMID: 32703314 PMCID: PMC7379796 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major type of lung cancer with high morbidity and poor prognosis. Erlotinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been clinically applied for NSCLC treatment. Nevertheless, the erlotinib acquired resistance of NSCLC occurs inevitably in recent years. METHODS Through analyzing two microarray datasets, erlotinib resistant NSCLC cells microarray (GSE80344) and NSCLC tissue microarray (GSE19188), the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened via R language. DEGs were then functionally annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, which up-regulated more than 2-folds in both datasets were further functionally analyzed by Oncomine, GeneMANIA, R2, Coremine, and FunRich. RESULTS We found that matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) may confer the erlotinib therapeutic resistance in NSCLC. MMP1 highly expressed in erlotinib-resistant cells and NSCLC tissues, and it associated with poor overall survival. In addition, MMP1 may be associated with COPS5 and be involve in an increasing transcription factors HOXA9 and PBX1 in erlotinib resistance. CONCLUSIONS Generally, these results demonstrated that MMP1 may play a crucial role in erlotinib resistance in NSCLC, and MMP1 could be a prognostic biomarker for erlotinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qiumei Xiang
- Maternity service center of Beijing Fengtai District Maternal and Child health care hospital, Beijing, 100067, China
| | - Changpeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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18
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Xie Z, Wu K, Wang Y, Pan Y, Chen B, Cheng D, Pan S, Guo T, Du X, Fang L, Wang X, Ye F. Discovery of 4,6-pyrimidinediamine derivatives as novel dual EGFR/FGFR inhibitors aimed EGFR/FGFR1-positive NSCLC. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111943. [PMID: 31846829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FGF2-FGFR1 autocrine pathway activation reduces the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to EGFR inhibitors like Gefitinib. Therefore, dual-specific drugs targeting EGFR and FGFR with high selectivity and activity are required. Through structure analysis of excellent EGFR inhibitors and FGFR inhibitors, we designed and synthesized 33 4,6-pyrimidinediamine derivatives as dual EGFR and FGFR inhibitors and selected BZF 2 as a potential EGFR and FGFR inhibitor after initial cell screening. Then, through kinase testing and western blot analysis, BZF 2 was defined as a dual EGFR and FGFR inhibitor with high selectivity 1and activity. Biological evaluation of NSCLC cell lines with the FGF2-FGFR1 autocrine loop indicated that BZF 2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation (IC50 values for H226 and HCC827 GR were 2.11 μM, and 0.93 μM, respectively), cell migration, and induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Anti-tumor activity test in vivo showed that BZF 2 obviously shrank tumor size. Therefore, BZF 2 is a highly selective and potent dual EGFR/FGFR compound with promising therapeutic effects against EGFR/FGFR1-positive NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Kaiqi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yaqian Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Donghua Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Suwei Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Taoning Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xuze Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Longcheng Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Faqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Cause-and-Effect relationship between FGFR1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2019; 132:132-140. [PMID: 31097086 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased FGFR1 expression is associated with resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells and often concomitant with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the cause-and-effect relationship between increased FGFR1 expression and EMT in the genetic background of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is not clear. Previous studies have specifically addressed the relationship between EMT and increased FGFR1 expression in the context of simultaneous TKI-mediated blocking of EGFR-signaling. Here, in the context of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells with active EGFR-signaling, we have examined whether increased FGFR1 expression drives EMT or is an EMT passenger event. MATERIALS AND METHODS For cause-and-effect analyses between EMT and FGFR1 expression, including expression of alternative spliced FGFR1 isoforms, we used CRISPR-dCAS9-SAM-mediated induction of the endogenous FGFR1 and ZEB1 genes, as well as biochemical EMT-induction, in PC9 and HCC827 NSCLC cell lines harboring activating EGFR-mutations. RESULTS We find that FGFR1 expression correlates with a ZEB1-associated EMT gene expression profile in NSCLC cells. In experiments using NSCLC cell lines harboring activating EGFR-mutations we show that CRISPR-dCAS9-SAM-mediated induction of FGFR1 expression is neither driving an increase in ZEB1 expression nor EMT characteristics. However, CRISPR-dCAS9-SAM-mediated induction of ZEB1 expression drives EMT characteristics and an increase in FGFR1 expression. Biochemical induction of EMT also drives an increase in FGFR1 expression. CONCLUSION From our findings concerning the cause-and-effect relationship in the genetic background of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells, we conclude that an increase in ZEB1 expression is a driver of EMT resulting in concomitant increased FGFR1 expression, whereas an increase in FGFR1 expression is insufficient to drive concomitant EMT.
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