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Sniping the scout: Targeting the key molecules in dendritic cell functions for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Vega F, Llanos C, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Targeting dendritic cell function during systemic autoimmunity to restore tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16381-417. [PMID: 25229821 PMCID: PMC4200801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases can damage nearly every tissue or cell type of the body. Although a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, current therapies have not been improved, remain unspecific and are associated with significant side effects. Because dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in promoting immune tolerance against self-antigens (self-Ags), current efforts are focusing at generating new therapies based on the transfer of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) during autoimmunity. However, the feasibility of this approach during systemic autoimmunity has yet to be evaluated. TolDCs may ameliorate autoimmunity mainly by restoring T cell tolerance and, thus, indirectly modulating autoantibody development. In vitro induction of tolDCs loaded with immunodominant self-Ags and subsequent cell transfer to patients would be a specific new therapy that will avoid systemic immunosuppression. Herein, we review recent approaches evaluating the potential of tolDCs for the treatment of systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Mackern-Oberti
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Fabián Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago 8330025, Chile.
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Butts CL, Candando KM, Warfel J, Belyavskaya E, D'Agnillo F, Sternberg EM. Progesterone regulation of uterine dendritic cell function in rodents is dependent on the stage of estrous cycle. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:496-505. [PMID: 20505661 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are able to modify immunity and influence disease outcome. Dendritic cells (DCs) drive potent immune responses, express receptors for steroid hormones, and may be a primary target of steroid hormone actions during infection of the genital tract, including uterine tissue. Here, we report that progesterone limited DC-associated activation marker expression and inhibited cytokine secretion by uterine DCs, which was associated with changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activity. We also found that DCs from mice at stages with higher progesterone concentrations (diestrus, metaestrus) were more sensitive to progesterone than those in stages with lower progesterone concentrations (proestrus, estrus), both in vitro and in vivo. This difference correlated with the levels of progesterone receptor expressed by DCs. These data suggest that progesterone regulates DC function and could contribute to the susceptibility of females to uterine and other genital tract infections at selected time periods throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Butts
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology & Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Butts CL, Bowers E, Horn JC, Shukair SA, Belyavskaya E, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM. Inhibitory effects of progesterone differ in dendritic cells from female and male rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:434-47. [PMID: 19108816 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are known to have immunomodulatory effects. Our research group previously reported direct effects of progesterone on dendritic cells (DCs) from female rodents. Primarily affecting mature DC function, progesterone effects included inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, downregulation of cell surface marker (major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80) expression, and decreased T-cell proliferative capacity, and were likely mediated through progesterone receptor (PR) because the PR antagonist RU486 reversed these effects. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess differences in response to progesterone by DCs from female and male rodents. METHODS Using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, transcriptional expression of steroid hormone receptors was measured in immature bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from male and female rats. Expression of steroid hormone receptor protein was also assessed in these cells using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. To evaluate functional differences between BMDCs from female and male rats in response to the steroid hormone progesterone, levels of secreted cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher numbers of immature BMDCs from males expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and androgen receptor (AR) proteins compared with females (males vs females, mean [SD]: GR = 68.75 [7.27] vs 43.61 [13.97], P = NS; AR = 75.99 [15.38] vs 8.25 [1.88], P = 0.002), whereas higher numbers of immature BMDCs from females expressed PR protein compared with males (females vs males: PR = 74.19 [12.11] vs 14.14 [4.55], P = 0.043). These differences were not found at the level of transcription (females vs males: GR = 0.088 vs 0.073, P = NS; AR = 0.076 vs 0.069, P = NS; PR = 0.075 vs 0.065, P = NS). Compared with those from females, mature BMDCs from males produced higher quantities of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-10) (females vs males: TNF-alpha = 920.0 [79.25] vs 1100.61 [107.97], P = NS; IL-1beta = 146.60 [38.04] vs 191.10 [10.47], P = NS; IL-10 = 167.25 [4.50] vs 206.15 [23.48], P = NS). Conversely, BMDCs from females were more sensitive to progesterone, as indicated by a more dramatic reduction in proinflammatory cytokine secretion (females vs males, highest concentration of progesterone: TNF-alpha = 268.94 [28.59] vs 589.91 [100.98], P = 0.04; IL-1beta = 119.50 [10.32] vs 154.35 [6.22], P = NS). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that progesterone effects on DCs in rodents may be more pronounced in females than in males, and this is likely due to differences in PR protein expression. Our observations may help elucidate disparities in the incidence and severity of autoimmune disorders between females and males, and the role specific steroid hormones play in regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherié L Butts
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology & Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Anderson AE, Swan DJ, Sayers BL, Harry RA, Patterson AM, von Delwig A, Robinson JH, Isaacs JD, Hilkens CMU. LPS activation is required for migratory activity and antigen presentation by tolerogenic dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:243-50. [PMID: 18971286 PMCID: PMC2700018 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0608374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune pathologies are caused by a breakdown in self-tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) are a promising immunotherapeutic tool for restoring self-tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. Studies about tolDC have focused largely on generating stable maturation-resistant DC, but few have fully addressed questions about the antigen-presenting and migratory capacities of these cells, prerequisites for successful immunotherapy. Here, we investigated whether human tolDC, generated with dexamethasone and the active form of vitamin D3, maintained their tolerogenic function upon activation with LPS (LPS-tolDC), while acquiring the ability to present exogenous autoantigen and to migrate in response to the CCR7 ligand CCL19. LPS activation led to important changes in the tolDC phenotype and function. LPS-tolDC, but not tolDC, expressed the chemokine receptor CCR7 and migrated in response to CCL19. Furthermore, LPS-tolDC were superior to tolDC in their ability to present type II collagen, a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. tolDC and LPS-tolDC had low stimulatory capacity for allogeneic, naïve T cells and skewed T cell polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, although LPS-tolDC induced significantly higher levels of IL-10 production by T cells. Our finding that LPS activation is essential for inducing migratory and antigen-presenting activity in tolDC is important for optimizing their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Anderson
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Fiorina P, Jurewicz M, Vergani A, Augello A, Paez J, Ricchiuti V, Tchipachvili V, Sayegh MH, Abdi R. Phenotypic and functional differences between wild-type and CCR2-/- dendritic cells: implications for islet transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85:1030-8. [PMID: 18408585 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31816843a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trafficking of dendritic cells (DC), the primary regulators of alloimmune responses, is controlled by chemokines. Here, we provide evidence that lack of CCR2 could lead to the generation of functionally and phenotypically different DC, which in part could explain the benefits observed in transplanting islets in CCR2 recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that, in contrast to the in vitro DC maturation model, in vivo DC maturation is accompanied by an increase in the expression of CCR2. Compared with wild-type (WT), DC generated in vitro from CCR2 mice, and DC extracted from CCR2 naïve mice or from CCR2 recipients of islet allografts, display lesser allostimulatory capacity. Compared with WT DC, CCR2 DC produce more IL-4 and induce more IL-4-producing T cells. CCR2 DC also promote the generation of regulatory T cells that more efficiently suppress T cell proliferative responses by mixed leukocyte reaction. Similarly, the percentage of CD4CD25FoxP3 cells were found to be higher in CCR2 recipients of islet allografts than in WT recipients. CONCLUSIONS In summary, lack of CCR2 interferes with the allostimulatory capacity of DC and promotes the generation of regulatory T cells. This is the first demonstration of a mechanistic link between targeting a specific chemokine pathway and the DC-regulatory T cell axis in alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Liu C, Pan S, Jiang H, Sun X. Gene transfer of antisense B7.1 attenuates acute rejection against splenic allografts in rats. Transplant Proc 2008; 39:3391-5. [PMID: 18089391 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of CD80-CD28 costimulatory pathway induces unresponsiveness of T cells to alloantigens and protects allografts against immune rejection in numerous animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate whether blocking expression of B7.1 (CD80) on donor splenocytes by an antisense technique protected splenic allografts against immune rejection. Splenic grafts from Wistar-Furth rats were intra-arterially transfused with an antisense B7.1 expression vector, before they were transplanted into Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were sacrificed at scheduled times, and the splenic allografts histologically examined. Antisense gene transfer resulted in marked down-regulation of B7.1 in donor spleens, hyporesponsiveness of recipient T cells, and attenuated acute immune rejection against splenic allografts. No obvious damage to skin, liver, or gut due to graft-versus-host disease was detected in the recipients. In conclusion, blocking expression of B7.1 in donor spleens by antisense gene therapy represented a potential alloantigen-specific immunosuppressive strategy to inhibit acute rejection against splenic allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, and the First Clinical Medical School, Harbin Medical University, China
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Jiang H, Lu Z, Pan S, Sun B, Meng F, Tan H, Meng Q, Sun X. Opposite effects of donor apoptotic versus necrotic splenocytes on splenic allograft tolerance. J Surg Res 2006; 136:247-54. [PMID: 17056068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic cells have immunosuppressive activity, whereas necrotic cells activate immune response, indicating they might have different effects on immune rejection against splenic allografts. The aim of this study was to determine whether administration of apoptotic or necrotic splenocytes of donor origin could impact the acute rejection of splenic allografts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apoptotic or necrotic splenocytes derived from donor rats were induced by irradiation or freeze thaw, respectively. Heterotopic vascularized spleen transplantation was performed from Wistar-Furth (donor) to Sprague-Dawley (recipient) rats, and splenocytes were intravenously injected into the recipients. At different time points, the recipients were sacrificed and the splenic allografts underwent histological examination. The interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in sera, spleens of recipients, and donor splenocytes before administration were measured. Mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) was detected with recipient splenocytes as effectors and donor splenocytes as stimulators. RESULTS Exposure to gamma-irradiation at dose of 10,000 rad caused over 80% splenocytes to become apoptotic. The levels of TGF-beta1 released by apoptotic splenocytes in vitro were significantly higher than that by untreated splenocytes, whereas there was almost no TGF-beta1 detected in necrotic splenocytes culture medium. Administration of apoptotic splenocytes significantly attenuated acute rejection of splenic allografts, evidenced by less severe splenic histological alteration and reduction of histological scores compared with control; whereas necrotic splenocytes exacerbated the acute rejection. Apoptotic splenocytes inhibited production of IFN-gamma but increased the levels of TGF-beta1, whereas necrotic splenocytes showed opposite activity in production of those cytokines. Administration of apoptotic splenocytes inhibited MLR, and necrotic splenocytes promoted MLR. CONCLUSIONS The apoptotic and necrotic splenocytes exhibited opposite effects on acute rejection against splenic allografts, and IFN-gamma and TGF-beta1 have been involved in the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Jiang
- Hepatosplenic Surgery Center of Heilongjiang Province/Department of General Surgery, First Clinical Medical School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Xiao BG, Duan RS, Zhu WH, Lu CZ. The limitation of IL-10-exposed dendritic cells in the treatment of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis. Cell Immunol 2006; 241:95-101. [PMID: 17005165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are highly specialized antigen presenting cells that play critical roles as instigators and regulators of immune responses including B cell function, antibody synthesis and isotype switch. In this study, we compared immunotherapeutic effect of IL-10-treated DC (IL-10-DC) via both intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery in rats with incipient experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Spleen DC were isolated from onset of EAMG on day 39 post-immunization, exposed in vitro to IL-10, and then injected into incipient EAMG at dose of 1 x 10(6) cells/rat on day 5 after immunization. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-10-DC suppressed clinical scores, anti-acetylcholine receptors (AChR) antibody secreting cells, antigen-specific IL-10/IFN-gamma production and T cell proliferation compared to control EAMG rats. Importantly, IL-10-DC, if given by s.c. route, failed to ameliorate clinical sign of EAMG. Simultaneously, T cell proliferation, anti-AChR antibody secreting cells and IL-10/IFN-gamma production had no alteration, as compared to control EAMG rats. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that treatment of IL-10 inhibited the migration of DC toward MIP-3beta and lymph node, indicating that in vitro manipulation of DC with IL-10 alters the migration of DC that influences the therapeutic effect in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In MG patients, neither the improvement of clinical symptom nor the alteration of immunological parameter was observed through s.c. delivery of IL-10-DC, suggesting the limitation of IL-10-DC in the treatment of MG patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis/therapy
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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