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Thirumalai A, Girigoswami K, Pallavi P, Harini K, Gowtham P, Girigoswami A. Cancer therapy with iRGD as a tumor-penetrating peptide. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:1288-1300. [PMID: 37813754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary threats in tumor treatment revolves around the limited ability to penetrate tumor sites, leading to reduced therapeutic effectiveness, which remains a critical concern. Recently gaining importance are novel peptides, namely CRGDK/RGPD/EC (iRGD), that possess enhanced tumor-penetrating and inhibitory properties. These peptides specifically target and penetrate tumors by binding to αvβ integrins, namely αvβ3 and αvβ5, as well as NRP-1 receptors. Remarkably abundant on both the vasculature and tumor cell surfaces, these peptides show promising potential for improving tumor treatment outcomes. As a result, iRGD penetrated deep into the tumor tissues with biological products, contrast agents (imaging agents), antitumor drugs, and immune modulators after co-injecting them with peptides or chemically linked to peptides. The synthesis of iRGD peptides is a relatively straightforward process compared to the synthesis of other traditional peptides, and they significantly improved tumor tissue penetration inhibiting tumor metastasis effectively. Recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of iRGD-driven dual-targeting chemotherapeutics on cancer cells, and the nanocarriers were modified with iRGD, serving as a favorable delivery strategy of payloads for deeper tumor regions. This review aims to provide an overview to emphasize the recent advancements and advantages of iRGD in treating and imaging various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbazhagan Thirumalai
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Pragya Pallavi
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Karthick Harini
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Pemula Gowtham
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, TN-603103 Kelambakkam, Chennai, India.
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Deng L, Yang X, Ding Y, Fan J, Peng Y, Xu D, Huang B, Hu Z. Oncolytic therapy with vaccinia virus carrying IL-24 for hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35292065 PMCID: PMC8922813 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly refractory cancer associated with increasing mortality, which currently lacks effective treatment options. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a novel tumor suppressor cytokine that can selectively induce cancer cell apoptosis, and it has been utilized as a cancer gene therapy strategy. The vaccinia virus is a promising strategy for cancer therapy, owing to its direct viral lytic effects, as well as a vehicle to overexpress therapeutic transgenes. METHODS We constructed a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia viruse (VG9-IL-24) based on vaccinia virus Guang9 (VG9) harboring the IL-24 gene. In vitro, we assessed the replication of VG9-IL-24 in HCC cell lines and normal liver cells and evaluated the cytotoxicity in different cell lines; then, we determined the expression of IL-24 by RT-PCR and ELISA. We examined apoptosis and cell cycle progression in SMMC-7721 cells treated with VG9-IL-24 by flow cytometry. In vivo, we established the SMMC-7721 xenograft mouse model to evaluate the antitumor effects of VG9-IL-24. RESULTS In vitro, VG9-IL-24 efficiently infected HCC cell lines, but not normal liver cells, and resulted in a high level of IL-24 expression and significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, VG9-IL-24 induced an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells and blocked the SMMC-7721 cell cycle in the G2/M phase. In vivo, tumor growth was significantly suppressed and the survival was prolonged in VG9-IL-24-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Vaccinia virus VG9-mediated gene therapy might be an innovative treatment for cancer with tumor-specific lysis and apoptosis-inducing effects. VG9-IL-24 exhibited enhanced antitumor effects and is a promising candidate for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jun Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Ying Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Dong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Biao Huang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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Davoodi Z, Shafiee F. Internalizing RGD, a great motif for targeted peptide and protein delivery: a review article. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2261-2274. [PMID: 35015253 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding that cancer is one of the most important health problems, especially in advanced societies, is not difficult. The term of targeted cancer therapy has also been well known as an ideal treatment strategy in the recent years. Peptides with ability to specifically recognize the cancer cells with suitable penetration properties have been used as the targeting motif in this regard. In the present review article, we focus on an individual RGD-derived peptide with ability to recognize the integrin receptor on the cancer cell surface like its ancestor with an additional outstanding feature to penetrate to extravascular space of tumor and ability to penetrate to cancer cells unlike the original peptide. This peptide which has been named "internalizing RGD" or "iRGD" has been the focus of researches as a new targeting motif since it was discovered. To date, many types of molecules have been associated with this peptide for their targeted delivery to cancer cells. In this review article, we have discussed a summary of penetration mechanisms of iRGD and all introduced peptides and proteins attached to this attractive cell-penetrating peptide and have expressed the results of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinabosadat Davoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib Ave., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib Ave., Isfahan, Iran.
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Production and Evaluation of In-vitro and In-vivo Effects of P28-IL24, a Promising Anti-breast Cancer Fusion Protein. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Sha R, Li Y, Xu T, Hu X, Xu L, Xie Q, Zhao B. A new insight into the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the migration of glioblastoma by AhR-IL24 axis regulation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106658. [PMID: 34082239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer occurrence and development are closely related to the environment. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important receptor mediating the toxic effects of many environmental compounds, and is also involved in regulating tumor cell migration. Glioblastoma is the most malignant glioma and exhibits high motility, but the effects of AhR on the migration of glioblastoma are still unclear. We aimed to understand the role of AhR in the migration of this type of tumor cell and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. In cultured human neuroblastoma cells (U87), we found that AhR overexpression or knockdown increased or suppressed the migration ability of U87 cells, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of basal activation of the AhR pathway suppressed migration ability, suggesting a positive correlation between endogenous activity of the AhR pathway and cell migration. When the AhR pathway was activated by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 6-formyl [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), the migration of U87 cells was inhibited by inducing the expression of a tumor suppressor, IL24, which is a downstream responsive gene of AhR activation. Moreover, a similar AhR-IL24-dependent mechanism for migration inhibition of TCDD was documented in a breast cancer cell line and a lung cancer cell line. This study demonstrated that AhR plays important roles in regulating the migration of glioblastoma, and the induction of the AhR-IL24 axis mediates the inhibition of migration in response to TCDD or FICZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Tang XZ, Zhou XG, Zhang XG, Li GS, Chen G, Dang YW, Huang ZG, Li MX, Liang Y, Yao YX, Chen XY, Rong MH, Huang SN. The clinical significance of interleukin 24 and its potential molecular mechanism in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 29:111-124. [PMID: 32623386 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-201441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 24 (IL24) has been documented to be highly expressed in several cancers, but its role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains unclarified. In this study, to reveal the function and its clinical significance of IL24 in LSCC, multiple detecting methods were used comprehensively. IL24 protein expression was remarkably higher in LSCC (n= 49) than non-cancerous laryngeal controls (n= 26) as detected by in-house immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the IL24 mRNA expression was also evaluated based on high throughput data from Gene Expression Omnibus, The Cancer Genome Atlas, ArrayExpress and Oncomine databases. Consistently with the protein level, IL24 mRNA expression level was also predominantly upregulated in LSCC (n= 172) compared to non-cancerous laryngeal tissues (n= 81) with the standard mean difference (SMD) being 1.25 and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) being 0.89 (95% CI = 0.86-0.92). Furthermore, the related genes of IL24 and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of LSCC were intersected and sent for Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. In the GO annotation, the top terms of biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF) were extracellular matrix organization, extracellular matrix, cytokine activity, respectively. The top pathway of KEGG was ECM-receptor interaction. The PPI networks indicated the top hub genes of IL24-related genes in LSCC were SERPINE1, TGFB1, MMP1, MMP3, CSF2, and ITGA5. In conclusion, upregulating expression of IL24 may enhance the occurrence of LSCC, which owns prospect diagnostic ability and therapeutic significance in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhun Tang
- Department of Head and Neck Tumor Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China.,Department of Head and Neck Tumor Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Guo Zhou
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China.,Department of Head and Neck Tumor Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Guohui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Yao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Min-Hua Rong
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Su-Ning Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi, China
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Cell-penetrating peptides in oncologic pharmacotherapy: A review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105231. [PMID: 33027717 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and its treatment is extremely challenging, mainly due to its complexity. Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) are peptides that can transport into the cell a wide variety of biologically active conjugates (or cargoes), and are, therefore, promising in the treatment and in the diagnosis of several types of cancer. Some notable examples are TAT and Penetratin, capable of penetrating the central nervous system (CNS) and, therefore, acting in cancers of this system, such as Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). These above-mentioned peptides, conjugated with traditional chemotherapeutic such as Doxorubicin (DOX) and Paclitaxel (PTX), have also been shown to induce apoptosis of breast and liver cancer cells, as well as in lung cancer cells, respectively. In other cancers, such as esophageal cancer, the attachment of Magainin 2 (MG2) to Bombesin (MG2B), another CPP, led to pronounced anticancer effects. Other examples are CopA3, that selectively decreased the viability of gastric cancer cells, and the CPP p28. Furthermore, in preclinical tests, the anti-tumor efficacy of this peptide was evaluated on human breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma cells in vitro, leading to high expression of p53 and promoting cell cycle arrest. Despite the numerous in vitro and in vivo studies with promising results, and the increasing number of clinical trials using CPPs, few treatments reach the expected clinical efficacy. Usually, their clinical application is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, immunogenicity issues and dose-limiting toxicity. This review describes the most recent advances and innovations in the use of CPPs in several types of cancer, highlighting their crucial importance for various purposes, from therapeutic to diagnosis. Further clinical trials with these peptides are warranted to examine its effects on various types of cancer.
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MicroRNA-4719 and microRNA-6756-5p Correlate with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression through Interleukin-24 Regulation. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5010010. [PMID: 30669553 PMCID: PMC6468726 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The five-year survival rate for men diagnosed with localized PCa is nearly 100%, yet for those diagnosed with aggressive PCa, it is less than 30%. The pleiotropic cytokine Interleukin-24 (IL-24) has been shown to specifically kill PCa cells compared to normal cells when overexpressed in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Despite this, the mechanisms regulating IL-24 in PCa are not well understood. Since specific microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in PCa, we used miRNA target prediction algorithm tools to identify miR-4719 and miR-6556-5p as putative regulators of IL-24. This study elucidates the expression profile and role of miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p as regulators of IL-24 in PCa. qRT-PCR analysis shows miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p overexpression significantly decreases the expression of IL-24 in PCa cells compared to the negative control. Compared to the indolent PCa and normal prostate epithelial cells, miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p are significantly overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines, indicating that their gain may be an early event in PCa progression. Moreover, miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p are significantly overexpressed in the CRPC cell line of African-American males (E006AA-hT) compared to CRPC cell lines of Caucasian males (PC-3 and DU-145), indicating that miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p may also play a role in racial disparity. Lastly, the inhibition of expression of miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p significantly increases IL-24 expression and inhibits proliferation and migration of CRPC cell lines. Our findings indicate that miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p may regulate CRPC progression through the targeting of IL-24 expression and may be biomarkers that differentiate between indolent and CRPC. Strategies to inhibit miR-4719 and miR-6756-5p expression to increase IL-24 in PCa may have therapeutic efficacy in aggressive PCa.
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