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Khan IR, Sadida HQ, Hashem S, Singh M, Macha MA, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Khurshid I, Bhat AA. Therapeutic implications of signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment interactions in esophageal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116873. [PMID: 38843587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and altered signaling pathways. Downregulating these pathways in EC is essential for suppressing tumor development, preventing metastasis, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This approach can increase tumor sensitivity to treatments, enhance patient outcomes, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and spread. The TME, comprising cellular and non-cellular elements surrounding the tumor, significantly influences EC's development, course, and treatment responsiveness. Understanding the complex relationships within the TME is crucial for developing successful EC treatments. Immunotherapy is a vital TME treatment for EC. However, the heterogeneity within the TME limits the application of anticancer drugs outside clinical settings. Therefore, identifying reliable microenvironmental biomarkers that can detect therapeutic responses before initiating therapy is crucial. Combining approaches focusing on EC signaling pathways with TME can enhance treatment outcomes. This integrated strategy aims to interfere with essential signaling pathways promoting cancer spread while disrupting factors encouraging tumor development. Unraveling aberrant signaling pathways and TME components can lead to more focused and efficient treatment approaches, identifying specific cellular targets for treatments. Targeting the TME and signaling pathways may reduce metastasis risk by interfering with mechanisms facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. In conclusion, this integrative strategy has significant potential for improving patient outcomes and advancing EC research and therapy. This review discusses the altered signaling pathways and TME in EC, focusing on potential future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamu Rashid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir 191201, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir 192122, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Ibraq Khurshid
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir 191201, India.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar.
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Epperly R, Gottschalk S, DeRenzo C. CAR T cells redirected to B7-H3 for pediatric solid tumors: Current status and future perspectives. EJC PAEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2024; 3:100160. [PMID: 38957786 PMCID: PMC11218663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcped.2024.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite intensive therapies, pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors have poor outcomes and need novel treatments. Immune therapies offer an alternative to conventional treatment options but require the identification of differentially expressed antigens to direct antitumor activity to sites of disease. B7-H3 (CD276) is an immune regulatory protein that is expressed in a range of malignancies and has limited expression in normal tissues. B7-H3 is highly expressed in pediatric solid tumors including osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and many rare tumors. In this article we review B7-H3-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (B7-H3-CAR) T cell therapies for pediatric solid tumors, reporting preclinical development strategies and outlining the landscape of active pediatric clinical trials. We identify challenges to the success of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors including localizing to and penetrating solid tumor sites, evading the hostile tumor microenvironment, supporting T cell expansion and persistence, and avoiding intrinsic tumor resistance. We highlight strategies to overcome these challenges and enhance the effect of B7-H3-CAR T cells, including advanced CAR T cell design and incorporation of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Epperly
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Zhang K, Hu W, Li F, Wen C, Zhou L, Zhang L, Lian J, Liu S, Wang S, Zhang Y. IL-24 improves efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy by targeting stemness of tumor cells. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1337-1347. [PMID: 38347092 PMCID: PMC11015030 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) induce therapeutic resistance and may be an important barrier to cancer immunotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in clinical settings. However, CAR-T cell therapy fails in a large proportion of patients, especially in those with solid tumors. It is unclear how CSCs mediate resistance to CAR-T cells, and whether CAR-T cells can more effectively eradicate CSCs. METHODS In this study, the effect of CSCs on CAR-T cell therapy was determined using in vitro and in vivo assays. Subsequently, Interleukin-24 (IL-24) was expressed along with CAR in T cells. Further in vitro and in vivo tests were performed to determine the effects of IL-24 on CSCs and CAR-T cell therapy. RESULTS IL-24 induced apoptosis in CSCs and contributed to T cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. CAR.IL-24-T cells inhibited CSC enrichment and exhibited stronger antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS IL-24 helps eliminate CSCs and endows CAR-T cells with improved antitumor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunli Wen
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhou
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Yu T, Jiang W, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Jiao J, Wu M. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of osteosarcoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:40. [PMID: 38390935 PMCID: PMC10919759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a frequently occurring primary bone tumor, mostly affecting children, adolescents and young adults. Before 1970, surgical resection was the main treatment method for OS, but the clinical results were not promising. Subsequently, the advent of chemotherapy has improved the prognosis of patients with OS. However, there is still a high incidence of metastasis or recurrence, and chemotherapy has several side effects, thus making the 5‑year survival rate markedly low. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‑T) cell therapy represents an alternative immunotherapy approach with significant potential for hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, the application of CAR‑T cells in the treatment of OS faces numerous challenges. The present review focused on the advances in the development of CAR‑T cells to improve their clinical efficacy, and discussed ways to overcome the difficulties faced by CAR T‑cell therapy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Operating Room, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Lin X, Guan T, Xu Y, Li Y, Lin Y, Chen S, Chen Y, Wei X, Li D, Cui Y, Lin Y, Sun P, Guo J, Li C, Gu J, Yang W, Zeng H, Ma C. Efficacy of the induced pluripotent stem cell derived and engineered CD276-targeted CAR-NK cells against human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337489. [PMID: 38566988 PMCID: PMC10985341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cells have been found to be successful in treating hematologic malignancies and present potential for usage in solid tumors. Methods In this study, we created CD276-targeted CAR-expressing NK cells from pluripotent stem cells (iPSC CD276-targeted CAR-NK cells) and evaluated their cytotoxicity against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using patient-specific organoid (PSO) models comprising of both CD276-positive and CD276-negative adjacent epithelium PSO models (normal control PSO, NC PSO) as well as primary culture of ESCC cell models. In addition, in vitro and in vivo models such as KYSE-150 were also examined. iPSC NK cells and NK-free media were used as the CAR-free and NK-free controls, respectively. Results The positive CD276 staining was specifically detected on the ESCC membrane in 51.43% (54/105) of the patients of all stages, and in 51.35% (38/74) of stages III and IV. The iPS CD276-targeted CAR-NK cells, comparing with the iPS NK cells and the NK-free medium, exhibited specific and significant cytotoxic activity against CD276-positive ESCC PSO rather than CD276-negative NC PSO, and exhibited significant cytotoxicity against CD276-expressing cultured ESCC cells, as well as against CD276-expressing KYSE-150 in vitro and in BNDG mouse xenograft. Discussion The efficacy of the iPSC CD276-targeted CAR-NK cells demonstrated by their successful treatment of CD276-expressing ESCC in a multitude of pre-clinical models implied that they hold tremendous therapeutic potential for treating patients with CD276-expressing ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Guan
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Lin
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yukun Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianmin Guo
- Division of Life Science and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Congzhu Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Guangzhou Bay Area Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Lewwin Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyu Zeng
- Guangdong Procapzoom Bioscience Inc, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changchun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Procapzoom-Shantou University Medical College iPS Cell Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Wang B, Song B, Li Y, Zhao Q, Tan B. Mapping spatial heterogeneity in gastric cancer microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116317. [PMID: 38382329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is difficult to characterize due to its heterogeneity, and the complicated heterogeneity leads to the difficulty of precisely targeted therapy. The spatially heterogeneous composition plays a crucial role in GC onset, progression, treatment efficacy, and drug resistance. In recent years, the technological advancements in spatial omics has shifted our understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) from cancer-centered model to a dynamic and variant whole. In this review, we concentrated on the spatial heterogeneity within the primary lesions and between the primary and metastatic lesions of GC through the TME heterogeneity including the tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), the uniquely spatial organization. Meanwhile, the immune phenotype based on spatial distribution was also outlined. Furthermore, we recapitulated the clinical treatment in mediating spatial heterogeneity in GC, hoping to provide a systematic view of how spatial information could be integrated into anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Buyun Song
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Bibo Tan
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, China.
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7
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Park D, Jeon WJ, Yang C, Castillo DR. Advancing Esophageal Cancer Treatment: Immunotherapy in Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Settings. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38254805 PMCID: PMC10813716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced esophageal cancer (LAEC) poses a significant and persistent challenge in terms of effective treatment. Traditionally, the primary strategy for managing LAEC has involved concurrent neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery. However, achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR) has proven to be inconsistent, and despite treatment, roughly half of patients experience locoregional recurrence or metastasis. Consequently, there has been a paradigm shift towards exploring the potential of immunotherapy in reshaping the landscape of LAEC management. Recent research has particularly focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors, investigating their application in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. These inhibitors, designed to block specific proteins in immune cells, are meant to enhance the immune system's ability to target and combat cancer cells. Emerging evidence from these studies suggests the possibility of a mortality benefit, indicating that immunotherapy may contribute to improved overall survival rates for individuals grappling with esophageal cancer. This manuscript aims to meticulously review the existing literature surrounding neoadjuvant and adjuvant immunotherapy in the context of LAEC management. The intention is to thoroughly examine the methodologies and findings of relevant studies, providing a comprehensive synthesis of the current understanding of the impact of immunotherapy on esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Park
- University of California, San Francisco-Fresno Branch Campus, Fresno, CA 93701, USA;
| | - Won Jin Jeon
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Chieh Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine for UCSF, University of California, and UC Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Dani Ran Castillo
- City of Hope-Duarte, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Timpanaro A, Piccand C, Dzhumashev D, Anton-Joseph S, Robbi A, Moser J, Rössler J, Bernasconi M. CD276-CAR T cells and Dual-CAR T cells targeting CD276/FGFR4 promote rhabdomyosarcoma clearance in orthotopic mouse models. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:293. [PMID: 37924157 PMCID: PMC10625270 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood, whose prognosis is still poor especially for metastatic, high-grade, and relapsed RMS. New treatments are urgently needed, especially systemic therapies. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR Ts) are very effective against hematological malignancies, but their efficacy against solid tumors needs to be improved. CD276 (B7-H3) is a target upregulated in RMS and detected at low levels in normal tissues. FGFR4 is a very specific target for RMS. Here, we optimized CAR Ts for these two targets, alone or in combination, and tested their anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Four different single-domain antibodies were used to select the most specific FGFR4-CAR construct. RMS cell killing and cytokine production by CD276- and FGFR4-CAR Ts expressing CD8α or CD28 HD/TM domains in combination with 4-1BB and/or CD28 co-stimulatory domains were tested in vitro. The most effective CD276- and FGFR4-CAR Ts were used to generate Dual-CAR Ts. Tumor killing was evaluated in vivo in three orthotopic RMS mouse models. RESULTS CD276.V-CAR Ts (276.MG.CD28HD/TM.CD28CSD.3ζ) showed the strongest killing of RMS cells, and the highest release of IFN-γ and Granzyme B in vitro. FGFR4.V-CAR Ts (F8-FR4.CD28HD/TM.CD28CSD.3ζ) showed the most specific killing. CD276-CAR Ts successfully eradicated RD- and Rh4-derived RMS tumors in vivo, achieving complete remission in 3/5 and 5/5 mice, respectively. In CD276low JR-tumors, however, they achieved complete remission in only 1/5 mice. FGFR4 CAR Ts instead delayed Rh4 tumor growth. Dual-CAR Ts promoted Rh4-tumors clearance in 5/5 mice. CONCLUSIONS CD276- and CD276/FGFR4-directed CAR Ts showed effective RMS cell killing in vitro and eradication of CD276high RMS tumors in vivo. CD276low tumors escaped the therapy highlighting a correlation between antigen density and effectiveness. FGFR4-CAR Ts showed specific killing in vitro but could only delay RMS growth in vivo. Our results demonstrate that combined expression of CD276-CAR with other CAR does not reduce its benefit. Introducing immunotherapy with CD276-CAR Ts in RMS seems to be feasible and promising, although CAR constructs design and target combinations have to be further improved to eradicate tumors with low target expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Timpanaro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Piccand
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dzhangar Dzhumashev
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stenija Anton-Joseph
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Robbi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janine Moser
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Rössler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michele Bernasconi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Translational Cancer Research, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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Liang F, Xu H, Cheng H, Zhao Y, Zhang J. Patient-derived tumor models: a suitable tool for preclinical studies on esophageal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1443-1455. [PMID: 37537209 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and has high morbidity and mortality. Its main subtypes include esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are usually diagnosed during their advanced stages. The biological defects and inability of preclinical models to summarize completely the etiology of multiple factors, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and the genetic heterogeneity of tumors severely limit the clinical treatment of EC. Patient-derived models of EC not only retain the tissue structure, cell morphology, and differentiation characteristics of the original tumor, they also retain tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, compared with other preclinical models, they can better predict the efficacy of candidate drugs, explore novel biomarkers, combine with clinical trials, and effectively improve patient prognosis. This review discusses the methods and animals used to establish patient-derived models and genetically engineered mouse models, especially patient-derived xenograft models. It also discusses their advantages, applications, and limitations as preclinical experimental research tools to provide an important reference for the precise personalized treatment of EC and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yabo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Wu H, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Liu W, Liu Z, Zhang G, Chen Z. A C H2C H3 hinge region enhances the cytotoxicity of anti-CD5 CAR-T cells targeting T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110904. [PMID: 37690234 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies show considerable clinical efficacy in patients with B cell malignancies, but their efficacy is limited in patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). CD5 is expressed on ∼85 % of malignant T cells, and CD5-targeting CAR-T cells can exhibit potent antitumor activity against T-ALL. However, optimization of CAR costimulatory endo-, hinge, and transmembrane domains could further increase their expansion and persistence, thereby enhancing their efficacy following exposure to tumor cells. Here we designed CD5-specific CARs with different molecular structures to generate CAR-T cells and investigated their anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. CD5 CARs with a 4-1BB costimulatory domain (BB.z) or a CD28 costimulatory domain (28.z) exhibited specific cytotoxicity against CD5+ malignant cells in vitro. However, both failed to prolong the survival of T-ALL xenograft mice. Subsequently, we substituted the 28.z CAR hinge region with CH2CH3, which enhanced the ability of CH2CH3-CD5 CAR-T cells to specifically eradicate T-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, patient-derived CH2CH3-CD5 CAR-T cells were generated which showed a marked killing effect of CD5-positive acute T-ALL cells in vitro. The anti-tumor activity of CD5 CAR-T cells with a CD28 co-stimulation domain and CH2CH3 hinge region was superior to those with BB.z and 28.z domains. These preclinical data provided new insights into the factors dictating efficacy in T-ALL treatment with CAR-T cells and hold promise for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantong Wu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yajie Yu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongfeng Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.
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11
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Qu C, Zhang H, Cao H, Tang L, Mo H, Liu F, Zhang L, Yi Z, Long L, Yan L, Wang Z, Zhang N, Luo P, Zhang J, Liu Z, Ye W, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Tumor buster - where will the CAR-T cell therapy 'missile' go? Mol Cancer 2022; 21:201. [PMID: 36261831 PMCID: PMC9580202 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy based on gene editing technology represents a significant breakthrough in personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. This strategy uses genetic modification to enable T cells to target tumor-specific antigens, attack specific cancer cells, and bypass tumor cell apoptosis avoidance mechanisms to some extent. This method has been extensively used to treat hematologic diseases, but the therapeutic effect in solid tumors is not ideal. Tumor antigen escape, treatment-related toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their use of it. Target selection is the most critical aspect in determining the prognosis of patients receiving this treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of all therapeutic targets used in the clinic or shown promising potential. We summarize CAR-T cell therapies’ clinical trials, applications, research frontiers, and limitations in treating different cancers. We also explore coping strategies when encountering sub-optimal tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or TAA loss. Moreover, the importance of CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrun Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, The Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lanhua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyang Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenjie Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lifu Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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12
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Fang P, Zhou J, Liang Z, Yang Y, Luan S, Xiao X, Li X, Zhang H, Shang Q, Zeng X, Yuan Y. Immunotherapy resistance in esophageal cancer: Possible mechanisms and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975986. [PMID: 36119033 PMCID: PMC9478443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in adults. Although surgical technology combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has advanced rapidly, patients with EC are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and the five-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory. The poor prognosis and high mortality in patients with EC indicate that effective and validated therapy is of great necessity. Recently, immunotherapy has been successfully used in the clinic as a novel therapy for treating solid tumors, bringing new hope to cancer patients. Several immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and tumor vaccines, have achieved significant breakthroughs in EC treatment. However, the overall response rate (ORR) of immunotherapy in patients with EC is lower than 30%, and most patients initially treated with immunotherapy are likely to develop acquired resistance (AR) over time. Immunosuppression greatly weakens the durability and efficiency of immunotherapy. Because of the heterogeneity within the immune microenvironment and the highly disparate oncological characteristics in different EC individuals, the exact mechanism of immunotherapy resistance in EC remains elusive. In this review, we provide an overview of immunotherapy resistance in EC, mainly focusing on current immunotherapies and potential molecular mechanisms underlying immunosuppression and drug resistance in immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss prospective biomarkers and novel methods for enhancing the effect of immunotherapy to provide a clear insight into EC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhao Fang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Luan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanlu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qixin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Yuan,
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13
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Staudt RE, Carlson RD, Snook AE. Targeting gastrointestinal cancers with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:127-133. [PMID: 35129050 PMCID: PMC8820794 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2033057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is capable of remarkably potent and specific efficacy against infectious diseases. For decades, investigators sought to leverage those characteristics to create immune-based therapies (immunotherapy) that might be far more effective and less toxic than conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer. Those studies revealed many factors and mechanisms underlying the success or failure of cancer immunotherapy, leading to synthetic biology approaches, including CAR-T cell therapy. In this approach, patient T cells are genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that converts T cells of any specificity into tumor-specific T cells that can be expanded to large numbers and readministered to the patient to eliminate cancer cells, including bulky metastatic disease. This approach has been most successful against hematologic cancers, resulting in five FDA approvals to date. Here, we discuss some of the most promising attempts to apply this technology to cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Staudt
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert D Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Sun F, Yu X, Ju R, Wang Z, Wang Y. Antitumor responses in gastric cancer by targeting B7H3 via chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:50. [PMID: 35101032 PMCID: PMC8802437 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. As a new promising cancer therapeutic approach, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells represent a potential GC treatment. We investigated the antitumor activity of CAR-T cells target-B7H3 in GC. Methods In our study, expression of B7H3 was examined in GC tissues and explored the tumoricidal potential of B7H3-targeting CAR-T cells in GC. B7H3-directed CAR-T cells with a humanized antigen-recognizing domain was generated. The anti-tumor effects of this CAR-T cell were finally investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results show that B7H3-directed CAR-T cells efficiently killed GC tumor cells. In addition, we found that B7H3 is correlated with tumor cell stemness, and anti-B7H3 CAR-T can simultaneously target stem cell-like GC cells to improve the treatment outcome. Conclusions Our study indicates that B7H3 is an attractive target for GC therapy, and B7H3 has high potential for clinical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02471-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Ruixue Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanzhao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
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15
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Zhu YG, Xiao BF, Zhang JT, Cui XR, Lu ZM, Wu N. Genetically Modified T Cells for Esophageal Cancer Therapy: A Promising Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2021; 11:763806. [PMID: 34858843 PMCID: PMC8630679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.763806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an exceedingly aggressive and malignant cancer that imposes a substantial burden on patients and their families. It is usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and molecular-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy is a novel treatment modality for esophageal cancer wherein genetically engineered adoptive cell therapy is utilized, which modifies immune cells to attack cancer cells. Using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or T cell receptor (TCR) modified T cells yielded demonstrably encouraging efficacy in patients. CAR-T cell therapy has shown robust clinical results for malignant hematological diseases, particularly in B cell-derived malignancies. Natural killer (NK) cells could serve as another reliable and safe CAR engineering platform, and CAR-NK cell therapy could be a more generalized approach for cancer immunotherapy because NK cells are histocompatibility-independent. TCR-T cells can detect a broad range of targeted antigens within subcellular compartments and hold great potential for use in cancer therapy. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of CAR and TCR based adoptive cell therapies (ACT). A comprehensive understanding of genetically-modified T cell technologies can facilitate the clinical translation of these adoptive cell-based immunotherapies. Here, we systematically review the state-of-the-art knowledge on genetically-modified T-cell therapy and provide a summary of preclinical and clinical trials of CAR and TCR-transgenic ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bu-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Run Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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